Baiyidian
Zhuge Liang is a famous legend in the history of China, who is regarded as the embodiment of wisdom and the model of sage. Be revered as sacred by people and be revered as a god. But he is a man, not a god. He has both success and failure. Have the joy of investigating clearly; There are also confessions of how dark things are. There is joy, anger, sadness, joy and affection for children. It's just that he is sensitive and eager to learn, and he is not ashamed to ask questions. While drawing on the strengths of various schools, he formed an academic thought with Confucianism as the main body and mixing Lao (Li Yong), Wei (Shang Yang), Sun Wu and others. Diligent in self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, and governing the country to level the world have formed their own philosophy of life and noble personality taste.
First, when Zhi Ming chooses his master.
"If you don't stay in the park, your ambition will be unclear, and if you are not quiet, you will be far away." This is Zhuge Liang's famous saying in his famous Commandment. My humble book Comment on Zhuge Liang's Commandments (see hometown Kong Ming) once pointed out: "Zhuge Liang's Commandments are only 86 words, which summarizes the wisdom of the sages and is the criterion of self-cultivation ... He not only inspires his son, but also takes it as a warning all his life."
"Solitude" and "tranquility" are the core of the whole paper, and they are also the principles of self-cultivation advocated by ancient thinkers.
"Cheap" is indifferent, and eating without eating is light.
"Quiet" means calm and quiet.
"The mind is quiet, and then everything can be transformed, so it is quiet and then autonomous" (recorded in Guanzi).
Throughout the history of China, thinkers have always regarded "tranquility" and "quietness" as the highest realm of self-cultivation.
However, "Lian Po" does not want to stay in Lian Po, but for "Zhi Ming". As the saying goes, "Heaven will be sent down to Sri Lanka, but it must first be bitter in its mind and skin ..." "Quiet" does not stop when it is quiet, but it is achieved when it moves.
Zhuge Liang took refuge in his uncle Liu Biao in the second year of Xingping (AD 195) and died three years later. Liang and his younger brother both moved to Longzhong, where they worked hard and lived for ten years. In fact, Zhuge Liang is not unable to get an official position at this time. He must live a cold life. It should be said that there are four ways to go:
First, Liu Biao, a shepherd in Jingzhou, has a deep relationship with his uncle Xuanyuan and is also the uncle of his wife Huang. Jingzhou governs the whole territory of Hunan and Hubei and parts of Henan and Guangxi, and there are countless civil and military officials. Can't you give Zhuge Aliang a place? !
Second, Liu Biao listened to his wife's words and wanted to abolish his official position. Liu Qi, the eldest son, invited Zhuge Liang to go upstairs and ask about his safety. After Zhuge Liang's guidance, Liu Qi begged to be the prefect of Jiangxia. Zhuge Liang, with his close relationship with Liu Qi, why can't he serve as Liu Qi's assistant? !
Third, about four years after Zhuge Liang moved to Longzhong, his younger brother Zhu Gejin became an official in Wu Dong, and soon gained the appreciation of Sun Quan and became an official in Sima. With his talent, why not cooperate with his brother Wu? !
Fourth, when he was in Longzhong, several like-minded friends:
Meng of Ru 'nan was an official of Wei, and Liangzhou was a general of Zhengdong.
Yingchuan people are officials of Wei, corps commanders of the right army and advisers of the court.
Yingchuan served as an official in Wei, and served as a county magistrate and a captain of Diannong.
Cui, a native of Boling, went to the north to be an official for Wei and unfortunately died young.
Pei Songzhi wrote a note: "If you let him swim across China, he will be better than his dragon lantern. How can a man and a woman sink? " ! Being a Wei man and demonstrating his abilities is not something that Chen (that is, Chen Qun) and Sima can do, what's more? ! "
Zhuge Liang gave up all these easy-to-get career promotion opportunities. Adhere to ten years of hard work and study hard in barren hills and depressions. During these ten years, he gained knowledge, gained insight into current events and perfected his philosophy of life, approaching the age of 30 (when he was 27). Only then did I meet Liu Bei, who had fought for 22 years and had no place to stand, and lamented that he was a veteran, which made Wolong soar in the Liao Dynasty and wrote a chapter in the history of the Three Kingdoms.
Second, honesty and self-defense are never special.
