In the process of preparing for the exam, candidates must be familiar with the key points of each subject and make clear the direction of preparing for the exam, so as to make a targeted preparation plan. Below, I searched and sorted out the key points of knowledge about college Chinese texts for you. Welcome to reading. I hope it will help you prepare for the exam!
the analects of confucius variorum
Tips on the main points of text knowledge
1. Writers' works
This article is selected from The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi. The Analects of Confucius is a collection of recorded essays in the pre-Qin period in China, which mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, mainly memorizing words. Confucius was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a great thinker and educator in ancient China and the founder of Confucianism. The core of his thought is benevolence and propriety.
2. The reason why Confucius opposed Ji Kangzi's attack on Zhuan Xu.
The "Jijiafa" incident took place in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. When in power, Ji (Kang Zi) was in power in China. Feidi was the fief of Ji, who wanted to annex neighboring countries in order to expand his power. Confucius' disciple and Yuan's retainer.
Before Ji sent his troops, he told Confucius about it. Confucius therefore severely condemned Ji's wrong decision and criticized his disciples for their unshirkable responsibilities as retainers. Confucius and his disciple Yi * * * had three dialogues. In the first conversation, he said that he opposed Ji's attack for three reasons: her husband was invincible, and the former king thought he was the master of the East and the minister of the country.
3. The political proposition of governing the country by courtesy and by virtue.
This proposition appears in the third paragraph of the text. After refuting disciple You Ran's self-defense, Confucius put forward his own political proposition: no one is poor, no one is widowed and no one is inclined. If the husband is so, people so far away will not accept it, so practice self-discipline.
4. Ways of discussion. The combination of refutation and erection
This article is a refutation of Dialogues. You Ran's three paragraphs lead to Confucius' three sentences. Ran has three words: report the facts, shirk responsibility and defend discipline. Confucius seized three paragraphs in You Ran's speech and refuted them one by one. In his rebuttal, he actively expounded his political views on governing the country with courtesy and morality. Generally speaking, this paper is a refutation. Confucius refutes that he will rule the country with courtesy; Ministers should do their duty to refute "I don't want two ministers"; Taking politics as the policy, refuting morality "today's husband is solid, but the cost is solid." If you don't take it today, future generations will have trouble. "But there are arguments in the refutation, and after the refutation, I put forward my own political proposition: ruling the country by courtesy and ruling the country by virtue. In his criticism of You Ran, he put forward that "Chen Li is on the list, but he can't stop", and constantly pushed his point of view further.
5. Diversity of arguments
Historical materials: "The late king thought he was the proprietor."
A realistic example: "Being in a state, he is also a minister of the country." "Today, by seeking, the master, far people refuse to accept and can't come, the country is falling apart and can't keep it; And seek state war. "
Famous saying: "Zhou people have a saying:' Chen Lili, who can't stop. "'
6. The function and significance of double figurative sentences
The key double metaphor sentence in this paper is "the tiger comes out of the nest and the turtle is destroyed in the rafters". One is to compare Ji Jia to a tiger and Gui Yu. Attack, such as a tiger coming out of the cage, hurts people, and innocent victims, such as destroying turtles and destroying jade. The second meaning is to compare You Ran and Lu Ji to those who guard coffins. Whether Ji sent troops or was destroyed, he had an unshirkable responsibility.
7. The role of rhetorical sentences
The rhetorical question in the article is: "Is innocence too much?" "Why do you want to cut it?" "How to use it? ... who is to blame? "The role of rhetorical sentences is to enhance emotional color and increase the intensity of reasoning.
I am loyal to my country.
Mencius
Tips on the main points of text knowledge
1. Writers' works
This article is taken from Mencius Liang Wang Hui. Mencius, a famous guest, was a thinker in the Warring States Period. Mencius and Confucius are both called "Confucius and Mencius" and belong to the Confucian school. Mencius advocated benevolent governance and kingliness, and put forward the people-oriented thought of "people first, country second, monarch second". This article is an argumentative essay in the form of dialogue.
