The founder of Confucianism is Confucius. Confucius' surname is Kong. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, his ancestral home (now Qufu, Shandong Province) was honored as a "model for all generations" by later generations. The core of his theory is "benevolence". He believes that benevolence means loving others and requires people to love each other and live in harmony. To achieve' benevolence', we must be tolerant of others, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." The principle of the system or behavior that embodies benevolence is "self-denial and courtesy". Confucius advocated private education, advocating "teaching without class", and believed that everyone, rich or poor, had the right to education. At the same time, it also broke the situation of aristocratic monopoly of cultural education. Confucius advocated "ruling by virtue" and "saving money and loving people" to make people "have enough food" and the country "has enough soldiers" to gain "people's trust". This thought contains the people-oriented thought and is also the moral ethics advocated by him. Pay attention to moral education, especially personal cultivation, emphasize caring for others, and restrain your behavior with social norms.
Works: Spring and Autumn Annals
Five textbooks, Poetry, Book, Rite, Book of Changes and Music, compiled by Confucius, together with Spring and Autumn Annals, are called "Six Classics" by later generations.
Poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period are collectively called the Five Classics.
The Confucian school split after Confucius, and Mencius became a representative figure in the mid-Warring States period. Mencius was named Zou in the Warring States Period. He was a disciple of Kong Ji, the third grandson of Confucius, and was called "the sage of Asia". Mencius' thought was retro and retrogressive, which was considered out of date by many kings at that time. He advocated "benevolent government" and further put forward that "the people are the most important, followed by the state; Junqing. " His ethics is "human nature is good".
The representative figure of Confucianism is Xunzi. Xunzi's reputation was honored as Xun Qing. Politically, he advocated "benevolence and righteousness", "kingliness" and "serving people with virtue", and put forward that "a monarch can swim in the water while living in Shu Ren". The knife cuts bread and fingers. "Philosophically, we also insist on' Heaven has things' and' using destiny'. Xunzi believes that people are born with sensory requirements. When they are hungry, they need to eat, and when they are cold, they need to wear clothes. This has formed people's natural demand for "kindness" and "kindness". However, by studying etiquette and the rule of law, we can turn villains into gentlemen and ordinary people into saints. Xunzi's thought is called "theory of evil nature" Xunzi reformed Confucianism, blending the positive and reasonable elements of Legalism and Taoism, making Confucianism more suitable for the needs of society.
Mencius and Xunzi summarized and reformed Confucianism, absorbed some positive and reasonable elements from other schools, and made the Confucian system more complete and Confucianism more suitable for the needs of society. Confucianism at the end of the Warring States period has developed into a mass in which a hundred schools of thought contend!
Mohism was founded by Mozi. Mozi, named Zhai, was a native of Lu in the early Warring States period.
Mozi's thought is tit for tat with Confucianism. Oppose Shi Qing's official career system, advocate talents, attach importance to talents when appointing officials, break the old hierarchical concept, and achieve "officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people are not cheap."
The representative of Mo Zhai Thought is Mozi, which was compiled by his disciples according to their class notes.
He advocated "universal love", "mutual non-aggression" and "Shang Xian".
The founder of Taoist school is Laozi. Lao Tzu's surname is Li Ming's second son Yong, a native of Chu, and he was born in a declining aristocratic family almost at the same time as Confucius. The book reflecting his thoughts is Laozi, also known as Tao Te Ching, compiled by the Warring States Period.
Laozi abstracted "Tao" and summed up the highest philosophical concept that is not universal and all-encompassing. In his view, Tao is the origin of all things above heaven. He also put forward the idea that "heaven has great power and Tao has nature", which eliminated the absolute authority of "destiny".
Laozi's philosophy contains rich dialectical thoughts. Point out that everything has two contradictory aspects; Contradictions can be transformed into each other by "keeping quiet"
Politically, it advocates "governing by doing nothing." Doing nothing means doing nothing, doing nothing wrong, and doing whatever you want.
The representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period was Zhuang Zhou. Zhuang Zhou, a native of Song Dynasty, was born in a declining aristocratic family and once worked as a small official in the lacquer garden of Song State. Later, he hated official positions, and "refused to be an official for life." The book Zhuangzi was jointly compiled by him and his master. Also known as Xiaoyao Tour, it is a Taoist classic with the same name as Tao Te Ching.
Zhuangzi's thought was developed on the basis of Laozi's theory. Zhuangzi is more like an explanation of Taoism in the form of a story. Language forms have a great influence on the text expression of China's ancient novels and legends. Taoism pays attention to everything and nature, contrary to Confucianism.
Legalists represent the interests of the emerging landlord class. The early representatives were Li Kui, Wuqi, Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai and others, while the later legalist Han Fei was a master of the theory of authoritarian centralization.
Han Fei, Xunzi's eldest disciple, Lisi, was born in a noble family in Korea. Han Feizi is the result of his summary of early legalist thoughts. Han Fei paid attention to absorbing the strengths of legalists and put forward the theory of rule of law combining "law", "technique" and "potential"
The originator of the militarist was Sun Wu, an outstanding militarist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The famous art of war at that time was Sun Tzu and Sun Bin.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is a military masterpiece written by Sun Wu, from which military famous sayings such as "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle" come. Today, this book enjoys a high reputation in the world, and many western military schools have listed it as a teaching material. During the Warring States Period, Sun Bin, the descendant of Sun Wu, inherited and developed his military thoughts and wrote Sun Bin's Art of War. They were called military strategists at that time.
This school sprouted at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with Deng, the doctor of Zheng, as the first driver. As a school, famous scholars do not have the same ideas, but only the same research object, and each theory is very different. There are mainly two schools: "poor contract" and "divorced from reality".
