The order is as follows:

Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Copernicus, Newton, Darwin, Bacon, Aquinas, Voltaire, Kant.

Platon (427 BC-348 BC) was a great ancient Western philosopher, the founder and educator of objective idealism. The ontology of Plato's philosophy is called "objective idealism". He is the founder of Western objective idealism.

The mind and soul used to be in the world of ideas, and later they were combined with the body. It has various parts:

(1) The rational part, which is the basis of the soul and comes from the world of ideas;

(2) The will part;

(3) Emotional part.

The three parts of the soul exactly conform to the three virtues in Plato's ethics: the rational part conforms to wisdom, the will part conforms to courage, and the emotional part conforms to temperance. The three parts of the soul and the three corresponding virtues correspond exactly to the three social groups in Plato's social structure.

However, there are also some positive factors in his educational thoughts: he was the first to point out the great political significance of education, put forward the idea and content of public preschool education, and determined the psychological composition The basic part of the book stipulated the scope of subjects that seemed broad at the time, pointed out the significance of each subject for the development of abstract thinking, and advocated that women should receive completely equal education as men. The "screening" system he envisioned for cultivating people can serve as a reference for future generations.

Plato was a great scholar in ancient Greece, born in 427 BC. In science, Plato clarified the concept of negative numbers and was considered a Mathematician. He developed Pythagoras's ideas about the harmony of the universe and pointed out that the orbits of celestial bodies are circular. He combined astronomy and geometry and laid the foundation for the later establishment of the geocentric theory. He also combined the universe with the human body. By analogy, he derived insights about the nature and structure of the universe, as well as insights into human physiology. His thoughts on the macrocosm of heaven and earth and the microcosm of the human body remained popular until the end of the Middle Ages, and had a profound impact on the development of biology.

The most learned man - Aristotle

The life of the "Spirit of the Academy"

< p>In 384 BC, Aristotle was born in the Greek settlement of Staqil in Fulakia, a Greek colony adjacent to the emerging Macedonia. The court physician of King Philip II of Macedon. Judging from his family situation, he belonged to the middle class of the slave-owning class. He moved to Athens in 367 BC and studied medicine at Plato's Academy in Athens. Many years later, he became an active participant in Plato's Academy.

From the age of eighteen to thirty-eight - twenty years of studying philosophy with Plato in Athens, for Aristotle. It was a very important stage. His study and life during this period had a decisive influence on his life. Socrates was Plato's teacher, and Aristotle was taught by Plato. These three generations of masters and disciples are all famous in the history of philosophy. A famous figure. In Plato's Academy in Athens, Aristotle performed very well. Plato called him the "spirit of the Academy". But Aristotle was not a person who only worshiped authority and was academically submissive. A person who has no ideas of his own. He is different from teachers who talk about mysteries. He works hard to collect various books and materials, and even builds a library for himself. It is recorded that Plato once mocked him as a nerd. During the academy, Aristotle had ideological differences with his teacher. He once metaphorically said that wisdom will not die with Plato. When Plato reached his later years, the differences between their teachers and students became even greater, which often happened. Quarrel.

After Plato's death in 347 BC, Aristotle stayed in Athens for two years. Philip II hired him to serve as the teacher of Prince Alexander. At that time, Alexander was thirteen years old and Aristotle was forty-two years old. In 338 BC, King Philip II of Macedonia defeated Athens and Thebes. The anti-Macedonian coalition formed by Slovakia and other countries has since dominated Greece. The following year, Philip held a pan-Greek conference, which agreed that the Greek states would cease the war and establish a permanent alliance, with Macedonia as the leader. At the conference, Philip announced that he would He will command the coalition forces of the Greek states and expedition to Persia. At this point, Macedonia actually controls the military and political power of all Greece, and the Greek states have become vassals of Macedonia in name only.

Philip was assassinated in 336 BC. His son, Alexander, who was only twenty years old, became king. In 334 BC, Alexander led the Macedonian army and the coalition forces of the Greek states to conquer Persia. In less than ten years, he defeated the Persian army of millions, and then destroyed the ancient Persian Empire. An unprecedentedly large Alexander Empire—with its territory stretching from Greece in the west to the Indus River in the east, Egypt in the south, and Central Asia in the north—was established. In 323 BC, Alexander died of illness. This great empire, established through military conquest, split into several independent kingdoms after melee.

