Encyclopedia Business Card

Guan Yu (160 or 162-220), whose original name is Changsheng, later changed to Yunchang, was born in Hedong Jie (Yuncheng, Shanxi). A famous general in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guan Yu followed Liu Bei when Liu Bei launched his army. He was loyal and deeply trusted by Liu Bei. Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and others entered Shu, and Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou. After Liu Bei captured Hanzhong, Guan Yu took advantage of the opportunity to attack Cao Wei in the north. He flooded the Seventh Army, captured Yu Jin, killed Pang De, and shocked China. Cao Cao was so scared that he almost moved the capital to avoid it, but Soochow attacked Jingzhou secretly. , Guan Yu was defeated and killed. After Guan Yu's death, he was gradually deified and revered as "Guan Gong" by the people. There were many praises and titles from the courts of the past dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, he was regarded as "the God of Loyalty and Righteousness, Wu Lingyou, Benevolence, Courage and Might, the Great Emperor Guan Sheng", and was revered as "Martial Saint", along with "Guan Yu". Literary Sage" is as famous as Confucius. "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" respects him as the first of the "Five Tiger Generals", and Mao Zonggang calls him "the most righteous" among the "three unique things in the Romance".

Introduction

According to "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Guan Yu captures generals

He is nine feet long, and his beard is two feet long; he has red phoenix eyes, lying silkworm eyebrows, and a face like Heavy jujubes, if the lips are greased, the green dragon Yanyue knife, the red rabbit horse under the crotch, there is no record in "Three Kingdoms". At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei was a famous general under Liu Bei's command. "Three Kingdoms" records that Liu Bei "sleeped with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei as if they were brothers." "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" described these three people as "the three sworn brothers in Taoyuan", and Liu Bei The second brother, brother Zhang Fei. Recited for future generations. When Guan Yu temporarily lived under Cao Cao, he was honored by Cao Cao as the Marquis of Shouting of the Han Dynasty for killing Yan Liang in front of the battle line and relieving the siege of Baima. When Liu Bei became the King of Hanzhong, he worshiped Guan Yu as a former general and commanded Jingzhou with a false yue. After his death, the later master Liu Chan gave him the posthumous title of "Zhuang Miaohou". In "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", he was the first of the five tiger generals of Hanzhong King Liu Bei. After his death, he was highly respected by the people and has always been the object of folk sacrifices. He was revered as "Guan Gong". Luoyang Guandi Pavilion specializes in the consecration of Guan Gong. It has also been praised by successive courts. In the Qing Dynasty, it was regarded as the "loyalty god and warrior" by Emperor Guangxu. Lingyou was benevolent and brave, showed his majesty, protected the country and the people, appeased the emperor with sincerity and praised Xuande. He was revered as the "Martial Saint" and was as famous as the "Literary Saint" Confucius; he was also called "Guan Fuzi"; and was finally named "Gaitian" Ancient Buddha". In Buddhism, it is called "Jialan Bodhisattva". "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" describes such good stories as "warm wine and kill Hua Xiong", "riding a thousand miles alone (passing five passes and killing six generals)", "going to a banquet alone", "flooding seven armies", etc. There are also "careless" stories. "Losing Jingzhou", "defeating Maicheng" and other regrets! Note: Guan Yu's original character may be different due to different versions of the data. Before "Yunchang" there are two terms: "immortality" and "longevity". According to the records of "Three Kingdoms: Biography of Guan Yu", Guan Yu's original character is Changsheng.