The so-called "contract difference" means that the similarities and differences of everything are relative and can be regarded as one. The representative of this school is Hui Shi of Song Dynasty. Hui Shi put forward ten famous propositions, namely "the inferiority of heaven and earth, the sum of mountains" and "universal love for all things, the integration of heaven and earth".
The so-called "separation of firmness and whiteness" means that a stone can only feel "whiteness" with its eyes but not "firmness", and can only feel "firmness" but not "whiteness" with its hands. Therefore, "firmness" and "white" are separate and isolated from each other. This school is represented by Gong Sunlong, a native of Zhao, who put forward such propositions as "White Horse is not a horse" and "Sword and White Stone II".
Contract difference emphasizes the unity of things, while Li emphasizes the difference of things. At the end of the Warring States period, Mohism corrected their one-sidedness and put forward the viewpoint of "strengthening Belarus and mutual benefit", and Xunzi also emphasized "making names to refer to reality".
The concept of yin and yang was first seen in the Book of Changes, and the concept of five elements was first seen in Shangshu, but the appearance of these two concepts can be traced back to a longer time.
In the Warring States period, Yin and Yang gradually merged with the five elements, forming a new conceptual model, that is, a world view based on the theory of "Yin and Yang news, five elements spread and change". Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, which was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements and explaining social personnel. This school originated from the ruling class in charge of astronomical calendars in ancient times, and is also called "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School" or "Yin-Yang and Five Elements School".
Sima Tan's The Essentials of Six Classics lists "Yin and Yang Family" as the first of the six classics.
One of "a hundred schools of thought contend": Liu Xin recorded more than 100 famous works in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi Lue, which was listed as one of the "ten schools and nine streams". Later, the Annals of Sui Shu Classics and the Complete Book of Four Kus increased hundred schools of thought's works to thousands. The most famous schools with wide spread and great influence are only Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, famous artists, Mohists, military strategists, farmers, miscellaneous writers and novelists.
Vertical and horizontal is vertical and horizontal Lian Heng.
During the Warring States period, a school mainly engaged in political and diplomatic activities, the main figure was Guiguzi. Han Shu Yi Wen Shi is listed as one of the "nine streams". "everything is done wrong" said: "vertically, the United States attacks the strong with the weak; If you are horizontal, you will be weak if you are strong. " They are unpredictable and capricious, and their plans are based on subjective political requirements. The main representative of Zonghe School is Su Qin, and the main representative of Lian Heng School is Zhang Yi. In the end, Su Qin failed and Zhang Yi won. After Yichang and Su Qin, Lu Zhonglian, a famous strategist in Qi State, was called Prime Minister Buyi and Buyi! In the later period, he finally manipulated the six countries to fight against Qin, but ended in failure!
Sage (zájiā) China's school of philosophy from the end of the Warring States Period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. Good at learning from others. Its characteristics are "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "many schools of thought are connected". Han Shuzhi listed it as one of the "Nine Rivers". The emergence of miscellaneous schools is the result of ideological and cultural integration in the process of establishing a unified feudal country. Essays represented by Lv Chunqiu in Qin Dynasty and Huainanzi in Western Han Dynasty were collected by Lv Buwei in Qin Dynasty and Liu An, King of Huainan in Han Dynasty. They are eclectic and a hundred schools of thought contend, but they are a bit too complicated. Also, because the miscellaneous works contain Taoist thoughts, some people think that miscellaneous works are actually a new Taoist school.
The school of miscellaneous schools, among the philosophers, is a very distinct school, because it is a comprehensive school from the end of the Warring States to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. It is listed as one of the nine major streams in Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi. Later, Zhao Kun wrote Summing up the Sages.
At the end of the Warring States period, after fierce social changes, feudal countries appeared one after another, and the emerging landlord class demanded political and ideological unity. Under this kind of sound, miscellaneous schools appeared in academic thought, which integrated all kinds of schools. The emergence of the school of miscellaneous schools generally reflects the trend of academic and cultural integration at the end of the Warring States period.
The characteristics of saints are "learning from Confucianism and Mohism and summarizing the essentials of fame and dharma". Although miscellaneous scholars only collect opinions and don't stick to one pattern, they can also be called a family by collecting their opinions and implementing their political intentions and academic opinions.
Farmhouse is a school that attaches importance to agricultural production in pre-Qin economic life. Mr. Lv Simian divided farmers into two factions in "An Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning": one was about planting trees; The second is related to politics.
"A Brief Introduction to Han Shu Literature and Zhu Zhizi" lists the peasant family as one of the nine streams, and says: the stream of peasant family is due to the official millet of peasant family. Sow 100 seeds, and advise to plant mulberries, so as to have enough food and clothing, so the eight governments say that they eat goods. Confucius said that "food is the most important thing for the people" has its own advantages. What the contemptuous people did, thinking that the holy king had nothing to do, wanted to make the monarch and his subjects work together, which was contrary to the order of the upper and lower levels. "Paying attention to people's food" is also a characteristic of farmers. To the Shennong family.
Farm schools advocate the policy of land to the tiller and fighting instead of fighting, encourage the development of agricultural production and study agricultural production problems. Farmers' summary of agricultural production technology experience and simple dialectical thoughts can be found in Guanyuan, Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals and Xunzi.
Novelists are a genre of folk stories in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, novelists were people who recorded folk gossip, and novelists were listed as one of the top 100 ancient China. "Han dynasty history. Literature and Art said: "Novelists flow, officials cover; Talk in the streets and listen to what the speaker says. " In other words, what novelists do is mainly to record folk gossip and report it to their superiors. However, although novelists have formed their own families, they are considered inferior. Liu Xin is among the nine schools, but novelists are not among the nine schools, which has little influence. However, novelists' reflection of ancient common people's thoughts is irreplaceable by other nine-stream schools. So there are nine schools and ten schools.