2. "Central idea"
This paper records the dialogue between Mencius and Liang, discusses the problems of "not increasing the number of people" and how to increase the number of people, expounds in detail the initial measures, fundamental measures and the correct attitude that the rulers should hold, and shows Mencius' thought of king and benevolent government.
3. Chain reasoning
The so-called chain reasoning is based on previous conclusions and draws new conclusions; Then, on the basis of the new conclusion, an updated conclusion is introduced. The advantage of this kind of reasoning is that it can make the article interlocking, advancing layer by layer, closely linked and magnificent. In this paper, there are two places where chain reasoning is used: (1) When Mencius discussed Wang's preliminary measures, he came to the conclusion that "five grains of fish and turtles are inedible ... wood and wood are not available" on the premise of "not going against the farming season". Then, under this premise, a new conclusion is put forward that "it is to keep people healthy and die without regret" Finally, on the premise of this conclusion, the updated conclusion of "the beginning of Wang" is introduced. (2) When discussing the fundamental measures of kingly way, Mencius came to the conclusion that "seventy people eat clothes, silk and meat, and the people are not hungry or cold" by adopting such measures as "five acres of home", "one chicken, one dolphin, one dog and one pig" and "one hundred acres of land", and then came to the new conclusion that "there is no king, but nothing".
4. The function of parallelism sentence
There are two sets of parallelism sentences in this paper: "If you don't go against the farming season, you won't beat the grain; If it can't be counted in the bay pool, fish and turtles can't win food; It's just the right time for the axe to enter the forest, and the wood can't be used. " "Five acres of house, the tree is mulberry, fifty people can wear clothes; Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat; A hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a few people in a family can go hungry. "Parallelism can enhance the momentum of the article.
5. The role of metaphor
The famous metaphor in this article is "pot calling the kettle black", which was used by Mencius when he analyzed the reasons why people are in poverty. It shows that there is no essential difference between Liang and the kings of neighboring countries in governing the country, which negates Liang's theory of "dedication". Another metaphor is that when discussing the correct attitude to increase the number of people, the metaphor of "stabbing people and killing them, Japan:' it's not me, it's a soldier'" is used to expose Liang's wrong view that "hunger" is attributed to bad years. Metaphor vividly, concretely and profoundly expounds the abstract truth.
Zhuangzi Autumn Water
Tips on the main points of text knowledge
1. Writers' works
This article is taken from Zhuangzi Qiushui. Zhuangzi, named Zhou, was born in the Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Zhuangzi and Laozi, collectively known as "Zhuangzi", belong to the Taoist school. In philosophy, Zhuangzi advocated conforming to nature and advocating inaction. Zhuangzi's prose is the most romantic in the pre-Qin period, and it mostly appears in the form of fables.
2. The main idea of this article
In the infinite universe, the individual's understanding and role are restricted by subjective and objective conditions, so it is limited. Objectively, the enlightenment of this theme to today's people is: there is no end to learning, no end to understanding, and efforts should be made.
3. Fable reasoning
Throughout Autumn Water, allegorical reasoning is adopted. The protagonists in this paper, Beihai Ruo and Hebo, are mythical figures made up by Zhuangzi. Beihai is the embodiment of Zhuangzi Thought. Through the dialogue between two mythical figures, the article makes sense and clarifies views, which greatly enhances the literariness of the article.
4. Metaphorical argument
In argumentation, we often use metaphors to illustrate abstract truth. When discussing that a person's knowledge can't exceed the limit of his living environment, he used three metaphors: well frog, summer worm and qu Shi, which are the comparative arguments of the same type of metaphors. For another example, when discussing the problem that people's understanding is very limited, several metaphors are used: "The four seas and the earth are different from osawa?" ..... China is in the sea, unlike Timmy in the warehouse? "and so on. It also includes comparative arguments of the opposite nature, such as comparing "Qu Shi" with Hebo, who knows himself very little. Using metaphors at different levels can make abstract truth easy to understand.
