Chinese name: Chekhov
Mbth:ааn ton Chekhov
Nationality: Russia
Place of birth: Taganrog, Rostov province
Date of birth: 1860
Date of death:1July 90415th.
Occupation: literary novelist
Graduate School: Moscow University
Main achievements:/kloc-Russian critical realist writer at the end of 0/9.
Master of short stories
Representative works: chameleon; The death of a small civil servant
catalogue
Personal profile
Main work
Personal life
The road to creativity
comprehensive assessment
Works review
Chekhov experienced the 65438+80s.
From 1890 to 1900.
Chekhov's peak period 19, 1990s, early 20th century.
1892 later
Life curtain call introduction
Over the past few years
Overview of Chekhov's artistic achievements
Creative characteristics
Chekhov's works
dramatic works
Characteristics of Chekhov's Lyric Drama
Personal quotations
Work appreciation chameleon
Fanka
Understanding of the death of a small clerk
wager
Basic information of city:
Twin cities:
note:
Personal profile
Main work
Personal life
The road to creativity
comprehensive assessment
Works review
Chekhov experienced the 65438+80s.
From 1890 to 1900.
Chekhov's peak period 19, 1990s, early 20th century.
1892 later
Life curtain call introduction
Over the past few years
Chekhov's artistic achievements
Summarize the creative characteristics of Chekhov's works and drama works.
Characteristics of Chekhov's Lyric Drama Appreciation of Personal Masterpieces
Learn about the death of the chameleon Fanka, a small clerk in Vegas
Basic information: Twin Cities: Note: Start editing this profile.
all one's life
Chekhov was a great Russian critical realist writer at the end of 19, a humorous satirist with meaningful interest and sharp style, the king of short stories and a famous playwright. Chekhov was born in an ordinary citizen family. After his father's grocery store closed down, he finished high school as a tutor, 1879 studied medicine at Moscow University, 1884 began to write literature after graduation. His novels are short and pithy, concise and simple, compact in structure, vivid in plot, humorous in style, vivid in language, full of musical rhythm and profound in meaning. He is good at discovering people and things with typical significance from daily life, making artistic generalization through humorous plots, and shaping a complete typical image, thus reflecting the Russian society at that time. His representative works The Chameleon and The Man in the Trap are exquisite and perfect artistic treasures in the history of Russian literature. The former has become synonymous with have it both ways who is good at profiteering in disguise. The latter has become a symbol of the conformist, timid and afraid of change.
Main work
He wrote seven or eight hundred short stories in his life, as well as some novellas and plays. Most of the works are based on the ordinary life of the middle class "little people", exposing the cruelty of the reactionary ruling class and attacking the czar's autocratic system. His masterpieces include the short stories Chameleon, Fat Man and Thin Man, Fanka (included in primary school textbooks), The Trapped, The Death of a Small Civil Servant, etc. Gorky once said: "This is a unique great genius, one of those writers who constitute the times in the history of literature and social emotion." Lev tolstoy also spoke highly of Chekhov, calling him an "unparalleled artist", and said: "I put aside all hypocritical manners and say for sure that technically, he, Chekhov, is far superior to me!" Note: Chekhov's word "great" should be pronounced as hē, not misinterpreted as kē. Among his many novels, The Chameleon was selected into Lesson 28, Unit 8, the first semester of eighth grade Chinese by Shanghai Education Press, and Lesson 7, Unit 2, the second semester of ninth grade Chinese by People's Education Press, which also introduced Chekhov's life in detail. "Fanka" was selected into the second lesson of Unit 4 in the second semester of Grade 6 of Chinese in People's Education Press, the first lesson of Unit 5 in the second semester of Grade 5 of Chinese in Beijing Normal University Press, and the nineteenth lesson of Unit 4 in Jiangsu Education Press. It reflects the darkness of society and the misery of life under Russian rule.
