Classic Quotations of Resurrection
1. If you love someone, you should love him as a whole and as he really is, instead of wishing him to be divorced from reality.
2. Eating is beneficial and harmless only when you are hungry. Similarly, only when you have love can you communicate with others.
This series of terrible changes happened to him only because he stopped believing in himself and turned to believe in others. As for the reason why he no longer believes in himself, but believes in others, because if he believes in himself, life will become too difficult: believing in himself means that he can't consider pursuing a relaxed and happy physical self when dealing with various problems, and almost always opposes him; Trusting others means that you don't have to deal with any problems, all problems are solved, and the principle of solving problems never considers the spiritual self, only the physical self.
This series of terrible changes happened to him only because he stopped believing in himself and turned to believe in others. As for the reason why he no longer believes in himself, but believes in others, because if he believes in himself, life will become too difficult: believing in himself means that he can't consider pursuing a relaxed and happy physical self when dealing with various problems, and almost always opposes him; Trusting others means that you don't have to deal with any problems, all problems are solved, and the principle of solving problems never considers the spiritual self, only the physical self. Besides, if he believes in himself, he will always be accused, but if he believes in others, he will win the praise of people around him.
5. People are like rivers. The water in all rivers is the same, and the water in all places is the same, but the water in each river is narrow in some places and wide in some places. Some places are fast, others are flat. Everyone has a variety of germ of nature, sometimes showing this nature, sometimes showing this nature, sometimes becoming unrecognizable, but actually the same person.
6, he didn't understand, it turns out that his hatred for people in recent times, especially today's hatred for Duke, Sophia, Missy and Kornei, is actually hatred for himself. Strange to say, this feeling of confessing your meanness is not only pain, but also happiness and peace of mind.
7. His so-called soul cleansing refers to such a state of mind: often after a long time, he suddenly feels that his inner life has been exhausted, and sometimes even stopped, and began to clear away all the garbage accumulated in his soul and the reasons for this pause. Since then, he has not cleaned his soul for a long time, so he has never been so dirty, and there has never been such a disharmony between what his conscience requires and the life he leads. When he saw the gap, he couldn't help but jump.
At that time, he was an honest and self-sacrificing young man, ready to devote himself to all good undertakings. Now he has become a bohemian, out-and-out egoist who only loves himself for pleasure. At that time, he felt that the world was a secret, and he tried his best to solve it with joy and passion. Now he feels that everything in reality is simple and clear, and everything is decided by the real environment in which he lives. At that time, he thought it was necessary and important to get in touch with nature and predecessors (such as philosophy and poetry) who had lived, thought and contacted, but now he thinks it is necessary and important to communicate with colleagues because there are artificial rules and regulations. At that time, women were mysterious and charming just because mystery was a fascinating creation; Now, except for the wives of family and friends, the role of all women is clear: women are the best enjoyment tools he has ever tried. At that time, he didn't want money, and his mother didn't even need a third of it. He can give up the land under his father's name and give it to the tenants. Now his mother gives him 1500 rubles a month, which is not enough for him at all. He had several unpleasant conversations with his mother for money. At that time, he thought that spiritual talents were the real me; Now he thinks I'm strong and energetic.
9. The extent to which people live according to their own ideas and obey others' ideas is a big difference between people.
10, strange to say, this feeling of admitting your meanness is inevitably painful, but at the same time it makes people happy and at ease.
Introduction to resurrection
"Resurrection" is based on a real event, which mainly describes the protagonist Nekhludoff seducing menstruation's maid Maslova, making her pregnant and being driven out of the house. Later, she became a prostitute and was tried for murder for money. The hero appeared in court as a juror and was deeply condemned by his conscience when he saw the woman he had seduced before. He went to avenge her and asked her to make amends. After the appeal failed, he accompanied her to exile in Siberia. His behavior touched her and made her fall in love with him again. But in order not to damage his reputation and position, she finally married a revolutionary instead of him.
Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Nekhludoff had an accidental opportunity to participate as a juror in the trial of a poisoned person's murder. Unexpectedly, Maslova, a prostitute, recognized her as Katyusha from her distinctive eyes. He had madly loved her when he was young. So scenes were presented to Nekhludoff: at that time, he was a college student, living in a manor in menstruation during the summer vacation and writing a thesis. He is kind, enthusiastic, full of ideals, keen on western progressive ideas, and falls in love with menstruation's adopted daughter and handmaid Katyusha. They play and talk together, and their feelings are pure and flawless. Three years later, Nekhludoff graduated from university, joined the Guards, passed by menstruation's manor, and met Katyusha again. In the solemn atmosphere of Easter, he looked at Katyusha's slim figure in a white dress, blushing face and slightly squinting black eyes, and once again realized the joy of pure love. However, after that, secular ideas and passions prevailed. Before he left, he took Katyusha and abandoned her. Later, when I heard that she had fallen, I completely forgot her. He realized his sin and his conscience was condemned, but he was afraid of being recognized by Maslova and making a fool of himself on the spot. He was nervous and confused. Other judges and jurors were absent-minded and made empty comments. As a result, Maslova was wrongly sentenced to four years' hard labor in Siberia. Nekhludoff found out the consequences of his dereliction of duty, such as seeing Maslova crying after being sentenced, and he was determined to find the president and lawyer to try to remedy it. The lawyer told him that he should appeal.
Nekhludoff went to Missy's house for dinner with mixed feelings. Originally, the luxurious style and elegant atmosphere here often made him feel very comfortable. But today he seems to see through everyone's essence, and feels that everything is disgusting: General Kirchagan is rude and arrogant; Big miss is eager to get married; The duchess put on airs. He made an excuse to leave early.
When he got home, he began to reflect and purify his soul, and found that he and the people around him were "shameful and disgusting". Mother's behavior before her death; His ambiguous relationship with the eldest daughter of the nobility; He opposed private ownership of land, but inherited his mother's grange. All this happened after the crime against Katyusha. He decided to change his life, and the next day he announced to the housekeeper: pack up, dismiss the servants and move out of this big house.
Nekhludoff went to the prison to visit Maslova and asked her about their children. She was surprised at first, but she didn't want to touch the wound. She simply answered a few words, took him as an available man, and asked him for ten rubles of cigarettes and alcohol to anesthetize herself. The second time Nekhludoff visited the prison, he said he would make amends and even marry her. At this time, Katyusha issued a grieving accusation: "You used me for fun in this life, and you want to use me to save yourself in the afterlife!" "Later, Nekhludoff helped her cellmate and improved her situation. She also gave up smoking and drinking and worked hard to learn well.
Nekhludoff scattered the land and went to the upper level of Petersburg. As a result, the appeal was still rejected. He had to write to the emperor and immediately returned to Moscow, ready to go to Siberia with Katyusha. On the way, Katyusha was deeply influenced by the noble sentiments of political prisoners, forgave Nekhludoff, and agreed to combine with simonson who respected her and cared about her happiness. Nekhludoff also learned from the Bible that "people should not hate their enemies, but should love them." Enlightenment.
Resurrection is a novel by Russian writer lev tolstoy, which was first published in 1899.
Time background
19 in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Russian capitalism developed rapidly, the countryside was greatly destroyed, and the working people's lives became increasingly destitute. At that time, the heavy burden of the Russian-Turkish war and years of famine brought more serious disasters to the people. At this time, Tolstoy became more and more concerned about the sufferings of the people. He actively participated in the disaster relief work at that time, witnessed the terrible situation of farmers and urban poor, and finally saw the reactionary nature of the czar's autocratic system on the basis of his years of exploration and thinking. The author participated in disaster relief work from 189 1 to 1892, and realized that there is a huge gap between farmers and landlords, and the root of farmers' poverty is the private ownership of landlords' land.
Personal background
After Tolstoy finished his masterpieces War and Peace and Anna karenin, his world outlook changed fundamentally in his later years, and his artistic criticism reached its peak, reaching the "sober realism" of "tearing off all masks". This is undoubtedly the result of his artistic exploration as well as his spiritual exploration. Observing Russian real life with the eyes of the broad masses of peasants and expressing opinions on behalf of the peasant class are the main sources of his great critical power in his later creation. This is most vividly manifested in his various works, especially the novel Resurrection.
production process
As Tolstoy's masterpiece in his later years, the plot is based on real cases. The novel is written from 1889 to 1899. The material is a true story provided by prosecutor Kony: an aristocratic young man seduces his aunt's handmaid. The maid was driven out of the house after she became pregnant, and later became a prostitute and was tried for stealing money. The nobleman attended the court as a juror. When he saw the woman he had seduced before, he was condemned by his conscience. He applied to the judge to marry her to make amends. Unfortunately, his handmaid died of typhoid fever in prison. Tolstoy took this story as the main line, spent 10 years, and finally finished the book after six drafts. Four novels were originally planned, but only three were created.