In this turbulent era, Aristotle returned to Athens and lived there for twenty years, that is, from the year before Alexander set out on his expedition to the day of Alexander's death. Year. Although Macedonia controlled Athens militarily and politically during this time, there was considerable anti-Macedonian potential there. Aristotle may have come to Athens with a political mission to persuade the Athenians to submit to Macedonia. Aristotle received a lot of preferential treatment in Athens. In addition to his prominent political position, he also received a large amount of money, materials and land support from Alexander and Macedonian bureaucrats at all levels. The Lyceum Academy he founded occupies a large sports field and garden area near the Temple of Apollo Lyceum. In the academy, there were the first-class libraries and zoological and botanical gardens at that time. He founded his own school here. The teachers and students of this school were accustomed to discussing problems while walking in the garden, hence the name "Xiaoyao School". It is said that Alexander paid eight hundred gold talents for his teacher's research (each talent equaled sixty pounds of gold). Alexander also provided a large amount of manpower for his teachers. He ordered his men to collect plant and animal specimens and other information for Aristotle.

In fact, Aristotle’s vast works cannot be completed by one person. For example, he once summarized and analyzed one hundred and fifty-eight political systems. This work required a large amount of collection and sorting work, which would have been impossible to complete without the assistance of a group of assistants. When the news of Alexander's death reached Athens, anti-Macedonian frenzy immediately set off. The Athenians attacked Aristotle and convicted him of impiety. Socrates was sentenced to death for impiety. . But Aristotle eventually escaped from Athens and died the next year at the age of sixty-three.

The most learned man

Aristotle was first of all a great philosopher. Although he was a student of Plato, he abandoned the idealist views held by his teacher. Plato believed that ideas are prototypes of physical objects and exist independently without relying on physical objects. Aristotle believed that physical objects themselves contain essence. Plato asserted that the senses could not be the source of true knowledge. Aristotle believed that knowledge originated from feeling. These ideas already contain some materialistic elements. Aristotle, like Plato, believed that rational plans and purposes were the guiding principles of all natural processes. However, Aristotle's views on causality are richer than Plato's, because he accepted some views on this issue from the ancient Greek period. He pointed out that there are four main types of causes. The first is material cause, which is the main substance that forms objects. The second is the formal cause, which is the design pattern and shape given to the primary substance. The third type is efficient cause, which is the mechanism and role provided to realize this type of design. The fourth type is the final cause, which is the purpose for which the object is designed. For example, the pottery's clay provides the pottery with its material cause, while the pottery's design is its formal cause, the potter's wheel and hands are its efficient cause, and the pottery's design purpose is its final cause. . Aristotle himself focused on the formal cause and final cause of objects. He believed that formal causes are contained in all natural objects and effects. These formal causes are latent at first, but once the object or living thing develops, these formal causes become apparent. Finally, the object or organism reaches the completion stage, and its finished products are used to achieve the purpose of the original design, that is, to serve the final cause. He also believed that in concrete things, there is no form without matter, and there is no formless matter. The process of combining matter and form is the movement of transforming potential into reality. This theory expresses the idea of ??spontaneous dialectics.

Aristotle divided science into:

(1) Theoretical science (mathematics, natural science and the first philosophy later called metaphysics);

(2) Practical science (ethics, politics, economics, strategy and decoration)

(3) Creative science, that is, poetics.

Aristotle believed that analysis or logic is the tool of all sciences. He is the founder of formal logic. He strives to connect the form of thinking with existence and clarify the categories of logic based on objective reality. Aristotle applied his findings to scientific theory. As an example, he chose the discipline of mathematics, especially geometry, because geometry had already transitioned from the early experimental stage when Thales wanted to give a reasonable explanation of the empirical rules of land measurement to a later stage with a relatively complete deductive form. But the syllogism of logic is of no use to experimental science. Because the goal pursued by experimental science is discovery, not formal proof from recognized premises. Starting from the premise that elements cannot be divided into simpler objects, it might have been possible to come up with a correct table of the known elements in 1890, but by 1920, applying this premise would exclude all radioactive elements. Now that the premise has changed, the meaning of the word "element" has also changed. However, this fact does not prove that syllogism is useless, nor does it conclude that modern physics is wrong. Fortunately, modern experimentalists no longer worry about logical forms, but the scientific community in Greece and the Middle Ages, under the authority of Aristotle, used deduction to describe many erroneous authorities as absolute. correct, and made many false inferences using deceptive forms of logic.