Life of the character

Follow Liu Bei and deeply trusted

Guan Yu (?-220) was born in about the third year of Yanxi (160), the third year of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty In June, the original name is Changsheng, Guan Yu in the CCTV version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

Later changed to Yunchang, a native of Hedong Jie (now Yuncheng, Shanxi), and a famous general in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In his early years, he fled his hometown and went to Zhuojun, Youzhou. In the first year of Zhongping (184), Liu Bei, a clan member of the Han Dynasty, organized a volunteer army in Zhuoxian County to participate in the war to exterminate the Yellow Turban Army. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were among them. After Liu Bei held many official positions, he defected to his former classmate Gongsun Zan and was named Prime Minister of Pingyuan. He appointed Guan Yu and Zhang Fei as commanders of other departments and unified the divisions. The three of them were like brothers and often slept in the same bed together. When Liu Bei sat down, Guan and Zhang spared no effort to guard him. In the first year of Xingping (194), Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian and wanted to seize Xuzhou. Tao Qian asked Liu Bei for help. Liu Bei and Guan Yu led more than a thousand people to the rescue. Cao Cao's soldiers retreated. After repeated concessions by Tao Qian and others, Liu Bei Lead Xuzhou as a pastoralist. In the first year of Jian'an (196), Liu Bei was attacked by Yuan Shu and Lu Bu and lost Xuzhou. Guan Yu followed Liu Bei and defected to Cao Cao. In the third year of Jian'an (198), Liu Bei and Cao Cao captured Lu Bu in Xiapi and captured Xuzhou. Guan Yu and Liu Bei followed Cao Cao back to Xuchang, and Cao Cao appointed Che Zhou as the governor of Xuzhou. Later, Yuan Shu went north to defect to Yuan Shao. Liu Bei was ordered by Cao Cao to intercept Yuan Shu in Xuzhou. Liu Bei took the opportunity to attack and kill the chariots and ordered Guan Yu to guard Xiapi and lead Xuzhou. Liu Bei returned to Xiaopei.

Behead Yan Liang and serve Cao Cao

In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), Cao Cao attacked Liu Bei. Guan Yu was defeated and captured alive. He had no choice but to surrender. Cao Cao treated him as a generous gift and appointed him as a partial general. . Later, Yuan Shao sent generals Yan Liang, Chunyu Qiong, Guo Tu and others to attack Liu Yan, the prefect of Dongjun, in Baima. Cao Cao personally led the army to rescue and ordered Zhang Liao and Guan Yu as the vanguard. Guan Yu saw Yan Liang's subordinates, charged with his horse, beheaded Yan Liang in the midst of thousands of troops, and returned with his head. Yuan Jun's generals were unstoppable. The siege of the white horse was lifted, and Guan Yu was named the Shouting Marquis of the Han Dynasty. Although there are only nineteen characters in the record of "Zhan Yanliang" in "Three Kingdoms", it is one of the clearest records among the few texts in official history that describe the duel between ancient military generals. At that time, Cao Cao asked Zhang Liao to test Guan Yu with favors in order to know whether he wanted to stay for a long time. Guan Yu sighed to Zhang Liao and said, "I know how much Duke Cao loves me, but I have received the kindness of General Liu Bei and swear to death that I will never betray him. I will never stay. I will do so after I have made great contributions to Duke Cao." Leave." Zhang Liao told Cao Cao that Cao Cao knew that Guan Yu would leave, so he rewarded him heavily and wanted to keep him. However, Guan Yu sealed Cao Cao's rewards, left a letter to say goodbye, and returned to Liu Bei. Cao Cao wanted to pursue him, but Cao Cao thought that everyone was his own master and stopped him. Folk culture calls this story "Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles".

Strengthen the North Road and guard Jingzhou

Liu Bei defected to Liu Biao and stationed troops in Xinye.

