First, the methods of addition and translation.

It refers to adding some words, short sentences or sentences in translation according to the differences in thinking mode, language habits and expression modes between English and Chinese, so as to express the meaning contained in the original text more accurately. This method is mostly used in Chinese-English translation. Chinese has many sentences without subjects, while English sentences generally have subjects. Therefore, when translating Chinese sentences with no subject, except for a few English sentences with no subject, passive voice or "be…" structure, the subject should be supplemented according to the context to make the sentences complete. There are also great differences between English and Chinese in the use of nouns, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and articles. Pronouns are often used in English. When talking about human organs and things owned or related by someone, possessive pronouns must be added before them. Therefore, possessive pronouns need to be supplemented in Chinese-English translation and appropriately deleted in English-Chinese translation. The logical relationship between English words, phrases and sentences is generally expressed by conjunctions, while Chinese often expresses this relationship through context and word order. Therefore, conjunctions often need to be added in Chinese-English translation. English sentences are inseparable from prepositions and articles. In addition, when translating from Chinese to English, we should pay attention to adding some words implied in the original text and some general and explanatory words to ensure the integrity of the meaning of the translation. In short, through the addition of translation, one is to ensure the integrity of the grammatical structure of the translation, and the other is to ensure the clarity of the meaning of the translation. For example:

How about calling him right away?

What do you think of giving him a call at once? (Add subject and predicate)

I wish I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

I wish I could see the realization of the four modernizations! (Add main sentence)

In fact, vice versa.

The actual situation is just the opposite. (translating nouns)

(4) Even people in fascist countries have been deprived of their human rights.

Even people in fashionable countries are deprived of their human rights.

(5) Only state officials can set fires, and people are not allowed to light lamps.

Wizards can burn down houses at will, but ordinary people are forbidden to light up. (Additional translation conjunctions)

This is another common point between our two peoples.

This is another thing that our two peoples have in common.

7. In the field of human rights, China opposes bullying the small by the big and bullying the weak by the strong.

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of bullying the small by the big and bullying the weak by the strong.

Today, three cobblers make a Zhuge Liang.

Two heads are better than one. (The translation is accompanied by notes)

Second, the provincial translation method

This is a translation method corresponding to the addition translation method, that is, deleting words that do not conform to the thinking habits, language habits and expressions of the target language to avoid tedious translation. The example of addition translation can be reversed. Another example is:

You will stay in this hotel during your stay in Beijing.

You stayed in this hotel during your visit to Beijing. (Omit the translation of subject pronouns)

I hope you enjoy your stay here.

I hope you enjoy your stay here. (Omit the translation of subject pronouns)

(3) China government has always attached importance to environmental protection.

China government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.

Third, the conversion method.

It refers to the transformation of part of speech, sentence pattern and voice in the original sentence in order to make the translation conform to the expression, methods and habits of the target language. Specifically, in part of speech, nouns are transformed into pronouns, adjectives and verbs; Convert verbs into nouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions; Convert adjectives into adverbs and phrases. In terms of sentence components, the subject is changed to adverbial, attribute, object and predicative; Turn predicates into subjects, attributes and predicates; Turn attribute into adverbial and subject; Turn an object into a subject. In sentence patterns, turn complex sentences into complex sentences, turn complex sentences into complex sentences, and turn adverbial clauses into attributive clauses. In terms of voice, we can change the active voice into the passive voice. For example:

Our college is under the dual leadership of the Education Commission and the municipal government.

Our college is jointly managed by the State Board of Education and the Socialist government. (noun to verb)

Watching too many TV programs will do great harm to children's eyesight.

Watching too much TV will greatly damage children's eyesight. (noun to verb)

Since the reform and opening up, China's comprehensive national strength has been significantly enhanced.

Thanks to the reform and opening-up policy, our comprehensive national strength has been greatly improved. (Verb to noun)

I totally agree with you.

I couldn't agree with you more! (preposition to verb)

(5) The reform and opening-up policy has won the support of all the people in China.

The reform and opening-up policy has been supported by the people of China. (Verb to noun)

In his article, the author criticized human's neglect of the environment.

In the article, the author criticized the neglect of the human environment. (adjective to noun)

In some European countries, people enjoy the greatest social benefits, such as medical insurance.

In some European countries, people enjoy the most extensive social welfare, such as medical insurance. (passive voice to active voice)

Today, it's getting late, let's go home!

We don't have much time. Let's go back.

All students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.

All students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (noun to adverb)

Fourth, split grammar and merge method

These are two corresponding translation methods. Syntactic splitting is to split a long and complicated sentence into several shorter and simpler sentences, which is usually used in English-Chinese translation. Merging method is to merge several short sentences into a long sentence, which is generally used in Chinese-English translation. Chinese emphasizes parataxis, loose structure and many simple sentences; English emphasizes hypotaxis and tight structure, so there are many long sentences. Therefore, in Chinese-English translation, we should pay attention to connecting Chinese short sentences with long sentences by conjunctions, participles, prepositions, infinitives, attributive clauses and independent structures. In English-Chinese translation, long sentences are often truncated in relative pronouns, adverbs, subject-predicate joints, coordinate or inflectional joints, joints between subsequent components and subjects, and the end of meaning groups of the original sentence, and translated into Chinese clauses. In this way, the English word order can be basically preserved, and the whole sentence can be translated in order, which conforms to the syntactic and rhetorical principles of replacing long and short sentences and alternating simple and complex sentences in modern Chinese. For example:

(1), strengthen cooperation with China is in the interest of the United States.

