Situation and policy is one of the compulsory courses for college students. The following situation and policy documents I share with you are for your reference only!
abstract:
College students have high cultural quality, strong understanding and high entrepreneurial enthusiasm. At the same time, it has also formed a policy environment, social environment and educational environment for entrepreneurship, which are the advantages of college students' independent entrepreneurship. However, while seeing the advantages, we should also clearly realize the unfavorable factors of college students' independent employment and environment.
Key words:
College students; Self-employment; social environment
China Library Classification Number:
C9 13
Document ID:
A
Article number:
1009—0592(20 10) 1 1— 179—02
College students' self-employment, which is closely related to social employment, has arisen under the background that the whole society strongly advocates self-employment. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to implement the development strategy of expanding employment and promote employment through entrepreneurship. Encourage entrepreneurship and support entrepreneurship in a more prominent position in employment. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China affirmed and publicized the important role of entrepreneurship in promoting employment from a strategic perspective, and determined the direction of China's future employment work. Since then, the concept of entrepreneurship began to rise in China, which changed people's past employment concept and made people re-examine the employment problem. This is also a problem that modern college students have to face. As a young generation, it is very important for college students to grasp the opportunity of starting a business, meet the challenge and clearly analyze the influence of their own and external environmental factors on starting a business.
First, the characteristics of self-employment of college students
From the analysis of the current situation of college students' self-employment, the main characteristics of college students' self-employment are: First, strong dependence. There is no shortcut for college students to start a business from scratch. To succeed, they must rely on external factors. Most college students' family economic conditions are similar, and there are no superior family resources to use and rely on. Generally, starting a business from scratch requires a lot of intellectual, material, financial, human and time investment from college entrepreneurs. This is not a coincidence, but it can be invested. Secondly, high expectations and low success rate. The pioneering spirit of college students' entrepreneurs inspires them to paint a beautiful prospect of starting a business, and they are full of beautiful expectations for starting a business. However, we must also see the facts clearly. Because there are many inherent disadvantages in college students' entrepreneurship, the success rate of entrepreneurship is not in line with expectations, so college students need to correctly treat the results of entrepreneurship. A famous saying of Shoufu Hirauchi, who is known as the "God of Enterprises" in Japan, is an interpretation of college students' correct concept of entrepreneurship: "You can do anything as long as you are willing to do it. But most people haven't done it yet, so they can't do it. First of all, get rid of this mentality. Once you work hard, more than 70% of the success rate can't run. "
Second, the impact of self-employment of college students analysis of their own factors
(A) the advantages of college students' entrepreneurship
College students are the most energetic and creative group, and also the most potential group. Since university, many great scientists and successful businessmen have achieved success. Although they lack experience, they are more pioneering, which is the first condition for great success. The advantages of college students' self-employment are mainly reflected in:
First, age and thinking advantages. Young, energetic, generally active in thinking, confident enough, passionate to do what I look for, dare to think and dare to do it.
Second, family advantages. Unmarried college students have no family burden for the time being and are not bound by family affairs, so starting a business is easy to get the support of their families or families.
Third, learning and cultural advantages. Undergraduate or postgraduate education level, good understanding of things, strong ability to learn knowledge independently, some things are easier to understand.
Fourth, the ability advantage. I am quick to accept new things, can use modern technology, especially IT technology, and can use various modern information channels to serve myself.
(B) the unfavorable factors for college students to start their own businesses
College students' self-employment has its own advantages, but it also has its own unfavorable factors, which affect the smooth development of college students' self-employment. A clear understanding of these disadvantages is the first condition to avoid entrepreneurial failure. Its shortcomings are mainly reflected in:
First of all, lack of social experience and blind optimism. Some college students are too ambitious to look down on petty profits, and often talk about the importance of "the first bucket of gold" instead of earning the "first penny"; At the same time, the lack of social experience and professional experience, especially the lack of good interpersonal relationships and business networks, is the biggest obstacle to the success of college students' self-employment.