In terms of astronomy, he believed that the moving celestial bodies are material entities. The earth is spherical and is the center of the universe. The earth and celestial bodies are composed of different materials. The materials on the earth are made of water, air, fire, and earth. Composed of four elements, the celestial body is composed of the fifth element "ether". In terms of physics, he opposed atomic theory and did not admit the existence of vacuum; he also believed that objects can only move when pushed by external forces. When the external force stops, the movement will stop. In biology, he classified more than five hundred different plant and animal species, conducted anatomical studies on at least fifty species of animals, pointed out that whales were viviparous, and examined the development of chick embryos. Alexander the Great often sent him various plant and animal specimens during his expeditions. In terms of education, he believed that the development of rationality was the ultimate goal of education, and advocated that the country should provide fair education to the children of slave owners. So that their body, virtue and wisdom can develop harmoniously. Aristotle also proposed many concepts in mathematics and physics, such as limits, infinite numbers, composition of forces, etc.

Main Works

Aristotle's logical works were later compiled into a book by his annotators, called "On Instruments". They inherited Aristotle's view that logic is neither theoretical knowledge nor practical knowledge, but only a tool for knowledge. "On Instruments" mainly discusses the deduction method, which lays the foundation for formal logic and is very important to this science. development has far-reaching consequences.

Physics, another work by Aristotle, discusses issues such as natural philosophy, principles of existence, matter and form, motion, time and space. He believed that in order for an object to move continuously, there needs to be a continuously acting cause.

Aristotle began to discuss matter and destructible things in his book "On the Heavens", and then discussed occurrence and destruction. In this process of creation and destruction, the opposing principles of cold and heat, wetness and dryness interact in pairs to produce the four elements of fire, air, earth and water. To these earthly elements he added ether. The ether moves in circles and forms perfect and immortal heavenly bodies. The Meteorology discusses the region between heaven and earth, the zone of planets, comets, and meteors; it also contains some primitive doctrines about vision, color vision, and the rainbow. Book 4 describes some primitive chemical concepts. Aristotle's meteorology is now far less satisfactory than his biological work, but it was highly influential in the late Middle Ages.

Aristotle's other important works include: "Metaphysics", "Ethics", "Politics" and "Analysis of the First and Second Parts", etc. These works had a great influence on the subsequent development of philosophy and science.

Conclusion

Aristotle showed a turning point in Greek science. Before him, scientists and philosophers strived to propose a complete world system to explain natural phenomena. He was the last person to propose a complete world system. After him, many scientists gave up trying to propose a complete system and turned to studying specific problems. Aristotle concentrated ancient knowledge into one body. Hundreds of years after his death, no one had such a systematic investigation and comprehensive grasp of knowledge as he did. His works are encyclopedias of antiquity. Engels called him "the most learned man".

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, founder of the heliocentric theory, and founder of modern astronomy.

After long-term astronomical observation and research, Copernicus created a more scientific universe structure system-the heliocentric theory, and then negated the geocentric theory that had dominated the West for more than a thousand years. The heliocentric theory was accepted by people only after a hard struggle. This was a great revolution in astronomy. It not only caused a major innovation in human cosmology, but also fundamentally shook the theoretical pillars of medieval religious theology in Europe. "From then on, natural science began to be liberated from theology", "Since then, the development of science has made great strides forward" (Engels' "Dialectics of Nature").

Copernicus wrote "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres" (published in 1543) which elaborated on the heliocentric theory. Due to the limitations of the times, the so-called "perfect" circular orbit and other arguments were retained in the heliocentric theory. Later, Kepler established the three laws of planetary motion, Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, and planetary light aberration and parallax were discovered successively. The heliocentric theory was established on a more solid scientific basis.

Newton, the great British physicist, was born on December 25, 1642, in a peasant family in the village of Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire. When he was studying in Grantham Public School at the age of 12, he showed his interest in experiments and mechanical inventions, and made water clocks, windmills and sundials by himself. In 1661, Newton studied at Trinity College of Cambridge University and became an outstanding student. In 1669, at the age of only 27, he served as professor of mathematics at Cambridge. In 1672, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society.

From 1685 to 1687, with the encouragement and sponsorship of astronomer Halley, Newton published the famous "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" and completed historic discoveries-the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. He made significant contributions to the development of modern natural sciences. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society. He died in a small village outside London on March 27, 1727.

Newton not only made great contributions to mechanics, but also to other aspects. In terms of mathematics, he discovered the binomial theorem and founded calculus; in terms of optics, he conducted experiments on the dispersion of sunlight, proving that white light is composed of monochromatic light, studied the theory of color, and also Invented the reflecting telescope.