Edit this personal life
1860 65438+1October 29th was born in a small businessman's family in Taganrog, Rostov. His grandfather was a redeemed serf and his father opened a grocery store. 1876, the grocery store went bankrupt and the whole family moved to Moscow. Chekhov was the only one who stayed in Taganrog, making a living as a tutor and continuing his studies. 65438-0879 entered the medical department of Moscow University. 1884 After graduation, I practiced medicine in Rhodes, Vignau and other places, made extensive contact with civilians, learned about life, and began to create literature. Most of his early works are short stories, such as Fat Man and Thin Man, Death of a Little Civil Servant and Distress, which reproduce the misfortune and weakness of "little people", the miserable life of working people and the vulgarity and lewdness of ordinary citizens. In The Chameleon and Sergeant Prisiliev, the author lashed out at the slaves who faithfully defended tyranny and their tyrannical and ugly faces. Chekhov turned to drama creation in his later period. His major works include Ivanov, Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard, all of which reflect the anguish and pursuit of some petty-bourgeois intellectuals on the eve of the Russian revolution. 1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenweiler, a German hot spring resort in Black Forest, for treatment because of the worsening pneumonia, and died in July 15. Chekhov was a great Russian critical realist writer at the end of 19, a humorous satirist with meaningful interest and sharp style, a master of short stories and a famous playwright. He added two immortal artistic images to the gallery of world literary figures with his outstanding satirical and humorous talents. His famous saying "Simplicity is the sister of genius" has also become the motto pursued by later writers. Most of his early works are short stories, such as Fat Man and Thin Man (1883), Death of a Civil Servant (1883), Distress (1886) and Wanka (1886). In The Chameleon and Sergeant Priscilev (1885), the author lashed Chekhov's oil painting, a slave who faithfully defended tyranny and his overbearing and ugly mouth.
The face reveals the reactionary spiritual characteristics of the dark ages. 1890, after he visited Sakhalin Island, the exile place of political prisoners, he created works that showed major social problems, such as "The Sixth District" (1892), which was a work that lashed out at the czar's tyranny. Lenin was shocked after reading this novel. A House with an Attic (1896) exposes the Russian society's destruction of people's youth, talent and happiness, and satirizes the reformist activities of liberal local autonomy associations. The Farmer (1897) describes the extremely poor living conditions of the peasants in 1980s and 1990s, showing his concern and sympathy for their tragic fate, while The Canyon reveals the vicious exploitation of the rich peasants, reflecting the infiltration of capitalism into the countryside, indicating that the author has included the expression of Russian social class struggle in his creative theme. The Bride (65438+) Chekhov turned to drama creation in his later period. His main works include Ivanov (1887), Seagull (1896), Uncle Vanya (1896) and Three Sisters (/).
Edit the creative path of this paragraph.
1, the previous period (1880-1888) laid a simple and humorous style. The main works are divided into two categories: (1) the death of a small civil servant, chameleon, etc. (2) Reflect the tragic fate of the lower class: distress, Fanka, etc. 2. In the middle period (1888 ——1896), the thought and creation became mature. The theme of the work focuses on the spiritual world of intellectuals, and the style becomes serious and profound. Works: Grassland, Sixth District, etc. 3. Late heyday (1896— 1904). Excellent short stories and stories: The Trapped Man, About Love, Gooseberry and other famous dramas: Seagull, cherry orchard.
Edit the overall evaluation of this paragraph.
His plays are full of lyrical flavor and rich subtext, which is memorable. Although the story of the script is based on daily life, the plot is simple and the progress is steady, but it is full of profound symbolic significance. His novels are short and pithy, concise and simple, compact in structure, vivid in plot, humorous in style, vivid in language, full of musical rhythm and profound in meaning. He is good at discovering people and things with typical significance from daily life, making artistic generalization through humorous plots, and shaping a complete typical image to reflect the Russian society at that time. His masterpiece "The Chameleon"
[1] is a superb and perfect artistic treasure in the history of Russian literature. The former has become synonymous with have it both ways, while the latter is good at speculation in disguise. The latter has become a symbol of the conformist, timid and afraid of change. Chekhov added two immortal artistic images to the gallery of world literary figures with his outstanding satirical and humorous talents. His famous saying "Simplicity is the sister of genius" has also become the motto pursued by later writers. Chekhov had great affection for the people of China. He asked Gorky to visit China together, but he failed to do so because of his long illness. 1904 July 15 died of lung disease. Chekhov's novels have a unique artistic style, which is concise, concise, objective in artistic description and full of sense of humor. He himself said, "Simplicity is the sister of talent." There is nothing superfluous in his novels, and there are few abstract expositions. He is good at expressing profound themes in a few words. Chekhov is a short story writer with a unique style. Lev tolstoy said: Chekhov is an "unparalleled artist". Thomas mann asserted: "There is no doubt that Chekhov's art belongs to the most powerful and excellent category in European literature." Hemingway also appreciated Chekhov's art: "People told me that Katherine Manthfield wrote some good short stories, even some good short stories;" However, after reading Chekhov's works, it is like listening to a story told by a clever and knowledgeable doctor and then listening to a story made up by an old maid who is still young. " More interestingly, Katherine Manthfield, known as "Chekhov of Britain", also admired Chekhov himself. In a letter to her husband, she said, "I want to exchange all Mo Bosang's works for a short story by Chekhov. "In a reading note, she wrote:" If all the short stories in France were destroyed by fire, and this short story (distress) survived, I wouldn't feel sorry. "In China, Chekhov is also very respected. Mao Dun had previously called on writers to learn from Chekhov's "keen observation ability", "highly concentrated and generalized artistic expression ability and refined language". [2]
Edit this work review
Strictly speaking, Chekhov is not "writing" a novel, or like a writer in our usual sense, he is "spitting" a novel and "streaming" a novel. He doesn't have to make up stories, and he doesn't even want to conceive. His story echoed in the air. He can start from any angle and stop from any chapter, but it is seamless and naturally bonded. His characters come uninvited, and his plot comes at random. It seems that as long as he picks up the pen, it is like turning on the tap, the novel will flow out like water ... Chekhov can "flow" the novel at will because of his unique narrative style. This narrative way is a happy-go-lucky life, which is pursued with eyes and ears, and words flow like notes. Fast-paced, concise, natural and simple constitute a pure style of writing, which is straight to the point, not sloppy, highly concentrated and concise, and adds to the charm of the work.