Zhuge Liang is a virtuous man in the history of China. He is honest and self-controlled and never does anything special.
For example, after the first Lord ascended the throne, Zhuge Liang became the prime minister, sealed the marquis of Wuxiang, took charge of Yizhou animal husbandry, and gathered the power of Shu and Han. At this time, Li Yan, who often wooed Li Lu, wrote to persuade him to accept Nine Tin, that is, the emperor gave horses and chariots, clothes, music, Hu, Bi Na, bows and arrows, axes and shovels, which was the highest courtesy of the Emperor to his ministers. Zhuge Liang immediately refused. And wrote to answer: "I knew your first step for a long time, but we can no longer understand each other ... I am a corporal in the East Palace, and I was mistaken as the first emperor. I am a very important minister ... Today the thief failed, and I know I didn't answer, but Fang Chong, Jin and I are sitting in your position. This is not his righteousness. If Wei is destroyed and Rui is beheaded, the emperor will return to his old capital and prosper with other scholars, although his life will be acceptable in ten years. And nine evils? "
In another letter with Li Yan, he said, "He gave me 800,000 yuan, and now I have no money and no clothes." Zhang Shu's note: "Hou's concubine doesn't have a dress yet, so she can learn from her frugality."
For children, he is not allowed to be special. "Book with Brother Jin" says that "Joe (Zhuge Qiao, the second son of Brother Jin, Liang Jizi) should have been returned to Chengdu. Now all the children of generals should carry on the family line, and their thoughts should be consistent with honor and disgrace. Today, Joe has made five or six hundred soldiers, and he has passed on too much to the children. "
In particular, his dying list will make people awe-inspiring after reading it.
"I live in Chengdu, where there are 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of fertile land. My children are well-fed and have their own spare time. As for ministers working outside the home, there is no scheduling. I want to bring food and clothing. I care about the authorities. I don't care about my life When I die, I won't make more money in it, but I will win money outside to show my gratitude to your majesty. "
"Fu Wei, your majesty, has no desire and has fallen in love with the people."
"Liang ordered the burial of Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong. Because the mountain is a grave, the burial is enough to accommodate the coffin, so it is timely and no utensils are needed."
Zhuge Liang made a decisive decision, took control of Jing and Yi from Longzhong, and established and consolidated the Shu-Han regime. He has made great contributions to the present, and he is in power in the ruling and opposition parties, but he just drifted away and simply died in Qingshan. Later generations commented: "... reading his words, you will know the material desires of this world, but you can't touch it." If you are deep, you are the one who makes them. " "I heard that the wind of Boyi is greedy and upright." Can the greedy husband not die of shame after reading Kong Mingzhi's inheritance table and will? !
Third, be open-minded and be strict with yourself.
"The genius of the world!" From Zhuge Liang's opponent Sima Yi, but he himself said, "I am frustrated." In fact, besides being smart, sensitive and studious, it is very important that he is not self-righteous, but open-minded to teach. In other words, "gather all the thoughts and be loyal and beneficial." He said: "At the beginning of the past, I made peace in Zhou Ping, and I repeatedly heard about the gains and losses. Later, he made a direct contribution and was diligent in teaching. The former counselor was young (Dong He), who kept his word, and later engaged in Dewey (Hu Ji), who had several remonstrances. Although (I) was originally obscure and incomprehensible, these four sons have been getting along very well, which is enough to show that they are not suspected of being outspoken. " After making friends with Cui and Hu Ji, he made friends with Dong Youzai and Hu Ji for more than 20 years, which shows that he is an open-minded person. He listened to other people's opinions, corrected his mistakes, and "abandoned the disadvantages and got pearls and jade." He especially appreciates Dong He's attitude of giving him advice. An opinion can be put forward to him ten times. Until he finally accepts the opinion or gives an explanation. This is not only the attitude of the critic, but more importantly, the sincerity of accepting the critic is better. Therefore, he said to this group of people: "If you can admire Yuan Zhi's eleventh, the diligence and loyalty of young Zaiying will not be so bright."