Darwin

Darwin (Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882) was a British naturalist and the founder of the scientific theory of evolution. Born in Shrewsbury, County Shropshire, England, and died in Downe village, County Kent. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh from 1825 to 1827, and theology at the University of Cambridge from 1827 to 1831. In 1831, upon the recommendation of Professor J.S. Henslow, he participated in the H.M.S. Beagle's circumnavigation of the world, which lasted five years and observed and collected a large amount of animal, plant and geological data. After returning to China, through experiments, summarization and long-term thinking, the concept of biological evolution was gradually formed. In 1859, he published the book "The Origin of Species", which not only demonstrated the evolution of organisms with rich facts, but also proposed the theory of natural selection, which gave a reasonable explanation for the diversity and adaptability of organisms, severely attacking various idealistic creations. Theory, teleology and species immutability theory, and has had a huge impact on society. After that, he published works such as "Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestic Conditions" (1868) and "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" (1871), which further enriched and developed the theory of evolution. His theory of evolution was hailed by Engels as one of the three major discoveries in natural science in the 19th century. Darwin loved nature and science, insisted on practice, carefully observed facts, and worked hard to study and explore the laws of nature. He published more than 80 papers and more than 20 books throughout his life, leaving a rich scientific heritage for mankind. A great scientist who constantly pursues truth and makes epoch-making contributions.

Bacon 1561～1626

Francis. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - a famous British materialist philosopher and scientist. He is revered among the giants of the Renaissance as an epoch-making figure in the history of philosophy and science. Marx called him "the true ancestor of British materialism and the entire modern experimental science." The first person to propose that "knowledge is power."

1. Bacon's life

Bacon was born on January 22, 1561, into a family of officials in London. Father Nicholas. Bacon was the Lord Privy Seal of Queen Elizabeth and studied law at Cambridge University. He tended to be progressive in his thinking, believed in the British Crown, and opposed the Pope's interference in the internal affairs of the United Kingdom. Mother Anne is a well-known and talented woman. She is proficient in Greek and Latin and is a believer in Calvinism. A good family education made Bacon mature earlier and showed unusual intelligence in all aspects. At the age of 12, Bacon was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge University for further study. While studying at school, he had doubts about traditional concepts and beliefs, and began to think about the true meaning of society and life alone.

After three years of studying at Cambridge University, Bacon served as the British Ambassador to France, Aemias. Sir Paulet's entourage came to France. During the two and a half years of living in Paris, he traveled almost all over France, came into contact with many new things, and absorbed many new ideas, which played a significant role in the formation of his world view. It has played a big role. In 1579, Bacon's father died suddenly of illness. His plan to prepare for Bacon's future support was shattered, and Bacon's life began to fall into poverty. After returning home to attend his father's funeral, Bacon enrolled in Gray Law School, where he studied law while seeking positions. In 1582, he finally qualified as a lawyer. In 1584, he was elected as a member of Parliament. In 1589, he became the clerk of the court after the vacancy. However, this position did not become vacant for 20 years. He ran around but never got any position. At this time, Bacon was more mature in his thinking. He was determined to reform all knowledge that was divorced from reality and nature, and introduced empirical observation, factual basis, and practical effects into epistemology. This great ambition was the main goal of his "great renaissance" of science and the ambition for which he fought throughout his life.

In 1602, Elizabeth died and James I succeeded to the throne.

Because Bacon had advocated the union of Scotland and England, he was greatly appreciated by James. As a result, Bacon's career has skyrocketed. Knighted in 1602, appointed counselor to James in 1604, solicitor general in 1607, chief prosecutor in 1613, advisor to the Privy Council in 1616, promoted to seal in 1617 Chancellor, he was promoted to Continental Officer in England in 1618 and was created Baron Verulan and Viscount Albans in 1621. But Bacon's talents and interests were not in state affairs, but in the search for scientific truth. During this period, he achieved great results in academic research. And published many books.

In 1621, Bacon was accused of corruption and bribery by Parliament. He was sentenced to a fine of 40,000 pounds by the High Court, imprisoned in the Tower of London, expelled from the court for life, and barred from holding parliamentary and official positions. Although the fine and imprisonment were later waived, Bacon's reputation was ruined. From then on, Bacon ignored political affairs and began to concentrate on theoretical writings.