Secondly, eager for success, ambitious and low-minded. When college students just leave school, their market concept and consciousness are relatively weak, and they like to talk on paper. Although their entrepreneurial ideas are big, they are not suitable, and their market forecasts are generally too optimistic. Lack of entrepreneurial projects with real business prospects, many entrepreneurial ideas can not stand the test of the market.
Third, the credit crisis. Young people are often distrusted in the whole social, cultural and business communication. As the saying goes, "no hair on your mouth, no practical work", lack of commercial credit, and college students' credit files are inconsistent with the society, which leads to difficulties in financing and borrowing, which is not conducive to young people's entrepreneurship.
Finally, psychological fragility. They have not yet formed an independent personality, have poor psychological endurance, give up when encountering setbacks, lack a sense of responsibility for society and individuals, and even have the idea of continuing to rely on their parents for a living after graduation. Some students have heard that it is difficult to start a business in the early stage, and it is easy to give up without trying.
Thirdly, the analysis of external factors affecting college students' self-employment.
(A) the environmental advantages of college students' entrepreneurship
Nowadays, the employment situation is not optimistic. Encouraging, guiding and promoting college students' independent employment and entrepreneurship has become a common concern of individuals, families, schools and the government. College students' employment concept has changed, and the environmental conditions for self-employment have been formed.
1. A good entrepreneurial policy environment has been formed.
The central and local governments actively formulate relevant preferential policies to promote college students' entrepreneurship, ensure the smooth development of college students' independent entrepreneurship, and set up relevant institutions to provide guidance and policy assistance for college students' entrepreneurship. Especially in recent years, the state has implemented innovation projects, taking entrepreneurship as the basis of employment and college students' entrepreneurship as the national employment strategic project. During the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the self-employment of college students was discussed strategically. In June 2003, after the State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the Notice on Preferential Policies for College Graduates' Self-employment in 2003, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions all issued similar policies. Later, preferential loan policies were introduced one after another and summarized as preferential policies for college students' entrepreneurship. According to reports, for college students who apply for entrepreneurship, not only the relevant procedures will be exempted, but also the corresponding taxes will be reduced. Individual industrial and commercial households are required to pay income tax, business tax, urban construction tax and education surcharge. In different provinces and cities, these taxes and fees may be reduced or exempted to some extent for new college graduates who start their own businesses.
2. A social environment conducive to entrepreneurship has been formed.
After college students' self-employment has become another way of employment for college students, the major news media, under the guidance of the state, have reported on it for many years, guiding people to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of college students' self-employment, analyzing the present situation and situation of college students' self-employment in time, and guiding them to start their own businesses. Especially in recent years, various news media have carried out intensive positive reports through newspapers, radio, television and the Internet, which has promoted the smooth development of college students' independent entrepreneurship.
3. An educational environment conducive to entrepreneurship has basically taken shape.
Since the active promotion of college students' self-employment in China, it has developed rapidly and related systems have gradually formed. College students' self-employment education system is an important part of college students' entrepreneurship system, which plays an important role in educating and cultivating college students' entrepreneurial ability and quality. 1998 10, the first "World Conference on Higher Education" was held in Paris. The Higher Education in the 2 1 Century: Prospects and Actions published after the meeting pointed out that in order to facilitate graduates' employment, higher education should mainly cultivate entrepreneurial skills and initiative. Graduates are not only job seekers, but also job creators. In order to firmly grasp the opportunity period of the transformation of international college students' entrepreneurship education, and promote the transformation of China's college students' education to entrepreneurship education, the Ministry of Education of China published the Action Plan of Education Revitalization for the 210.03 Century in June of 5438+0.09, proposing to strengthen the entrepreneurship education of teachers and students and encourage them to set up high-tech enterprises independently. Entrepreneurship education began to formally enter the classroom of college students. At present, most colleges and universities have set up entrepreneurship education courses, and some college teachers have also received entrepreneurship education skills training, which has improved the ability of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities.