Especially the defeat of Jieting and Ji Gu, he sincerely blamed himself. Shangshu is arrogant and said, "I am weak, and I steal from others." I am loyal to the three armed forces, and I can't teach the law. Afraid of emergencies, the street pavilion failed and the valley failed. " This is the minister's fault. He didn't get a good appointment ... "Spring and Autumn Annals" is responsible for being handsome and official. Please be demoted to the third-class supervisor. "Since then, he has repeatedly stressed:" You are loyal to the country, but you are diligent in attacking our shortcomings "... So," it's hard to test the martyrs, shoot back the blame, and bury the cloth in the world. "
In the sixth year of Jianxing (AD 228), Zhuge Liang made his first northern expedition. Due to the military capacity, clear eyes and military power, Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding all fell. Later, due to the fall of Masu Street Pavilion, the whole line collapsed. However, when retreating, more than a thousand households in Qianxi County returned to Hanzhong, and the people celebrated Zhuge Liang's loyalty. Zhuge Liang replied: "Is it true that everyone in the world is from China? The strength of the country has not improved, so that the people are caught in the kiss of the tiger and the wolf. One of them has committed a terrible crime, and it is not shameful to congratulate each other!" There was a time in history when "Wen Zi escaped from wealth" (he couldn't get people out of poverty and became rich, but he blamed himself and refused to receive the normal salary given by the state); "Xu Shen avoids rewards" (it is the duty of the minister to save the nation and survive, and should not be rewarded); "Tian Chou escaped fame" (helping Cao Cao pacify Wu Huan, avenging Wu Huan for killing his county celebrities, and insisting on not being knighted by Cao Cao). What the three sons did is a historical story. As the prime minister, he monopolized the world and deserved it. Zhuge Liang was the only one who lost everything.
Fourth, it is hateful to appoint talented people.
The Shu-Han regime is only a country, but 88 people are civil and military generals, including many military strategists. A military commander who bravely crowned the three armies; A competent legislative minister; A loyal man on the day of his death. This is inseparable from Zhuge Liang's recommendation of talents. A "model", he recommended a group of important talents "Shi Zhong (Guo Youzhi), assistant minister (Fei, Dong Chong), all of whom are honest, honest, loyal and pure, ... they were told about the affairs in the palace." "General Xiang Chong, this man is good at indulgence, smooth in military affairs ... and knows everything in the camp like the back of his hand." His recommendation is reasonable. Fei Shuiwei came to power after Jiang Wan. Dong Chong is Fei Shuiwei's deputy. In order to restrain eunuch Huang Hao from playing politics, the Shu-Han regime existed for nearly 30 years after Zhuge Liang, but the Sri Lankan people relied on it. As for Xiang Chong, the army made great contributions, Zigui fell and all the battalions were destroyed, but the Xiang Chong camp was intact, which made great contributions to protecting Liu Bei's safe retreat to Baidicheng. As for Shangshu (Kyle), Changshi (Zhang) and Joining the Army (Jiang Wan), I know that I am a minister of chastity and honor.
He is meritocratic, regardless of his qualifications. No matter who comes from Liu Zhang's former headquarters or Cao Wei, they are all employed on the basis of loyalty to the country, without discrimination. Such as Fa Zheng, Li Ping, Dong He, Zhang Yi, Xu Jing, Lu Kai and Wang Kang. All belong to Liu Zhang's former headquarters. Liu Ba and Jiang Wei were both capable ministers of Cao Wei, and they played an important role in the establishment, consolidation and development of Shu and Han regimes.
Not only do we try our best to select talents, Jiang Wei is a typical example. And encourage subordinates to actively recommend talents. The prime minister's office joined the army in Yao, and once recommended a large number of civil and military talents. Zhuge Liang took this opportunity to teach his ministers: "A man who is loyal and righteous is greater than one who enters the country. Those who enter the country do their things; Today, Yao rafters are both rigid and flexible, and they are widely used, which can be described as liberal arts. I hope all the rafters will take care of this matter. " It can be seen that he is thirsty for the country, and love is like life. But for those black sheep who are insatiable, create chaos and do evil with tricks, he also resolutely does not hesitate. For example, when Zhuge Liang was in Jingzhou Town, he once said to Sun Quan's emissary, "Pang Tong, Liao Li and Chu are all good talents, and they should also praise the great cause." After entering Shu, Liao Li was self-sustaining and talented, accusing Liu Bei, mocking Guan Yu, attacking Xiang Lang, Wen Gong and Guo Yanchang, opposing Zhuge Liang's southern expedition, being arrogant and domineering, and shaking the morale. In order to get rid of this wicked man, Zhuge Liang went to the table and put Liao Liliu in Wenshan County. Liao and Ji Liang can still reuse him. Hearing that Liang died, he cried and said, "I am left-handed after all."
