Kautilya is called Kautilys in Hindi, also known as Naga and Vishagupta. The exact date of birth and death is not recorded in the official history, so there is no way to verify it. He had outstanding political talent, cooperated with Chandragupta, organized a people's uprising in Punjab and overthrew the regime of the Greek-Macedonian invaders. With his planning and assistance, Chandragupta became king in northwest India in 324 BC, and then led the army eastward to overthrow the decadent Nantuo dynasty, with its capital in Fahrenheit, now Patna. As the king's minister, adviser and teacher, Kautilya helped the king to establish and rule this huge emerging slavery country, and was one of the founders of the Peacock Dynasty.
Kautilya came from Hiro, the cultural center of ancient northwest India, and was born into a Brahmin family. His father died shortly after he was born and was raised by his mother. Mother has a great influence on him. She hopes her son will become a literate teacher. After hard study, I am proficient in three Vedas, astronomy, geography and metallurgy. He is more concerned with political activities and state affairs. However, his talent did not get the attention of the royal family, but caused the jealousy and contempt of the court of Nanduo Dynasty. He is determined to break away from the difficult Tuoshi dynasty and open up a new world to display his talents. After Kautilya met the frustrated Chandragupta, he took him to the drunken tea stone Luocheng, educated him and became Chandragupta's mentor and consultant.
From the beginning of opposing Alexander's invasion, Kautilya supported the cause of Chandragupta. At first, they fought against the Greek-Macedonian garrison of Alexandria in Zuicha. They organized border tribes and mobilized Indians to overthrow the regime of foreign invaders. Kautilya's "On Politics" fully shows his national hatred for foreign rulers. He pointed out how foreign conquerors drained the country of its wealth. When the news came that Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, Kautilya seized the opportunity to call on Chandragupta to oppose foreign invaders. This appeal brought him allies, and many Indians gathered under his command to fight against foreign invaders. In 322 BC, the Greek army was expelled and the city of Zuicha was recovered. With the help of Kautilya, Chandragupta won the victory of anti-aggression and strengthened its military and political strength in the struggle.
After expelling Alexander's invading army, Chandragupta, with Kautilya's persuasion and help, attacked the corrupt and incompetent Nado dynasty. In the war, Kautilya further demonstrated his military talents. He did not hesitate to think that he should do whatever it takes to achieve his goal. He used the contradiction between the enemy camp to disintegrate and then destroy the enemy. Despite the lack of historical materials, the historical drama Luo Cha the Emperor and the Ring describes the politics and tactics adopted by Kautilya to win the cooperation of Luo Cha, the political enemy of Chandragupta. He finally won over and forced the important ministers of the last king of Nanda Dynasty to serve Chandragupta. Kautilya's strategy isolated the king of Nando. Due to Kautilya's planning, in less than two years, Nantuo Dynasty was defeated, a new dynasty-Peacock Dynasty was established, and Chandragupta ascended the throne. After the death of Chandragupta, Kautilya assisted his son and heir Bintu Shaluo (reigned from 300 BC to 273 BC) to continue working for some time.
Around 3 1 1 BC, Seleucus inherited Alexander's rule in Babylon and expanded eastward. In 304 BC, his army crossed the Indus River, and the Peacock Dynasty met an invading enemy. Kautilya's military strategy played a role and defeated Seleucu. Seleucu gave all the provinces from the west of the Indus River to Kabul to Chandragupta. According to legend, Seleucu also married his daughter and then concluded a peace treaty. The Peacock Dynasty maintained close ties with the Greeks in West Asia, which was of great benefit to the consolidation and development of the Peacock Dynasty. Seleucu's envoy to Fahrenheit lived there for five years, and his book "History of India" became an important material for the study of ancient Indian history.
Another great contribution of Kautilya is that he left an immortal work "Politics" for later generations. This book covers internal affairs, diplomacy, civil affairs, military affairs, commerce, property and justice, even including weights and measures and calendars. From On Politics, we can see Kautilya's wisdom, extensive knowledge and extensive ruling art. In the following centuries, On Politics attracted the attention of many politicians and researchers. At the beginning of the 20th century, after its complete manuscript was discovered, it attracted the attention of scholars, and it was published and translated into many languages. Researchers have put forward many new views on this. Some people think that this work can't be a person's point of view, and there are many revisions, additions and deletions by later generations. Most scholars believe that it was written by Kautilya, but it was revised by later generations and finally revised in the 2nd century.
On Politics is a masterpiece, including 15 volumes and 180 articles (divided into 150 chapters in another way). The most important content is about the state organization, discussing the functions of various state departments. The state has accounting, finance, mining, ordnance, agriculture, trade, shipping, animal husbandry, taxation and other departments, involving all aspects of social life. Rural areas are merged according to the principle of taxation. "On Politics" also mentioned all kinds of traffic roads and the responsibility of the state and people in maintaining traffic.
Politics involves many topics in government theory and practice. It discusses kings, ministers, advisers, government ministries and their responsibilities in diplomacy, war and peace. In order to strengthen the regime of slave owners, Kautilya advocated that the king should have absolute power. The king is the supreme ruler, the commander-in-chief of the army and the executor of the law. He has the supreme power to appoint officials. The country is king and the king is supreme. In the sixth part of Zheng Shibo, the seven elements that constitute a "country" are clearly described, namely, king, minister, land, fortress, treasury, army and allies. At the same time, he suggested that the king should be energetic and clear-headed. The king should deploy troops, pay attention to the accounting of state revenue and expenditure, pay attention to the affairs of rural development, appoint senior officials, give orders, accept secret information collected by detectives, and formulate and implement battle plans. So he advocated that the king must study and spend some time in introspection. "On Politics" discusses a strict political structure, and the organization of kings, troops, officials and ministries needs a very thorough and firm system and style. It especially emphasizes the control of provincial administrative agencies, thus emphasizing the strengthening of investigation activities.
Kautilya also mentioned money and other economic issues in On Politics. There is a chapter devoted to minting coins and adopting the monetary system, stipulating that the king should levy a tax of 1/6 on land products, and some even reached 1/4. It stipulates that all India is the property of the king, and the king collects taxes, fines and tithes in business.
On Politics covers a wide range of issues, reflecting the history of the Peacock Dynasty in some aspects and summing up the political and historical experience of contemporary India. Contrary to the normality of other Indian documents, it broke away from endless religious norms and myths and legends and became a political treatise on state institutions and organizations.
On Politics discusses the whole political system of Peacock Dynasty, but it also grasps the connection with foreign countries, such as China's silk. According to textual research, there was no contact between India and China during the Peacock Dynasty. Some scholars believe that this book was compiled in the late Peacock Dynasty. But "On Politics" basically discusses the social situation and system of the Peacock Dynasty. Although it is not excluded that this book has been revised and compiled by later generations, it is an original work by Kautilya, but it is more credible.
The author of "On Politics" greatly advocated the role of the king in the country, emphasized the rule of violence and terror, and idealized the political system of ancient slavery India. This is determined by the author's slave class position and also reflects his historical limitations. After India, slave owners and feudal monarchical autocratic countries generally followed the system of Peacock Dynasty in terms of bureaucracy, police officer system, tax system, etc., as a tool for them to rule and oppress the people, so we can't help but affirm the role of On Politics in this respect. Indian historians also admit: "The government theory of ancient India laid the main foundation in the rule of law and Kautilya's On Politics."
The achievements of Kautilya, an ancient Indian political commentator, and his book On Politics have become the historical heritage of India and are cherished by future generations.