Edit this Chekhov's experience
11980s
From 65438 to 1980 in Russia, the reactionary censorship of books and periodicals was unprecedentedly strict, and vulgar and boring humorous publications were all the rage. Chekhov often contributes to such magazines (such as Dragonfly and Fragments) under the pseudonym Antonsha Chekhon. The short story A Letter to a Learned Neighbor (1880) What are the most common novels, such as humorous sketches, novels and novellas? (1880) is his early published work. Before the mid-1980s, he wrote a large number of humorous sketches and short stories, many of which were worthless jokes and funny stories, but there were also some excellent works, which inherited the fine democratic tradition of Russian literature and criticized the ugly phenomenon of society at that time, such as writing about petty officials who bullied others (On the Nail, Death of a Little Civil Servant, Victory of the Winner), all of which were 65,438+. The gentry and lords who abused the weak (English woman 1883), the slave bones of have it both ways (chameleon 1884), and the defenders of autocratic system (Sergeant Priscilla Beyev 1885). However, due to his lack of livelihood and experience, he mainly wanted to hurry up and produce more. 1886 in March, the famous writer Grigorovic wrote to demand respect for his talent. He was deeply inspired and began to take creation seriously. 1886' s Fanka, Distress and Longing for Sleep show the writer's deep sympathy for the poor workers. 1888 published the famous novella Prairie, which depicts and praises the nature of the motherland, ponders the fate of farmers and expresses people's desire for a happy life. The naming day (1888) and the duchess (1889) exposed the habits of hypocrisy, vanity and vulgarity. These works have made remarkable progress in ideological content and artistic skills. However, Chekhov, influenced by the petty-bourgeois environment, did not ask politics at this time, but only "wanted to be a free artist" and "the absolute freedom". Since 1886, he has been writing for the New Era published by reactionary scholar Suvorin. Although he got the advice of critic Mihailovski, he still kept in touch with it. 1888 10 Chekhov won half of the Pushkin Prize. At this time, he has been the author of five short stories (the story of Mel Pomney,1884; Colorful stories,1886; In the dark,1887; Naive words,1887; Collection of short stories, 1888). With the increasing reputation and status, he is strongly aware of his sense of social responsibility as a writer, and seriously thinks about the purpose of life and the significance of creation. He said: "A conscious life without a clear world outlook is not a life, but a burden and a terrible thing." This ideological image is reflected in the novella Boring Story (1889). Anton Chekhov's masterpiece Uncle Vanya.
From this period, Chekhov began to create plays. Marriage (1890) and the harm of tobacco (1886), fool (1888), marriage proposal (1888 ~ 1889) and so on. The script Ivanov (1887 ~ 1889) criticized the "redundant people" who lacked firm belief and could not stand the test of life in the 1980s.
From 1890 to 1900.
From April 1890 to February 18, Chekhov, who was sickly, made a long journey to sakhalin island, where the czar's government placed exiles and exiles, and investigated all the residents there and "nearly 10,000 prisoners and immigrants" one by one. The trip to Sakhalin Island improved his ideological consciousness and artistic conception. In 189 1, he said in his letter: "... if I am a writer, I need to live among the people ... I need at least a little social life and political life, even a little." He began to realize that writing for New Times would only bring him "harm", and finally broke off relations with this publication at 1893. He had a deep understanding of Russian autocracy, and wrote Sakhalin Island (1893 ~ 1894) and Exile (1892), and the most important one was Ward 6 (1892). Lenin was strongly infected after reading it, saying that he "felt terrible", so that "he couldn't stay in his room" and "he felt as if he was locked in the sixth ward". From 1890 to 1900, Chekhov went to Milan, Venice, Vienna and Paris for recuperation and sightseeing. Since 1892, I have settled in the newly purchased Meryhovo Manor in Sherpukhov County, Moscow Province. From 65438 to 0898, Chekhov, who suffered from severe tuberculosis, moved to Yalta. 190 1 married Olga knibir, an actor of Moscow Art Theatre. In Yalta, he often met with lev tolstoy, Gorky, Bunin, kuprin and Levitan.