In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208 years), Cao Cao went south and Liu Bei fled south. He sent Guan Yu to take hundreds of ships to join Jiangling. However, Liu Bei was chased by Cao Cao's army on the way. Fortunately, Guan Yu sailed to Hanjin and took a ship together. Xiakou. After Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, Cao Cao left Cao Ren and others to defend Jingzhou, so Liu Bei and Sun Quan's general Zhou Yu attacked Cao Ren and ordered Guan Yu to cut off Cao Ren's retreat. After Liu Bei acquired the four counties in Jingnan (Changsha, Lingling, Wuling, and Guiyang), Guan Yu was promoted as a hero and was granted the title of Grand Administrator of Xiangyang and General of Dang Kou. During this period, Xiangyang was actually Cao Cao's sphere of influence, and was garrisoned by Lejin, so Guan Yu Stationed in Jiangbei. After Liu Bei pacified Shu, he appointed Guan Yu to oversee the affairs of Jingzhou, and was authorized to take charge of the parts controlled by Liu Bei in the Jingzhou area, including the four southern counties of Jingzhou and the Nanjun headquarters borrowed from Soochow in Jiangling and the nearby public security. Guan Yu actually guarded the five counties of Jingzhou. (Nanjun, Changsha, Lingling, Wuling, Guiyang). In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215 years), Sun Quan knew that Liu Bei had captured Yizhou and hoped to take back Jingzhou. But Liu Bei said: "When I get Liangzhou, I will return Jingzhou." Sun Quan was very resentful about this, so he sent Lu Su to ask for Jingzhou. The generals of Sun and Liu had a "one-on-one meeting" in front of the battle. They argued with each other but eventually broke up unhappy. Sun Quan ordered Lu Meng to prepare to attack the southern part of Jingzhou. Lu Su sent more than 10,000 troops to Yiyang to contain Guan Yu, and Liu Bei led troops back from Yizhou for reinforcements. At that time, Guan Yu claimed to have 30,000 troops and selected 5,000 elites to cross the river from the upper reaches. Wu general Gan Ning led a thousand men to garrison. After Guan Yu learned about it, he did not cross the river and camped on the other side of the river. This place was later called "Guan Yu Lai". ". At this time, Cao Cao invaded Zhang Lu in Hanzhong, and Liu Bei quickly made peace with Sun Quan and agreed to divide Jingzhou equally, but the relationship between the two parties had deteriorated. Sun Quanfang hated Liu Bei and Guan Yu.

The water flooded the Seventh Army and shocked China

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei was proclaimed the King of Hanzhong and made Guan Yu the former general, giving him a false ax. In the same year, Guan Yu attacked Fancheng in the north of Jingzhou. Cao Cao sent General Jin to lead seven armies (about 30,000) to rescue him. Heavy rain caused the Han River to surge. The seven armies led by Yu Jin were all trapped by the flood. The soldiers fled to higher ground to avoid the water. Guan Yu saw the opportunity and took advantage of the situation to attack in a large ship. It was known in history as "the seven armies flooded". Cao Cao's first general, General Jin, surrendered to Guan Yu because of poverty. Pang De was captured by Guan Yu. He was beheaded by Guan Yu for not surrendering to Guan Yu. Guan Yu further besieged Cao Jun's general Cao Ren in Fancheng and sent another army to surround Xiangyang. . Hu Xiu, the governor of Jingzhou and Fu Fang, the governor of Nanxiang County, both appointed by Cao Cao, surrendered to Guan Yu. At that time, many rebels in Cao Cao's prefecture had already been controlled by Guan Yu, and many rebellions wanted to attract Guan Yu's help. Cao Cao was so scared that he almost moved the capital to avoid Guan Yu's attack. History books record: Guan Yu was powerful in China.