Another example is Li Yan (changed to Li Ping in 230 AD). Although it was the former dynasty of Liu Zhang, it played an important role in the Shu-Han regime because of Zhuge Liang's recommendation. He was entrusted with the responsibility of being an orphan in Baidicheng, and later he was appointed as the guardian and commander-in-chief of internal and external military affairs, making Hou Xiang the capital. In the spring of the ninth year of Jianxing (AD 23 1 year), Zhuge Liang sent troops to Hanzhong and ordered Li Ping to supervise the transportation of grain and grass. When it rained, the grain transportation was delayed. He wrote to Zhuge Liang to withdraw his troops, but he was afraid of taking responsibility and playing both sides. Zhuge Liang showed his face, but Li Ping was unreasonable. For military law, demoted to Shu Ren, exiled Zitong County.
After Li Ping was deposed, Zhuge Liang wrote to Li Feng, the son of Li Ping, then a corps commander, asking him to encourage his father and reflect on the past. As long as he devotes himself to his country, there is still a way out. In the 12th year of lite, Liang Wen died. Li Ping died of grief when he knew that he could not come back.
In this regard, I gnawed my teeth and praised the cloud: "In the past, Guan Zhong took 300 from Bo Town, and he had no teeth and no complaints. The sage thinks it is difficult. Zhuge Liang made Liao Li cry, and Li Ping died. Is it really self-defeating without complaint ... the law is indispensable, and the punishment is imposed on the crime of one's own crime ... Is there anyone in the world who refuses to accept it? ! Zhuge Liang is a torturer. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has been unknown. " The evaluation of learning incisors can be said to be excellent. There is no such thing as "be calm, but advise."
Five, loyal to the country.
Zhuge Liang, with his noble character, interpreted the political, economic, military, diplomatic and ethnic policies of governing the country and was worthy of being a generation of sages. In his fourteen years as a relative, especially in the twelve years of assisting his ancestors, he had almost no advantage objectively. First, the Liu Zhang regime that took over was "devastated and hungry"; Second, Shu Han is just a state with hundreds of thousands of people, and the country is empty and the people are poor; Third, Yiling suffered a new defeat and was greatly weakened; Fourth, the peace policy with Wu for many years was destroyed. Sun Quan has the move of uniting Wei; Fifth, the four counties of Yongchang, Yizhou and Yuexi rebelled. Mr. Fan Wenlan said in "A Brief History of China", "What is left for him is only subjective efforts, and his efforts in this regard have indeed reached an unparalleled height." In this regard, his subjective efforts are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
Politically, Liu Shi was "loyal, obedient and hardworking" and set an example by establishing a three-year southern expedition. He "crossed the Lushui River in May, went deep into the barren land, ate every day and traveled to the barbarian land." "He was impressed by his legacy, and Liu Hou had no doubt about it. Wuhou is fearless, and he has no emotions after closing his body. The people believed it, and it would be nice if the monarch and the minister were present! " Driven by him, the monarch and his subjects respected each other, lived in harmony from top to bottom, and were politically honest and harmonious, which was well received by the people.