Great harmony
The Book of Rites
Tips on the main points of text knowledge
1. Writers' works
This article is selected from The Book of Rites. The Book of Rites was written in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty and is one of the classic works of Confucianism. Datong: the ideal society of mankind, a unified and harmonious society. According to Confucianism, the era of the Five Emperors (Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun) is a society of great harmony and an era of "Daoxing". This is a conversation between Confucius and his disciple Ziyou after attending a sacrificial ceremony in Lu.
2. The main idea of this article
Confucius was dissatisfied with the social reality at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, expounded the ideal society of "Great Harmony" and "Well-off Society", and expressed his dissatisfaction with the current social situation at that time, as well as his beautiful vision of "self-denial and courtesy" and the reconstruction of "Great Harmony Society".
3. The difference between Datong society and well-off society
In Datong society, "the world is public", "selecting talents and appointing talents" and "ceremony" naturally run between nature and human society, human desire and ceremony naturally merge, and people conform to nature; "Keep your word and mend old ways, so an old friend is both a relative and an only son"; The material is extremely rich. "The old, the strong, the useful, the young, the strong, the proud, the widowed, the lonely, the independent, the abandoned and the sick must be supported"; "Seek closure without getting rich, and thieves don't leave home without closing".
Well-off society, "the world is home", and the hereditary system is "adults and people think it's a gift". Saints use "rites" to restrain people's desires and govern the world. "Every man is his own relative, and every son is his own son." "Use (courtesy) to set up the system" and "Use the setting field". Social security, "Guo Cheng's ditch and pool are solid", "Seeking for use is to make it, and soldiers follow it."
4. Positive and negative contrast
This paper highlights the differences between Datong world and well-off society through positive and negative contrast, which are manifested in social ownership and political purpose, personnel system and interpersonal relationship, material civilization and spiritual civilization, social security and so on. Through comparison, we can see that Confucius had a strong yearning for the "Great Harmony World" and was strongly dissatisfied with the collapse of the social etiquette system at that time.
5. Parallelism rhetoric
Parallelism can enhance the reasoning momentum of the article. Parallelism is used in many places in this paper. For example: "Let the old age end, be strong and useful, and the young have their own strengths, be proud, widowed, lonely, abandoned and sick, and all have something to support." "Adults think that the ceremony is the world, the ceremony pool in the city is solid, and the ceremony is the discipline." "Take the son of heaven, father, son, brother and wife, and set up a field.
1, learning objectives
This part selects 25 poems. Among them, there are 13 classical poems, 5 modern poems (including foreign poems 1), 5 classical poems,/kloc-0 poems and/kloc-0 songs. Through the study of 25 poems and songs;
1 & gt； Master the main writing characteristics of poetry;
2> Improve the reading and appreciation ability of poems and songs;
3> A writer who is proficient in poetry and songs;
2. Learning suggestions
We should carefully read the poems selected in the text and make great efforts to read and understand them. In particular, poems that are required to be recited must be recited. Through reading Selected Poems, we can understand and master the writing characteristics of poems.
For some commonly used poetry writing skills, such as metaphor, lyricism through allusions, etc., we should focus on mastering them.
We should carefully study the "hint" behind each poem, because "hint" is the "outline" for us to master this poem, which is very important. Don't rush to do the problem before reading the poem and understanding the "hint", which will put the cart before the horse.
On the basis of reading poems and understanding hints, do more exercises appropriately to consolidate what you have learned.
3. Difficulties and emphases of learning
See the explanation of each poem for the main points and difficulties in learning each poem.
The main points and difficulties in learning poetry are as follows:
Master the characteristics of poetry: express life with rich emotions; A highly concentrated summary of life; The language is concise and full of images, rhythms and rhythms.