(B) the adverse environmental factors of college students' entrepreneurship
1. The market environment for college students to start businesses is not mature enough.
College students have been tested by the market since they started their business. Although college students' entrepreneurship is encouraged and supported by the society and the government, it still belongs to the market, and whether it can be successful or not has to be tested by the market. The brutal market competition environment greatly affects the success or failure of college students' entrepreneurship. How to survive in the fierce market competition and occupy a place in the market is an important issue that college students need to consider before starting a business. But it turns out that most college students lack an objective analysis of the market in the early stage of starting a business. Although full of entrepreneurial enthusiasm, but this enthusiasm is very blind. Therefore, in the early stage of their business, due to the lack of objective market analysis and unclear market positioning, they often collapsed in the cruel market competition. At the same time, the entrepreneurial team lacks the link of complementary advantages, ignores the collocation, division of labor and knowledge and skills complementarity among team members, and has no understanding of the future development of the team, which makes the team unable to form the maximum synergy and eventually fails.
2. College students' self-employment financing channels are not smooth, and there is no source of venture capital.
In the early stage of starting a business, capital is the foundation of college students' starting a business. It is very important for college students to do a good job in venture financing and get the first bucket of gold. However, because college students lack rich social experience and good social relations, financing is particularly difficult. In this case, 50% of college graduates start their own businesses. 12% failed to start a business due to insufficient funds. According to Max's survey results, "parents, relatives and friends invest or borrow" is the source of start-up funds for more than half of entrepreneurs, and any government funding is only 1%, which can be ignored, and even private venture capital is three times that of government funding. The families of college graduates bear most of the capital investment needed in the initial stage of starting a business, which is undoubtedly a disadvantage for students with difficult families but enthusiasm for starting a business.
3. The scientific and technological environment of college students' entrepreneurship is not ideal.
Like many other entrepreneurs, college students encounter many problems that they can hardly solve. How to get technical support and how to rely on technology to gain entrepreneurial advantages is one of the difficult problems. The process of college student entrepreneurs growing from students to entrepreneurs is also a process to solve this problem. Although there are many preferential entrepreneurial policies to create a good entrepreneurial environment for college students, the scientific and technological environment is still not ideal. There are only a few college students with entrepreneurial skills among college entrepreneurs. For most students, it is difficult to have entrepreneurial skills. The lack of technology directly limits college students' entrepreneurship. Usually, college entrepreneurs get free entrepreneurial technology through the state, government and institutions. Or acquire entrepreneurial technology through purchase; Or get technical support through technical input. Under normal circumstances, the free entrepreneurial technology obtained by college students' entrepreneurs is less competitive. Although it is easy to start a business in the early stage, it is more difficult to develop and grow because of its great competitiveness. Buying and acquiring entrepreneurial technology requires higher initial venture capital for college entrepreneurs. Compared with other entrepreneurial factors, it will pay more money to buy entrepreneurial technology and increase the difficulty of starting a business. It is also a feasible way to attract technology holders to participate in entrepreneurship, but it is difficult to win the favor of technology holders due to lack of funds, single enterprise operation network and small risk-taking ability. How to change this disadvantage and create a good technical environment for college students' entrepreneurship is another key link to fundamentally enhance their entrepreneurial competitiveness.
Four. conclusion
The employment situation of college students is grim. Entrepreneurship is the basis of employment and development and an important way to solve the current employment difficulties of college students. Encouraging college students to start their own businesses has attracted more and more attention from parents and students, and basically formed a good social atmosphere. Therefore, in the process of self-employment, college students should minimize the unfavorable factors affecting self-employment, give full play to their own advantages, rationally use the external environment to support self-employment, form the same effect of internal force and external force, and promote the continuous development of entrepreneurship.
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