His thought of governing the country by virtue and by law runs through all his actions of governing the country and the army. He said, "There are still deep fish in a man's faithfulness. If a fish loses water, it will die. When a person loses loyalty, he will be fierce. " He also said in "For the General": "The good in ancient times should raise people as their own children, and those who are in trouble should be guided; The meritorious person is behind; The dead, mourning and burial; The wounded, crying and caressing; Hungry people eat instead of eating; Cold people, take off clothes and put on clothes; The wise, courtesy and Lu; Courage, reward and persuasion. I will be able to do this, and it will be soon. "
Economically, he insisted on vigorously developing silkworm, which made the production of Shu brocade reach an unprecedented height. Zuo Si wrote in Shu Du Fu: "There is mountain products in the north, and there are countless beautiful stars. ..... A hundred rooms leave the room, and the loom is harmonious. Jinbei is not sincere, and it is outstanding. " This is a true portrayal of Shu brocade production at that time. He himself said: "Today, the people are poor and the country is empty, and the enemy's capital is defeated, but only admiration." He "built a car behind closed doors" by farming and planting grain, and didn't take the time to pay. Fixed 1800 people to maintain Dujiangyan. "What's the secret of a thousand wells?" This is to use natural gas, develop salt industry, restrict wine making, improve smelting technology, and set up weir officer, gold officer, corps commander, Dian Nong captain and Yan Fu captain. Monopoly on salt and iron related to the national economy and people's livelihood. As a result, the Shuhan regime appeared a prosperous scene of "opening up fields, consolidating warehouses, preparing well and making more money"
Militarily, his political slogan is: "Revive the Han Dynasty and return it to its old capital". For twelve years, I assisted my predecessor, and there were eight major military actions, all of which were directed against powerful enemies several times or even ten times their own. In running the army, he emphasized the rule of virtue and the rule of law, and insisted on the thought of agricultural warfare. Agricultural warfare, also known as ploughing warfare, advocates the economic and military thought of combining agricultural warfare. The Book of Shang Jun? The agricultural war "the reason why the country is prosperous, the agricultural war is also", and it is necessary to "make the people return to agriculture and make the people fight." In order to ensure agriculture and war. He practices a rotation system for soldiers. In February of the 9th year of Jianxing (AD 23 1 year), Zhuge Liang led 100,000 troops to attack Qishan in the north, and Sima Yi led 300,000 people to meet the enemy. At this time, the Shu army will rotate, and Zhuge Liang has only 80,000 people. His subordinates think that rotation should be suspended to gain prestige. Zhuge Liang said: "I am a martial artist, based on great faith, and I broke my promise to others, which was cherished by the ancients." The clothes of the dead are waiting, and the wife is looking forward to the sun. Although it is difficult to levy, righteousness does not waste. "In this regard, the soldiers were very moved. They should leave the team and fight bravely. This time, they shot Zhang He, the general of Wei State, and repelled Sima Yi.
In addition, strict military discipline and tearful beheading of Ma Su are typical examples. It also requires proper tactics and excellent weapons, so it deduces the eight-array diagram, and it is only appropriate to advance and retreat, winning and losing the crossbow, using one arrow and ten rounds, using an axe, using a dagger, using steel armor, using a bitter gun, using a bamboo bridge, using wooden cattle and horses, and so on. "The technology of machinery and equipment is the ultimate." In this regard, Jaco said: "Those who can shine will use soldiers every day, but the people do not know the soldiers; The Japanese pay taxes, but the people don't know about taxes, and the military and agriculture prosper together. If nothing happens, the law and order of the Duke of Zhou can't be seen by the world. It is also based on God. "
In diplomacy, he has always advocated uniting with Wu to resist Wei. However, due to Liu Beilian's vacillation of Wu thought, in the 24th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 19), Soochow captured Jingzhou and killed Guan Yu. In the second year of Zhangwu in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 222), Liu Bei launched the Yiling War, which completely broke the alliance between Wu and Shu. Sun Quan ordered the Taishi to make peace with Wei, saying that he would "bow down". Zhuge Liang, with the broad mind and foresight of a politician, sent an envoy to Wu in the first year of Jianxing to persuade Wu to break up with Wei, and achieved the expected goal. Since then, Fei, Kyle, Yi Cheung, Deng Zhi and many other important officials have been sent to make the Southern Expedition and the Northern Expedition have no worries.
On ethnic policy, he adopted the policy of "giving preferential treatment to the west and giving preferential treatment to the south". The ethnic contradiction between Han and Yi has a long history. According to the examination, during the 336 years from Zhang's mission to the west to Liu Bei's capture of Yizhou, the officials stationed in Yizhou in the Han Dynasty plundered and brutally suppressed Yizhou people, and the bones of Yizhou people accumulated over time, winning thousands of dollars, and the contradiction between Han and Yi escalated day by day. In view of the lessons of history, after he pacified South China, he could not be an official without sending troops, so that foreigners could govern the country and be rough and secure. Zhuge Liang's western and southern caresses achieved great success, and Han and Yi lived in peace until the demise of Shu for decades.
Zhuge Liang, with noble personality and sentiment, devoted himself to his death and wrote a magnificent chapter for the moral ambassador of China!