Edit this period of Chekhov's peak period
19 1990s and early 20th century
19 The 1990s and the early 20th century were the heyday of Chekhov's creation. At that time, the Russian liberation movement entered a new stage of proletarian revolution. Encouraged by the revolutionary class, the democratic spirit among students and other residents gradually became active. Chekhov gradually overcame the tendency of not asking about politics and took an active part in social activities.
1892 later
1892 famine relief in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces; 1892 to 1893, participating in the cholera fighting work in Sherpukhov County; Chekhov's portrait (sketch) Fan Niuda's painting
1897 to participate in the census; 1898 supported the just action of the French writer Zola in defending Dreyfus, and thus alienated the relationship with Suvorin; 1902 In order to protest against the decision of the czar authorities to cancel the qualification of honorary academician of Maxim Maxim Gorky Academy of Sciences, he and Korolenko gave up the title of honorary academician of Academy of Sciences obtained in 1900; 1903 he sponsored persecuted young students to fight for democracy and freedom. His democratic stance became more and more firm, his observation of social life became more and more profound, his premonition of the brewing revolution became more and more clear, and he gradually saw a faint "fire" from the dark reality. His creation has entered a new stage. For example, Farmers (1897) reflects the poverty of farmers' material life and spiritual life with sober realism: extreme poverty, ignorance, backwardness and barbarism; In the Canyon (1900) also describes the rural bourgeoisie-the rich peasants' crazy plunder and cruel nature of wealth. These novels are a powerful refutation of populists who beautify the life of rural communes. The theme of exposing capitalism can also be found in The Kingdom of Women (1894) and Three Years (1895). And (Fan's portrait of Chekhov (sketch) the visiting doctor (1898) shows that the capitalist "devil" not only crushes the workers, but also tortures the conscience of the factory owners' descendants. They realize that life is meaningless and unreasonable, so they are deeply depressed. The drama Uncle Vanya (1897) describes the tragic fate of intellectuals who have no real ideals and serious goals, and their honest and selfless work eventually becomes meaningless sacrifice. The Woman with a Dog (1899) takes love as its theme, exposing vulgarity and hypocrisy, and arousing readers' "aversion to a muddled and half-dead life". A House with an Attic (1896) and My Life (1896) denied the "triviality" theory popular in 1980s and 1990s, criticized the progressive thought of liberals, and thought that a "stronger, braver and faster way of struggle" was needed to get out of daily life. His creation gradually sounded "can't live like this anymore!" Sound. In The Man in the Trap (1898), it reveals the suppression of society by reactionary forces in the 1980s, its conservatism and weakness, and lashes the habit of The Man in the Trap that existed at that time. In gooseberry (1898) and Yao Neiqi (1898), he described the emptiness and depravity of a selfish and humble person's mind, and pointed out that "what people need is not three Russian feet of land, nor a manor, but the whole earth in that vast world."
Edit this life curtain call
introduce
With the further upsurge of social movements in the early 20th century, Chekhov realized that a powerful and sweeping "storm" was coming, and the bad habits of laziness, indifference and aversion to labor in society would be swept away. He praised labor and hoped that everyone would use their own labor to prepare for a better future (three sisters, 1900~ 190 1). The Bride (1903), written on the eve of the revolution in 1905, expressed the desire to "turn over a new leaf" and move towards a new life. The script cherry orchard (1903~ 1904) shows the inevitable decline of the nobility and its historical process of being replaced by the emerging bourgeoisie, and at the same time shows the optimism of resolutely bidding farewell to the past and yearning for a happy future: the axe sound of cherry orchard's logging is accompanied by "Long live the new life!" Cheers. However, because Chekhov's ideological position has never gone beyond the scope of democracy, the newcomers in his works do not know the only way to create a new life, and the "new life" they yearn for is always just a hazy vision.