Classification of classical poetry
Rhyme: each poem consists of eight sentences; Five-character sentences are five-character rhymes, and seven-character sentences are seven-character rhymes;
Quatrains: There are four quatrains in each poem; Five words in each sentence are five-character quatrains, and seven words in each sentence are seven-character quatrains;
Chuci: A poetic style created by Qu Yuan of Chu State, and the modal particle "xi" is commonly used.
Yuefu: Yuefu, as a poetic style, originated from Yuefu, an institution specializing in music in the Han Dynasty. After the Han Dynasty, I copied the old poems of Yuefu, such as Li Bai's Difficult to Go. In the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi launched the new Yuefu movement and wrote about contemporary things, called the new Yuefu, such as Du Lingcuo.
Gexing Poetry: After the Tang Dynasty, ancient poetry appeared, also called ancient style; The form is relatively free, such as Song of Snow in Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home.
Words:
Epigraph: Each tone has its own specific name, called epigraph, such as "Yu Meiren", "Klang Ganzhou" and "Slow Tone". In the early days, the name of the tablet was often related to the content of the text. In the Song Dynasty, the names of tablets generally have nothing to do with the written content. In order to point out the theme, some words have other themes, such as Su Shi's Jiangchengzi, titled "Yi Mao dreamed on the 20th of the first month".
Words are roughly divided into two factions:
Graceful and restrained school: representatives Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao.
Bold school: Su Shi, Xin Qiji;
Qu: generally refers to "Yuanqu". Yuanqu includes two styles: one is "Sanqu", which belongs to the category of poetry; One is drama, also called zaju, which belongs to the category of drama.
Sanqu is divided into two forms: the first poem and the number of sets. "Xiao Ling" is equivalent to a poem in ci, and "Taoshu" is a great work composed of several songs. After the poem "Qu Diao", the author still has something to say, and then choose a song with the same palace tune to continue writing, and the two songs are separated by spaces.
Fu: This is a style. The main feature is the layout of things. For example, Su Shi's "Red Cliff Fu" pays attention to literary talent, duality and rhythm, and often adopts the form of answering between subject and object.
Classification of Fu: It can be divided into Sao Style Fu, Han Da Fu, lyric Fu Xiao Fu, Yi Fu Fu and Wen Fu.
Bixing: Bixing is a technique of expression, which is widely used in poetry. Compare: "Compare this thing with other things." Xing: "Say something else first, in order to stimulate the words." Bixing often uses it together. Simply put, Bixing is a way to draw and express the main things by borrowing things related to it. Can enhance the expressive force of the work. Such as "self-protection", "difficult to go", "untitled", "fishing" and so on.
Allusions: Allusions are a rhetorical device. Quoting stories or words from ancient books is a classic. You can express relevant content and ideas in a rich and implicit way. For example, Fishing, Short Song, Difficult to Walk, Broken Array, Farewell in the Pavilion, etc. all use rhetorical devices extensively.
research objects
The research object of an introduction to art is human artistic activities, as well as related principles, categories, principles and methods.
Subject nature
Introduction to art is a discipline that studies the basic laws of artistic activities, and a scientific system that expounds the basic nature of art, the system of artistic activities and the characteristics of artistic types.
Thematic task
1. Systematically and comprehensively expound the basic laws of artistic activities and establish a progressive and scientific artistic view.
2. Understand the essential relationship between each link in the art activity system, as well as the laws and characteristics of art activities.
3. Guide people to actively create, accept and criticize according to aesthetic laws and artistic laws.
research method
The research methods of introduction to art include the following three levels:
1, adhere to the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
2. Study the practice and development of artistic activities with effective scientific methods.
3. Using the unique research methods of the art discipline to study various problems in the art field.
objective world
That is, the objective social life and nature reflected and expressed by artistic activities. The object world with aesthetic value is the main object of artistic creation.
Artistic creation and production
Artistic creation is a creative activity of artists from aesthetic image to artistic image or artistic conception by using specific artistic language and materials according to their own aesthetic experience.
Artistic production is closely related to artistic creation, which embodies the characteristics of material production more. In contemporary art activities, artistic production shows an important and relatively independent significance.
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