According to foreign media reports, a rare scientific manuscript involving a series of key calculations by famous scientist Einstein was auctioned at an auction in Paris. There is no doubt that this is the most valuable Einstein manuscript ever auctioned.
This precious manuscript records a key stage of Einstein's development of general relativity in detail, and shows the process of racking his brains to explain the abnormal phenomenon of Mercury orbit. The manuscript was written from June of 19 13 to early June of 19 14. This was written by Einstein and his close friend Michel Besso in Zurich, also known as the Einstein-Besso manuscript. It has 54 pages, of which 26 pages are Einstein's handwriting, 25 pages are Bezo's handwriting, and 3 pages are written by two scientists.
Besso is an engineer (Italian Jew) in Switzerland. He is imaginative and full of love. Einstein met him at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and then they worked together in Bern Patent Office for many years.
1905, Einstein published his famous original paper on special relativity. At the end of the paper, Einstein took Besso as his only object of thanks. He wrote: "In short, my friend and colleague Bezo firmly supported my work and gave me many valuable suggestions. I am very grateful to him. "
Bezo has always been one of Einstein's most cherished close friends and his most important collaborator.
This Einstein-Besso manuscript is not the final draft, and some calculations are wrong, but it is undeniable that it contributed to the final birth of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
After the two suspended the relevant research, Bezo went to Italy with the manuscript.
This manuscript was auctioned at Christie's in Paris for110.6 million euros, which was equivalent to 83.06 million RMB. Christie's did not disclose the identity of the buyer. The starting price of Einstein's manuscript was 6.5438+0.5 million euros, which soon exceeded the estimated price of 3.5 million euros. Finally, two bidders bid by telephone, and each bid increased by 200,000 euros. Finally, it was auctioned at 654.38+065.438+0.6 million euros, setting the highest price among all kinds of Einstein manuscripts. According to reports, the buyer was Li Ka-shing, and the Li Ka-shing Foundation said it would not comment on the incident.
I think of this Bezo because he has something to do with "time is an illusion". He died a month before Einstein. Einstein said in a letter to comfort Bezo's son that time may be an illusion, and it is inferred that the universe may be deterministic and Bezo's death is doomed (including my personal fantasy). In the letter, Einstein told his family about the "arrow of time" that he and Besso discussed in words that ordinary people can understand.
(In fact, later generations misinterpreted Einstein's original intention when they got this letter. They condensed Einstein's "For people who believe in physics, the separation of the past, the present and the future is only an undeniable stubborn illusion" into "Time is an illusion", meaning "Time is an illusion" and "Time does not exist", which Einstein himself said. Einstein couldn't argue because he was dead. )
All we see is the past. Time exists, time does not exist. Different reference objects and different observers will get different measurement results.
Why is time and space a frozen river? We started a thinking experiment.
-Meditation begins.
For example, the phenomenon that the speed of light is constant. You run towards the light desperately, and you run away from the light desperately. The speed of light to you is constant. This is counterintuitive. You and any macroscopic object are moving in the opposite direction, the speed increases, and the speed in the same direction slows down, but the light is special. This shows that when you run to the light, you slow down, time is relative, not absolute, and you can jump.
In this way, the astronaut's brother who flies at high speed will be younger than his brother on earth, and it is true in reality. As long as it is fast enough and long enough relative to my brother or the earth. A brother can jump to his brother's 80 at the age of 30. If the speed is different, the elder brother can jump to the younger brother's 50 years old or after his death.
What does this mean? For my brother, his fate is fixed. Of course, he can't tell his younger brother of the same age what will happen in the future unless it is faster than light, but the information of faster than light can't be fully expressed, and the grandfather paradox doesn't exist.
Therefore, based on the theory of relativity, it can be inferred that every frame of your future is doomed, what kind of job, income and luck you have, and how many cakes you have eaten in your life are doomed by the observation of others.
Struggle is also meaningful. If you don't struggle, you may not get rich, but the fate of getting rich is doomed. Whether you choose to continue to work hard or lie flat, this choice is doomed. (Copenhagen School Some people think that consciousness does not obey mathematical formulas, which is one of the branches of quantum mechanics, and Bohr and Heisenberg belong to this branch. The Copenhagen School is often cited in quantum mechanics, which is in contradiction with the universe. Although Schrodinger is also the founder of quantum mechanics, he is on Einstein's side and belongs to God who does not roll dice. )
Since everything is predestined, time is a frozen river, so time is an illusion. Looking at it from another angle, it's actually like showing a slide show. Every frame is condensed. The flow of time is only the feeling of the human brain, and the projection trajectory of human beings from birth to death is like a bug.
For example, primary school scholars, their choice is doomed, we can agree or disagree, just like watching an American drama, the ending is doomed. Sadly, it's not that he has no culture and made the wrong choice. Sadly, we can't jump out of this cycle of time and space. Newton and Einstein are doomed, and there will be others in the future. Seeing other angles and dimensions of the universe, we can understand, which is also doomed.