Over the past few years
1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenweiler, a hot spring resort in Germany, for treatment because of the worsening pneumonia. 1904 July 15, an ordinary summer midnight, quiet and silent, acacia trees and vines exude fragrance. Chekhov, who was ill for a long time, took a glass of champagne from his wife Knybel, said "I'm dying" in German, and then showed his usual cute smile, leaving the last sentence: "I haven't drunk champagne for a long time." Then he calmly drank the glass of wine, lay down on his side and entered an eternal dream. Chekhov's notes
That night, there was one less person in the world, one less language genius, one less master of short stories and drama, and one less Russian who was eager to see life. In the end, his body was transported back to Moscow for burial.
Edit this passage of Chekhov's artistic achievements.
abstract
Chekhov created a lyrical psychological novel with unique style and concise and delicate art. He intercepted ordinary fragments of daily life, described and portrayed life and characters with exquisite artistic details, and showed important social contents from it. This kind of novel is lyrical, expressing his dissatisfaction with ugly reality and longing for a better future, and integrating praise and criticism, joy and pain into the image system of his works. He believes that "the sister of genius is concise" and "the ability to write is the ability to delete poor writing". He advocated "objective" narrative, saying that "the more objective, the deeper the impression". He trusts readers' imagination and understanding ability, and advocates readers to ponder the meaning of works from the image system.
Creative characteristics
The theme, tendency and style of Chekhov's drama creation are basically similar to his lyric psychological novels. He does not pursue bizarre twists and turns, but describes ordinary daily life and characters, from which he reveals important aspects of social life. Chekhov's plays are rich in subtext and lyricism. His realism is full of inspiring power and profound symbolic significance. Seagull and cherry orchard are his original artistic symbols. Stanislavski, Danchenko and Moscow Art Theatre (founded in 1898) cooperated creatively with Chekhov, and made great innovations in stage art, so Chekhov occupied a place in world literature. He is as famous as Mo Bosang for his short stories. Many writers in Europe and America have talked about the influence of Chekhov's creation on 20th century literature. In China, shortly after Chekhov's death, novels such as Pastor in Black and Ward 6 were translated and introduced. His plays Hai Ou, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard were translated into Chinese by Zheng Zhenduo and Cao Jinghua on 192 1 and 1925 respectively. Later, Lu Xun Art Academy performed Fool, Proposal and Memorial Day in Yan 'an. Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Guo Moruo and Ba Jin all discussed Chekhov. Almost all his novels and plays are translated into Chinese.
Editing this passage of Chekhov's works
Chekhov's early works are mostly short stories, such as Fat Man and Thin Man (1883), Death of a Small Civil Servant (1883), Distress (1886) and Fanka (1886). The author revealed the ugly face of slaves who faithfully defended tyranny and their bossiness 1890. After visiting Sakhalin Island, the exile place of political prisoners, he created works that showed major social problems, such as the Sixth District (1892), which lashed out at the tyranny of the czar. A House with an Attic (1896) exposes the destruction of youth, talent and happiness in Russian society. His novels are short and pithy, concise and simple, compact in structure, vivid in plot, humorous in style, vivid in language and profound in meaning. He is good at discovering people and things with typical significance from daily life, making artistic generalization through humorous plots, and shaping a complete typical image to reflect the Russian society at that time. His masterpiece "The Chameleon" and "The Man in the Condom", the former has become synonymous with have it both ways, while the latter is good at camouflage and speculation; The latter has become a symbol of the conformist, timid and afraid of change.
Edit the play
Chekhov turned to drama in his later creation: his main works include Ivanov (1887), Seagull (1896), Uncle Vanya (1896) and Three Sisters (190/kloc). His plays are full of lyrical flavor and rich subtext, which is memorable.
works
Liu, Representative, Fat and Thin, Longing for Sleep, Being Good at Hypnotic Performance, Bad Boy, Death of Clerk, Chameleon (Selected in Volume I of Grade 8 Chinese Book of Shanghai Edition and Volume II of Grade 9 Chinese Book of People's Education Edition), My "She", Jumping Woman, Speaker and Fanka) Surgery, Man in Condom, Anna around the neck, Beggar, Lottery, Precious Dog, etc.
Characteristics of Chekhov's Lyric Drama
Cherry orchard is a model of Russian lyric drama: exposing and lashing the decadent and vulgar life, praising people's beautiful hearts and love for life, and looking forward to the future of the motherland. Artistic quality: (1) Don't deliberately pursue dramatic climax, but "trivialize" and "live" dramatic events; (2) The conflict between man and environment is main and eternal, and the contradiction in the play is lasting; (3) The dramatic background is symbolic; (4) unpretentious and profound, which not only shows the truth of life, but also has an ideal color. The language is beautiful, concise and philosophical.