The end of the hero, defeated in Maicheng

In October of the 24th year of Jian'an (219), Cao Cao wanted to move the capital to avoid Guan Yu's attack, but Sima Yi, Jiang Ji and others dissuaded him, thinking that Sun Quan was inevitable If you don't want to see Guan Yu succeed, you can ask him to send troops to attack Guan Yu from behind on the condition that he agrees to grant Jiangnan to Sun Quan. At the same time, Cao Cao mobilized generals such as Xu Huang and Zhang Liao, as well as Pei Qian, the governor of Gunzhou, and Lu Gong, the governor of Yuzhou, to lead troops to rescue Fancheng, and even prepared to personally conquer Guan Yu. Sun Quan ordered Lu Meng to lead a surprise attack on Jingzhou, and personally led the army as backup. Mi Fang (Liu Bei's brother-in-law) and public security guard Shi Ren surrendered without fighting because of their quarrel with Guan Yu. Lü Meng effortlessly captured each county in Jingzhou one after another without any effort. Xu Huang, who rescued Fancheng, was initially afraid of Guan Yu and thought it would be difficult to compete with Guan Yu. However, Cao Cao later sent generals such as Xu Shang and Lu Jian, as well as 12 battalions of troops including Yin Shu and Zhu Gai to reinforce Xu Huang. Finally, Xu Huang went to battle. Defeated Guan Yu's army besieging Fancheng. At this time, Guan Yu learned of the changes in the rear and retreated south, but the navy still controlled the Han River. Most of the family members of Guan Yu's army were in Jiangling (the seat of Nanjun). When they learned that Jiangling had fallen to Sun Quan, the soldiers gradually dispersed and retreated to Maicheng. In December, Guan Yu fled with dozens of horsemen and broke through to Linju (now Nanzhang County, Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), which was only a dozen or two miles away from Yizhou. He encountered an ambush by Ma Zhong, a general of Pan Zhang's tribe, and was captured. His son Guan Ping was killed in Linju.

After his death, he was highly respected

Sun Quan gave Guan Yu’s head to Cao Cao, and Cao Cao buried him in Luoyang with the courtesy of a prince. It is usually believed to be Guan Lin, but in modern times there is It is believed that Guan Yu's tomb in Guanzhuang Village is where Guan Yu's head is buried, and Guan Lin is just a place of worship built during the Wanli period. [4] At the same time, Sun Quan buried Guan Yu's body in Dangyang with vassal rites, namely Guan Ling, also known as Dangyang Tomb of the Great King. The Shu Han regime built a tomb for Guan Yu in Chengdu, which is the tomb of Guan Yu in Chengdu, to summon his soul and offer sacrifices. Later, the Guandi Temple was built in Jiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi, Guan Yu's hometown. It was the Guandi Temple in Jiezhou, and it was considered to be the place where Guan Yu's soul returned. Therefore, Guan Yu is also said among the people that "his head rests on Luoyang, his body lies on Dangyang, and his soul returns to his hometown (or "soul returns to Shanxi")." Sun Quan's sneak attack against the alliance and Guan Yu's murder also symbolized the complete breakdown of the Sun-Liu alliance. In the first year of Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei, the first lord of the Shu Han Dynasty, conquered Soochow in the name of revenge for Guan Yu. He made a special trip to the Dawang Tomb to worship Guan Yu and built a Guan Yu temple in Yuquan Mountain. Later, the Shu Han army was defeated by Sun Quan's army led by Lu Xun in the Battle of Yiling, and the Shu Han army completely lost control of Jingzhou. In September of the third year of Jingyao (260 years), when Liu Chan, the later lord of the Shu Han Dynasty, was pursuing the posthumous titles of several important ministers, he posthumously named Guan Yu "Zhuang Miaohou".

"Three Kingdoms·Book of Shu·Biography of Guan Yu"

Guan Yu's courtesy name is Yunchang, his original character is Changsheng, and he is also known as "Jie Ren" in Hedong. He fled to Zhuo County. The First Master gathered his disciples in the village, and Yu and Zhang Fei defended them. The first ruler was Pingyuan, and Yu and Fei were the commanders and horses of the other tribes, and they divided and unified the tribes.

The former master slept with the two of them as if they were brothers. However, the people in the crowd sit widely and stand around all day long, following their ancestors around and not avoiding hardships and dangers. The First Lord attacked and killed Xuzhou's assassin Che Zhou, and sent Yu to guard Xiapi City and perform the duties of the prefect, while he was still in Xiaopei. Guan Yu in the old version of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