Jumping out of this script can be said to be the immortal Buddha in Journey to the West. The opportunity to break the sacred timeline lies in that outside the universe, new information participates in the projection of the original slide show, and the new fate can break the original fate. This is just a thinking experiment based on logic, and maybe the future is doomed.
However, whether you are the flying face cult, the first follower of Sumerian aliens, or salmonella, religious leaders and Einstein will all die, which is also doomed.
Buddhism and other branches of Saman often see through life and death with the illusion of self ∞ Harle, while Einstein sees through the essence of life and death by observing time and space. Their authenticity is predestined. I am destined to send this circle of friends. This is scientific super determinism. Everything is a script, but it's not the same format as the fairy said. Mathematics can be used to calculate, predict and not change. At present, there is no evidence that super observers must exist.
-Meditation is over.
1955 February (76 years old), Einstein corresponded with sociologist Russell to discuss the declaration of peace.
In March, Einstein wrote a "self-report clip", recalling his way of learning and scientific exploration when he was young.
On April 3rd, Einstein and Cohen talked about the history of science. On April 5, he refuted American fascism and was labeled as a "subversive". On April 1 1, the statement was signed. On April 13, he developed severe abdominal pain while drafting a TV speech, and was later diagnosed as arterial bleeding. I was admitted to Princeton Hospital on April 15.
/kloc-in April, 2008, Einstein was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm, and he felt difficulty breathing in his sleep at midnight in April, 2008.
Einstein died in Princeton because of cerebral hemorrhage caused by ruptured aortic aneurysm.
Attachment: Soul Chicken Soup "How Grossman Helped Einstein" (I won't research the details, I have read Einstein's biography for too many years, and I can't remember it clearly)
Marcel Grossman, a Swiss mathematician, was an old friend of Einstein's in college. He made few academic achievements in his life, but he helped Einstein three times and achieved his immortal scientific research career. It is also because of Einstein's help that he was able to stay in the history of science and be praised by later generations.
Grossman's first shot was Einstein's college days. Einstein was born to love freedom. He is never absent from his favorite subjects, and he skips classes and reads books in subjects he doesn't like, such as mathematics. In the final exam, Einstein was completely confused by a lot of strange mathematical symbols. Fortunately, Grossman lent Einstein his class notes in time. With the help of these notes, Einstein passed the exam and graduated from Zurich University of Technology.
Einstein might not have graduated without Grossman's help. If you can't graduate, you have no bachelor's degree. Einstein will only be an ordinary worker or engineer all his life, and he will not enter the scientific research circle, so he will not dominate the whole scientific research circle in the future.
Grossman's second shot was even more crucial.
At this time, Grossman made another move.
Grossman was just a university teaching assistant, unable to help Einstein find a job by himself, but Grossman had a good father. This good father named Jules Grossman opened an agricultural machinery factory in Budapest, Hungary. In other words, Grossman is actually a rich second generation.
Jules Grossman's generation of rich people are capable and well connected. He helped Einstein find a job in the patent office in Bern, Switzerland. With a stable income from work, Einstein could concentrate on the frontier problems of physics at that time without worrying about food and shelter.
The first part: enlightening views on the generation and transformation of light. In this article, Einstein put forward the famous light quantum hypothesis and became one of the founders of the old quantum mechanics theory. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for this paper, which is his only nobel prize.
Chapter 2: A new method to determine the molecular size. With this paper, Einstein got a doctorate from Zurich University of Technology and really entered the academic circle.
Chapter 3: Based on the molecular motion theory, the motion of suspended particles in static liquid is studied. This paper made Einstein one of the founders of statistical mechanics.
Chapter four: electrodynamics of moving objects. Since the birth of the theory of relativity, the whole physics has entered a new era.
Grossman took his third step when Einstein established the square theory of relativity.
Fortunately, Grossman, who has become a professor of geometry at this time, helped for the third time. He told Einstein that there is a science called Riemannian Geometry, which specializes in this. Einstein suddenly realized this and quickly added Riemann geometry. However, the study of general relativity cannot be delayed, so in the early days of the establishment of general relativity, the mathematics part was written by Grossman. Grossman is one of the founders of general relativity.
1965438+On May 29th, 2009, Eddington led an observation team to take photos of the total solar eclipse in principe island, West Africa. Through the comparison of photos, the square theory of relativity is verified, and it is proved that Newton's theory needs to be revised. Einstein has become a great scientist who keeps pace with Newton, thus stepping into the ranks of great men. 199965438+In February, Einstein defeated Roosevelt, Churchill, Bill Gates and other political leaders and business giants, and was selected as a great man in the 20th century by American Time magazine.