It is in the interest of the United States to strengthen cooperation with China. (Decoding at Subject-Predicate Junction)

I want to thank you for your incomparable hospitality, which is why the people of China are famous all over the world.

I want to thank you for your incomparable hospitality. It is because of this hospitality that the people of China are famous all over the world. (Decoding before attributive clause)

(3), especially in the Commonwealth countries, they think that Britain's membership in the community ensures that the policies of the community will take their interests into account.

This is especially true in Commonwealth countries, who believe that Britain's accession to the European Community will ensure that the policies of the European Community take care of their interests. (Decoding before attributive clause)

(4) China is a big country, 80% of its population is engaged in agriculture, but the cultivated land accounts for only one tenth of its land area, and the rest is mountainous, forest, urban and other land.

China is a big country, with four fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, and the rest is mountainous areas, forests, cities and other land. (Cooperative translation)

Five, translation method and reverse translation method

These two methods are usually used in Chinese-English translation and occasionally used in English-Chinese translation. The so-called positive translation refers to the translation of sentences into English with the same word order or expression as Chinese. The so-called reverse translation refers to the translation of sentences into English in the opposite word order or expression from Chinese. Positive translation and reverse translation often have synonymous effects, but reverse translation is often more in line with English way of thinking and expression habits. Therefore, it is more authentic. For example:

In America, everyone can buy a gun.

In America, everyone can buy a gun.

In America, everyone has a gun.

You can get this information from the internet.

You can protect this information on the Internet.

This information can be obtained on the Internet.

A new idea suddenly occurred to him.

Suddenly, he had a new idea.

He suddenly came up with a new idea.

A new idea suddenly occurred to him. (reverse translation)

He still doesn't understand what I mean.

He still doesn't understand what I mean.

He still hasn't understood me.

In any case, she is not a quick-thinking student.

She can hardly be regarded as a clever student.

She is by no means a clever student.

6. Please temporarily detain the documents.

Please keep this document for the time being. (translation)

Please do not send this document for the time being. (reverse translation)

Six, inversion method

In Chinese, attributes and adverbials are often placed in front of the modified components. In English, many modifiers are often behind modifiers, so the word order of the original text is often reversed in translation. English-Chinese translation usually adopts inversion, that is, switching long English sentences back and forth according to Chinese customary expressions, or inverting sentences all according to meaning groups. The principle is to make the arrangement of Chinese translation sentences conform to the general logical order of modern Chinese logical narration. Sometimes inversion is also used in Chinese-English translation. For example:

At this moment, through the miracle of telecommunications, more people see and hear our speech than at any time in the whole world history.

At this moment, through the miracle of modern communication means, more people see and hear our speech than on any other such occasion in the whole world history. (partially inverted)

I firmly believe that Britain should continue to be an active member of the European Community, which is in the interest of our people.

I firmly believe that Britain should continue to be an active member of the European Community, which is in the interest of our people. (partially inverted)

Great changes have taken place in China since the reform and opening up.

Great changes have taken place in China since the reform and opening up.

Seven, pregnancy methods

This method is mostly used in English-Chinese translation. The so-called inclusion means that when translating long English sentences into Chinese, English postposition components are put before the head words according to the normal word order of Chinese, so that modifier components form pre-inclusion in Chinese sentences. However, the modifier should not be too long, otherwise it will delay or cause entanglement in the connection of Chinese sentence components. For example:

You are a representative of a country and a mainland that makes China feel particularly close.

You are a representative from a country and a continent that makes China feel more cordial.

What brings us together is our common interests that transcend differences.

What brings us together is common interests that transcend these differences.

Eight, insertion method

It refers to the use of dashes, brackets or commas to insert difficult sentence elements into translated sentences. This method is mainly used in translation. Occasionally, it is also used for explanation, that is, appositive, parenthesis or attributive clauses are used to deal with some explanatory elements.

If announcing the recovery of Hong Kong will have a "disastrous impact" as your wife said, then we should face this disaster bravely and make a decision.

If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong will bring "disastrous effects" as madam said, then we must bravely face this disaster and make new decisions.

Nine, the reorganization method

In English-Chinese translation, in order to make the translation smooth and more in line with the habit of China's narratology theory, we completely get rid of the original word order and sentence patterns and reassemble sentences on the basis of clarifying the structure of English long sentences and understanding the original meaning of English.

For example, decisions must be made very quickly; Physical endurance is tested as well as perception, because it takes a lot of time to ensure that key people take actions based on the same information and purpose.

A lot of time must be spent to ensure that key people act according to the same information and purpose, which is a great test of physical endurance and thinking ability. Therefore, once the consideration is mature, the decision-maker should make a quick decision.

X. integrated method

It refers to the use of a variety of translation techniques, such as conversion, inversion, addition, ellipsis, syntactic splitting and so on. , based on logical analysis, takes the text as the center when translation cannot be done by a certain translation skill alone.

For example, how can the European Union promote the development of European film and TV program industry, make it competitive and forward-looking in the world market, radiate the influence of European culture, and create employment opportunities in Europe?

What should the EU do to contribute to the European film and television industry, make it competitive in the international market, give full play to the influence of European culture, and create more employment opportunities in Europe?