At the end of March 1626, Bacon drove through the northern suburbs of London. At that time, he was concentrating on the study of hot and cold theory and its practical applications. When passing by a snowy field, he suddenly wanted to conduct an experiment. He killed a chicken and stuffed the chicken belly with snow to observe the effect of freezing on preservation. However, due to his weak body and unable to withstand the invasion of wind and cold, the bronchitis recurred and his condition worsened, and he died of illness in the early morning of April 9, 1626.

After Bacon's death, people built a monument in his memory, and Sir Henry Warden inscribed his epitaph:

Viscount St. Albans

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If we use a more prestigious title, we should call it "the light of science" and "the tongue of the law"

． Bacon's philosophical thoughts

Bacon's philosophical thoughts are inseparable from his social thoughts. He was a representative of the rising bourgeoisie, advocating the development of production, eager to explore nature, and demanding the development of science. He believed that scholasticism had hindered the development of contemporary science. Therefore, he strongly criticized scholasticism and theological authority. He also further exposed the source of fallacies in human understanding and put forward the famous "Four Illusions". He said that this is a common pathological state in the human heart, rather than confusion and doubt arising from a certain situation. The first is the "false appearance of race", which is a misunderstanding caused by human nature; the second type is the "false appearance of the cave", which is a one-sided misunderstanding caused by an individual's personality, hobbies, education, and environment; The third type is the "illusion of the market", which is confusion in thinking caused by the uncertainty of language concepts when people communicate. The fourth type is "theatre's illusion", which refers to the misunderstanding caused by blind superstition of authority and tradition. Bacon pointed out that the scholastic philosophers used four kinds of illusions to obliterate the truth and create fallacies, thus giving a heavy blow to scholasticism. However, Bacon's "Illusion Theory" permeated the empiricist tendency of Bacon's philosophy and failed to make a strict distinction between the nature of reason and the illusion of idealism.

Bacon believed that the academic tradition at that time was poor because academics had lost contact with experience. He advocated that scientific theory and science and technology complement each other. He advocated breaking "idols" and eradicating all kinds of prejudices and illusions. He proposed that "truth is the daughter of time rather than the daughter of authority" and launched a powerful attack on scholasticism.

Bacon's view of scientific method is mainly based on experimental qualitative and induction. He inherited and developed the ancient idea that matter is the origin of all things. He believed that the world is composed of matter, matter has the characteristic of movement, and movement is an attribute of matter. Starting from a materialist standpoint, Bacon pointed out that the task of science is to understand the natural world and its laws. However, due to the limitations of the times, his worldview still has the characteristics of simple materialism and metaphysics.

3. Bacon's Treatises

In 1597, Bacon published his first work, "Collected Essays on Discourses". In the book, he condensed his understanding and thinking about society and his understanding of life into many philosophical famous sayings, which were welcomed by readers.

In 1605, Bacon completed the two-volume "On the Progress of Learning" in English. This is a work that takes knowledge as its research object. It is part of Bacon's grand ideal and plan to comprehensively reform knowledge with knowledge as its field. In the book, Bacon fiercely attacked the obscurantism of the Middle Ages, demonstrated the great role of knowledge, and suggested the unsatisfactory status quo of knowledge and its remedies. In this book, Bacon proposed an outline for a systematic scientific encyclopedia, which played a major role in later compiling encyclopedias by the French Encyclopedia School headed by Diderot in the 18th century.

In 1609, when Bacon was deputy attorney general, he published a third book, "On the Wisdom of the Ancients." He believes that in ancient times, there existed the oldest wisdom of mankind, and the lost oldest wisdom can be discovered through the study of ancient fables.

Bacon originally planned to write a six-volume encyclopedic work - "The Great Revival", which was his masterpiece to revive science and reshape human knowledge, but he failed. In order to complete the expected plan, only the first two parts were published. "New Instruments" published in 1620 was the second part of the book. "New Instruments" is Bacon's most important philosophical work. It puts forward the principles and methods of empirical knowledge pioneered by Bacon in modern times.

This book is the antithesis of Aristotle's Instruments.

After the end of his political career, Bacon completed the book "The Chronicles of Henry VII" in just a few months. This work was highly praised by later historians and was hailed as "the most important work of modern history". A milestone in historiography."

About 1623, Bacon wrote "New Atlantis", an unfinished utopian work first published by Rollet in the second year of his death. In the book, the author describes the ideal social blueprint for his new pursuit and yearning, and designs a country called the "True Color Column". In this country, science dominates everything. This is the "great renaissance" of science advocated by Bacon's graduation. A concentrated expression of thoughts and beliefs.