In the fifth year of Jian'an, Cao Gong marched eastward, and the First Lord went to Yuan Shao. Duke Cao captured Yu and returned, worshiping him as a partial general. He was treated with great courtesy. Shao sent General Yan Liang to attack Liu Yan, the prefect of Dongjun, in Baima. Duke Cao sent Zhang Liao and Yu as the vanguard to attack. When Yu saw Liang's subordinate Gai, he rode his horse and stabbed Liang in the crowd, beheaded him and returned it. None of the generals were able to do the job, so he broke the siege of the white horse. Cao Gong immediately granted Yu the title of Hou Tinghou of the Han Dynasty. At the beginning, Cao Gong Zhuang Yu was a man, but he noticed that he had no intention of staying for a long time, so he said to Zhang Liao, "Please try to ask him with affection." Then Liao asked Yu about it, and Yu sighed and said, "I know very well that Duke Cao treats me well, but I I have received the kindness of General Liu and swear to death. I will not stay for the rest of my life. I will repay Duke Cao with my service and leave. "Liao repaid Duke Cao with his words, and Cao was just. Naiyu killed Yanliang, and Cao Gong knew that he must go, so he rewarded him heavily. Yu finished the seal given by him, bowed to the letter and said goodbye, and ran to Yuan's army. The left and right wanted to pursue him, but Cao Gong said: "Each of them is his own master, don't pursue him." (1) "Book of Shu" says: Cao Gong and Liu Bei surrounded Lu Bu in Xiapi, Guan Yu called the Duke, and sent Qin Yilu to ask for help. If he begs for his wife, he will give her permission. When it was about to be broken, it was revived again and again. The public suspected that it had a strange color, so he sent people in advance to see it, but because he kept it to himself, Yu felt uneasy. This is no different from what "Wei Shi Chun Qiu" said. (2) "Book of Wei" says: Lead Xuzhou with feathers. (3) "Fu Zi" said that the Liao Dynasty wanted to whiten Taizu, but he was afraid that Taizu would kill Yu. If he did not whiten, it would not be the way of the king, so he sighed and said: "Gong, the father of the king; Yu, brother's ear." So he whitened it. Taizu sighed and said: "You should not forget your roots when serving you, and you will be a righteous man in the world. When will Du be able to leave?" Liao said: "When Yu receives the favor from the public, he will repay it to the public and then leave." (4) Chen Songzhi thought that Duke Cao knew it. To keep one's feathers but to cherish one's ambitions, to go without chasing after one in order to fulfill one's righteousness, one does not have the attitude of a king and dominator. How can one achieve this? It's true that Cao Gong's beauty is beautiful. Liu Biao has been with me since the beginning of my reign. When Cao Gong settled in Jingzhou, the former leader crossed the river from General Fan to the south. He sent Yu to take hundreds of boats to Jiangling. Cao Gong pursued him to Changban, Dangyang, where he took a side trip to Hanjin, which was a good match for Yu Chuan, and then reached Xiakou. Sun Quan sent troops to assist the First Lord to resist Duke Cao, and Duke Cao led his troops to retreat. The First Lord took over the counties in the south of the Yangtze River and conferred homage to the heroes. He made Yu the governor of Xiangyang and the general of the Dang bandits, stationed in the north of the Yangtze River. The First Lord settled Yizhou in the west and worshiped Dong Yu to oversee the affairs of Jingzhou. When Yu heard that Ma Chao had come to surrender, he was no longer an old friend. Yu Shu and Zhuge Liang asked, "Who can compare superhuman talents to others?" Liangzhi Yu protected the front and replied: "Meng Qi is both civil and military. He is extremely heroic and a hero of his generation. He is a disciple of Ting and Peng. He should compete with Yide to be the first, but he is still not as good as the unparalleled Yiqun of Beard." "He has beautiful feathers and a beard, so he is called a beard." Yu Sheng wrote a letter of joy to show his guests. (1) "Book of Shu" says: At the beginning, Liu Bei was in Xu and hunted with Duke Cao. During the hunt, the crowd dispersed. Yu advised Bei to kill the male, but Bei refused. When he was in Xiakou, drifting across the Yangtze River, Yu said angrily: "In the past, if I had followed Yu's words during hunting, I would not have been as trapped as I am today." Bei said: "At this time, I am also a cherished ear of the country; if I jumped to assist Zheng, I would not be in trouble today." "Knowing that this is not a blessing!" Guan Yu in the new version of "Three Kingdoms"