Theme of the work
Tolstoyism
Tolstoy's Resurrection is his masterpiece in his later years. On the one hand, it is difficult to find another work with such depth and breadth in exposing the evil, decadent and reactionary state, law and church system of the society at that time; On the other hand, it advocates the views of atonement, saving souls, asceticism, "not confronting evil with violence" and "moral self-improvement", and advocates a religious "fraternity" thought belonging to Tolstoy, which is called "Tolstoy Doctrine".
Religion is very important to Tolstoy, and Tolstoyism is also closely related to his religious thought. Tolstoy has always been regarded as a figure with multiple contradictions, and the most obvious contradiction lies in his religious thought: on the one hand, he violently exposed and criticized the dark church in Russia; On the other hand, it also enthusiastically preaches religious and moral ideas. However, if we combine the reality of19th century Russia, we will understand the contradiction in him. First of all, the Russian nation believes in religion, and Tolstoy must take this characteristic of the whole Russian nation into account if he wants to publicize his thoughts. At that time, the darkness, corruption and cruelty of the Russian czar's autocratic system made the peasants living under it fall into dire straits. They had no choice but to seek comfort and relief from religion. Therefore, Tolstoy, as the spokesman of patriarchal farmers, must also seek a way out for the Russian people from a religious perspective. Tolstoy is an artist and thinker, not a politician and revolutionary. Due to his own reasons and the limitations of the times, he could not accept Marxism. He just hopes to solve social contradictions by focusing on religious morality with fraternity as the core in transforming society. It should be noted that Tolstoy originated from religious thoughts, but in Tolstoy's view, he summarized modern religious consciousness as brotherhood and unity of all mankind. It can be said that the religion here is not a superstition, but a moral code.
In Resurrection, moral issues dominate, and a lot of preaching damages the value of the work to some extent. In the past, many people thought that the book was full of Tolstoy's moral preaching, which was regarded as a negative factor in Tolstoy's works. Some critics even think that Resurrection is a proof of Tolstoy's decline as a moralist. For example, the novel contains blasphemous remarks that are unacceptable to the church and social criticism. First of all, this is reflected in the judicial environment reflected in the book: the injustice of litigation procedures and the lack of humanity in prison detention will only increase the crime rate; Besides, according to the gospels, people have no right to judge others.
Religious salvation
Tolstoyism has a lot to do with Russian religious philosophy, but in Resurrection, this spiritual self-help and self-improvement are combined with various ugly phenomena in society at that time, so this solution is pale and full of internal contradictions. As a member of the upper ruling class, after realizing their sins, they can naturally achieve self-salvation through religious means. However, for the poor who have been in the lower class, what should their salvation depend on? Obviously, we can only rely on religion. Because of this limitation, Tolstoy's art puts forward the view that people can stand up again after falling and gain a new life morally. Therefore, a typical Tolstoy-style hero Nekhludoff will be created. When he attended the trial as a juror, he was unexpectedly transferred to Katyusha Maslova, a prostitute accused of murder. 10 years ago, he suffered her and abandoned her, causing her to return to the dust. Nekhludoff's conscience found that he wanted to marry her and follow her to Siberia to do hard work. He abandoned his superior living environment, distributed most of his land to farmers and went to Siberia. But Maslova refused this "sacrifice" and married a political prisoner.
In fact, not only civilians, but also nobles. Although it is a noble confession written in Resurrection, Tolstoy did not regard this motif as a patent of the nobility. He placed confession in the universal contradiction within the human mind. Everyone has divinity and wildness. If a person indulges himself, he may fall; But once he realizes it, it is possible to "resurrect". Therefore, Tolstoy advocated "moral self-realization" to change social inequality and evil. In the era of fierce social revolution, he advocated "no violence against violence" and opposed class struggle.