In addition, Bacon left many works after his death, which were later compiled and published by many experts and scholars, including "On the Nature of Things", "Clues of the Labyrinth", "Philosophies of Various Philosophies" Critique", "Great Events in Nature", "On Human Knowledge", etc.

Four. Bacon's position in the history of science

Francis. Bacon was the first philosopher to propose the principle of empiricism in the history of modern philosophy. He attached great importance to the role of sensory experience and inductive logic in the process of cognition, and created a new era of empirical philosophy that uses experience as a means to study perceptual nature. He played a positive role in promoting the establishment of modern science and contributed to the history of human philosophy and science. All have made significant historical contributions. For this reason, Russell respected Bacon as "the pioneer of logical organization of scientific research procedures."

Introduction to Thomas Aquinas

In the middle of the 13th century, there was a young theology professor at the famous University of Paris who was nicknamed "The Dumb Cow" because of his silence and meekness. But he was talented and had already emerged at a young age. Some prestigious scholars admired this young man very much. Albert once asserted that the voice of "Dumb Cow" would be famous all over the world. Sure enough, the "Dumb Ox" later became the most famous theologian and scholastic philosopher in the Middle Ages. He was the Italian Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274).

Thomas received nine years of primary education at the Monastery of Monte Cassino when he was a child. His father, who was an earl, always wanted him to become an abbot. At the age of 14, he entered the University of Naples and was exposed to a large number of scientific and philosophical works. Five years later, he joined the Catholic organization "Dominican Order", which became an important turning point in his life.

In 1245, Thomas went to Paris and studied under the Aristotelian Albert. He began teaching theology at the University of Paris in 1257, spent 10 years focusing on teaching and writing activities, and was appointed by the Holy See as a theological consultant and lecturer. Three years after his death, the masters of theology in Paris condemned 219 propositions, 12 of which were Thomas's views. This was the harshest condemnation of the Middle Ages. When Thomas was teaching at the University of Paris, Aristotle's teachings were already pouring in, and they aroused a very strong response among the believers. The Church was deeply aware of the danger of his writings and made several attempts to block the transcription, reading and preservation of this naturalistic and rationalist philosophy that was incompatible with Catholic orthodoxy. But Thomas was not afraid of this theory. He and his teacher Albert devoted themselves to studying Aristotle's works. He castrated the materialism and dialectics in Aristotle's philosophy, and replaced the idealism and metaphysics in it. The system was developed comprehensively and systematically and incorporated into the Christian theological system, making it the basis of the official Catholic philosophy.

He successfully integrated Christian theological thought with Aristotle's philosophy and established a huge system of scholastic philosophy. 18 masterpieces, including the "Summa Theology" and "Summa Philosophy", "On Existence and Essence", "On Orthodox Belief and Truth, and the Complete Discussion of Pagans", which are the culmination of Christian thought.

All Thomas' theories serve the Catholic creed. He clearly stated that philosophy must serve theology, and later made a philosophical argument for the highest theological tenet of the existence of God. It is believed that the existence of God should be understood through God's creation, and the existence of God, the creator of all things, is deduced by using the teleological idealism in Aristotle's philosophy.

Thomas distorted and used Aristotle’s doctrine of form and matter, claiming that the world was created by God from nothingness, and asserted that the creation of the world had a beginning of time; at the same time, God created a A hierarchical cosmic system; the lowest level is the earth and all matter composed of the four elements of water, earth, fire and air, above that are plants, animals and humans, above that are the celestial bodies, and above that is the highest goal pursued by the entire world - the Trinity God; also explores the relationship between the individual and the general, believing that the general that exists in individual things is not inherent in the individual things themselves, but some special entity that resides or is hidden in the individual things. The different characteristics between objects are determined by the "stable and mysterious quality" embedded in the object. The reason why copper is copper is because there is a special entity like 'copper' hidden in it. The reason why copper can be rolled is Because there is a hidden quality like "rollability" hidden in it. Therefore, there are as many "stable and mysterious qualities" as there are properties of objects, so there is no need to delve into the internal structure and interrelationships of things. Obviously, this theory seriously hinders the development of science.

Thomas also argued for the supremacy of the church's power.

It is believed that just as God is superior to man and the soul is superior to the body, the church is superior to the secular state. The pope is the agent of Christ, the political power should be in his hands, the state must obey the church, and the king must obey the pope.

He also strongly defended the ruling power of the feudal monarch, believing that monarchy was the best political form, and said that without a ruler to control and guide the people, society would be in ruins