Chen Songzhi thought that he would form an alliance with Daocheng in the future, but it would not harm his ears if the incident was revealed. If he cherishes Duke Cao for the sake of the country, What can he say? If Yu is persuaded but refuses to follow, it will be because Cao Gong is a close relative and is actually a disciple. The matter is not permanent and is not caused by mistakes. Although Cao can be killed, his body will not be spared, so he will stop with a plan. , What a pity! The things of the past are entrusted to Yayaner. The feather was hit by a stray arrow and penetrated his left arm. Although the wound healed later, the bone often ached every time it rained. The doctor said: "The arrowhead is poisonous and the poison enters the bone. It is necessary to break the arm and scrape the bone to remove the poison." This problem needs to be removed." Yu then stretched out his arms and asked the doctor to chop him off. At that time, Yu Shi asked the generals to eat and drink in front of each other. The blood from their arms flowed away and filled the dishes. In the twenty-fourth year, the former Lord was the king of Hanzhong, and he worshiped Yu as the former general, and he used the festival axe. That year, Yu led his troops to attack Cao Ren in Fan. Cao Gong sent Yu Jin to help Ren. In autumn, there was a heavy rain, the Han River overflowed, and all the seven armies under the command of the ban were lost. Ban surrendered Yu, and Yu killed General Pang De. The bandits of Liang, Jia, and Lu Hun may have received Yu's seal from afar and formed a party for them, making Yu powerful in China. Cao Gong proposed to move to Xudu to avoid his influence. King Sima Xuan and Jiang Ji thought that Guan Yu would succeed, but Sun Quan would not want to do so. You can send people to persuade Quan to sneak behind, and promise to cede the south of the Yangtze River to enfeoff power, and then Fan Wei will be relieved. Cao Gong followed. First, Quan sent an envoy to ask for Yu's daughter for his son, but Yu scolded and insulted his envoy and refused to marry him. Quan was furious. Mi Fang, the governor of Nanjun, was in Jiangling, and General Fu Shiren was stationed at the police station. They all thought that Yu was underestimating him. When Yu Zhi went out to the army, Fang and Ren provided military supplies, but they didn't know how to rescue him. Yu said, "We should treat him", which made Fang and Ren Xian fearful and uneasy. So Quan Yin induces Fang and Ren, and Fang and Ren make people welcome Quan. Duke Cao sent Xu Huang to rescue Cao Ren, but Yu was unable to defeat him and led his army back. Quan had already taken control of Jiangling and captured all the Taoist wives. The Yu army dispersed. Quan sent generals to counterattack Yu, and killed Yu and Ziping in Linju. (1) Dian Lue says: Yu surrounded Fan, Quan sent an envoy to ask for help, ordered the envoy not to advance quickly, and sent the chief secretary to kill Yu first. Yu was angry that it was too late to flood, and that he had been banned, so he scolded him: "How dare you, Qianzi, if Fan City is plundered, I will not be able to destroy your evil!" Quan heard this and knew that he was underestimating himself, so he wrote in a fake handwriting to thank Yu, promising To the past. The minister Songzhi thought that although Jing and Wu were on good terms with each other externally, they were wary of each other internally, so Quan attacked Yu and secretly attacked the enemy. According to Lu Meng's biography: "Hit the elite soldiers among the deer, make them wear white clothes and paddle, and wear them as merchant uniforms." In this way, if Yu doesn't ask for help from Quan, Quan will not say that Yu should go. If he was promised help, why would he hide his traces? (2) Shu records say: Yu and Huangsu fell in love and talked to each other from afar, but their talk about life was not as good as military affairs. After a while, Huang dismounted and announced: "If Guan Yun grows his head, the reward will be a thousand catties." Yu was frightened and said to Huang, "Brother, what are you talking about?" Huang said, "This country's affairs are unheard of.