Maslova finally forgave Nekhludoff, but this did not change her fate of exile. Man exists as a process. When people's material form is destroyed, it is difficult for Tolstoy or Dostoevsky or any rational writer to discuss the question of soul. In the limited life time, how should people get rid of the ubiquitous evil? Do forgiveness and forgiveness have any effect on evil? Of course, violence can't solve everything, especially the contradictions that exist in the depths of human nature and don't depend on social system, such as greed, jealousy, lust and violence. However, in an evil environment, it is unrealistic to dream of self-liberation through moral self-improvement. Only after material liberation can spiritual liberation be achieved. Only when everyone gets rid of the shackles of hunger, cold, slavery and oppression can it be possible to pursue the freedom of the soul.
Contradictory demands
The cover of Resurrection In Resurrection, Tolstoy finally failed to find a solution to the social problems and contradictions in Russia. At the end of the work, he only wrote that Nekhludoff hoped to find a solution from the gospels. Many people think this is a limitation of Tolstoy. He didn't have much hope for revolutionaries in his novels, so he didn't go deep into these revolutionaries and held a certain opposition. What he preached was a non-violent policy, that is, "no violence against violence." Although he hated the authorities, he opposed retaliation against the government's rule, so he expressed this idea through revolutionaries, which is what Nabatov said in his book; "The whole building should not be destroyed, as long as the rooms in this beautiful, solid and magnificent old building they love are redistributed once." I only hope that through the teaching in the gospels, people will be taught to be kind, and all people will be moved in an attempt to make the rulers kind, so as to achieve social stability and prosperity and people's happiness, and thus achieve the purpose of transforming society. But this improved idea is impossible to realize, so Nekhludoff didn't really find a way out in the end.
Tolstoy didn't find a real way out for the society, but his thought of serving ordinary people and the process of repentance are worth pondering. The hero and heroine in Resurrection finally realized spiritual and moral resurrection, which is actually the author's spiritual and moral resurrection. He had a clearer understanding of society and made a new leap in thought.
Interestingly, Tolstoy questioned the rationality of the Russian ruling organs, even though he was not in favor of destroying the system at that time: "The sole purpose of the court is to maintain the social status quo, so he wants to persecute and execute those whose moral character is above average and wants to improve it, that is, the so-called political prisoners, and also persecute and execute those whose moral character is below average, that is, the so-called criminal types."
Artistic feature
contrast
The structure of resurrection is in sharp contrast with the basic principles of description. The novel describes a wide range of life scenes: from the court to the church, from the prison to the exile, from Moscow to Petersburg, from the city to the countryside, from Russia to Siberia. Through these pictures, the author compares the upper class with people's life, nobles, dignitaries with the poor, rulers with prisoners.
Psychological description
Tolstoy is good at expressing the spiritual world of characters through their complex psychological states. For example, after seeing Maslova again in court, Nekhludoff caused a series of fierce ideological struggles. The novel skillfully uses external things and phenomena to describe the psychology of the characters, and sometimes external things will affect people's emotions; Sometimes people's emotions will bring a special color to the surrounding environment. For example, court trials, prison conditions, the lives of peasants and exiles all had a positive impact on Nekhludoff's thoughts and feelings. Nekhludoff's bad mood sometimes produces aversion to the surrounding environment. For example, Nekhludoff was disgusted when he went to Colta's house after attending the trial. By describing Niekhludoff's psychological activities in different periods, the author exposes and criticizes the aristocratic landlords, and at the same time shows the whole process of Niekhludoff's moral cultivation.
laugh
Tolstoy's satire has its own unique style. It is in his simple narrative that there is bitter irony, which creates a powerful irony effect by exposing the contradiction between form and content. For example, the author's description of court officials is the same for the whole court. Tolstoy described the whole court in detail, from furnishings to trial procedures. On the surface, this court looks very solemn and sacred, but in fact it is extremely reckless and irresponsible. Tolstoy's in-depth description revealed that those law enforcers were all bumbling. They pretend to be serious and posturing, and they are corrupt bureaucrats who ignore human life. Exposing the irony of the court in this way is a bitter mockery of the disguised justice and seemingly sacred ugliness of the tsarist Russian court. Tolstoy often used his own explanations to expose the meanness and hypocrisy of nobles and officials and enrich his satirical portrayal of characters. In Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's works, when characters talk about despicable things, they expose themselves. In Tolstoy's works, characters often hide their sins. Because of this, the author's exposure to them is more sharp and powerful.