" (3) Shu records say: Quan sent generals to attack Yu, and captured Yu and Ziping. Quan wanted to revive Yu and attacked Liu and Cao. He said to the left and right: "Don't raise wolves, for they will do harm to the future. If Duke Cao did not get rid of him immediately, he would bring great trouble to himself, so he proposed to move the capital. How can it be possible to live now! " So he beheaded him. His minister Songzhi wrote according to Wu's book: Sun Quan sent Pan Zhang to go against Duan Yu, and he beheaded him as soon as he arrived, and he had to go to Jiangling for two or three hundred miles from Ju. How could he not allow Yu to be killed from time to time before discussing his life or death? What's more? It is said that "Quan wants to live Yu to fight against Liu and Cao". If this is not the case, Wu Li said: Quan sent Yu's head to Cao Gong and buried his body with the homage of the princes. He posthumously named Yu Zhuangmuhou. Zi Xing Si. He was named Anguo and had little command. The prime minister, Zhuge Liang, was appointed as a minister and supervisor of the army. He died at the age of 10, and was promoted to Princess Hu Ben. Zi, Yi Xing Shuzi renewed his title. (1) Shu records say: When Yu Chu went out to surround Fan, he dreamed of pigs biting his feet. He said to Zi Ping: "I am declining this year, but I cannot return!" "Jiang Biao's biography said: Yu Hao Zuo's biography, the satire and recitation are all catchy. (2) The Records of Shu say: Pang Dezi met, followed Zhong and Deng to attack Shu, Shu was defeated, and the Guan family was completely wiped out.

Character evaluation

"Three Kingdoms"

Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, commented: "Guan Yu in the movie "Red Cliff"

Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are called enemies of ten thousand people. Shi Huchen. Yu served Duke Cao, Feiyi released Yan Yan, and had the style of a national scholar. However, the feathers are strong but conceited, the flying ones are violent but merciless, and the defeat is achieved by shortcomings. This is normal in logic and mathematics. " Wen Hui: "Guan Yu Xiaorui. " Lu Meng: "This man is tall and eager to learn. He is fluent in reading Zuo's biographies. He has a bright and majestic mind, but he is quite conceited and likes to bully others. ", "Although East and West are now one family, Guan Yu is really a tiger and a tiger, so how can Ji'an not be determined?" Zhuge Liang wrote to Guan Yu: "Meng Qi is both civil and military, heroic and heroic, a hero of the whole generation, a disciple of Ting and Peng. When competing with Yide, he is still not as good as the unparalleled group of beards. " Guo Jia and Cheng Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "the enemy of ten thousand people" Liu Ye called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "the brave champion of the three armies" Zhou Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "the generals of bears and tigers" Fu Qian called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei : “Courageous and righteous, he is the enemy of ten thousand people and becomes his general. " Yang Xi's "Ode to the Assistant Ministers of the Han Dynasty" praised Guan Yunchang and Zhang Yide: "Guan and Zhang Jiujiu were born in the Kuang Dynasty. On the left and right sides of the vassal screen, electricity was flying, helping people in difficult situations, praising the Lord's great industry, and remembering Han and Geng in unison, expressing their double virtues. The confession was rude and resulted in treachery. I mourned lightly and died in Kuang country. " Guan Yu and Zhang Fei became synonymous with bravery and prowess in later generations: "Jin Shu Liu Xia Biography: "Jin Liu Xia attacked thieves every time, fell into fortresses and destroyed the front, hoping to compare with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei." " Wei Shu Cui Yanbo's biography: "Cui Gong, Guan Zhangye in ancient times. " You can refer to the chapter on Guan and Zhang Zhiyong in Volume 7 of Zhao Yi's "Twenty-Two Histories", which details the information that the ancients used Guan Yu, or both Guan and Zhang as synonyms for brave generals.

"Romance of the Three Kingdoms"

Guan Yu's portrait

The late Han Dynasty was invincible, Yun Chang stood out from the crowd, his divine power could lead to martial arts, his elegance made him more knowledgeable. For eternity, there are more than three points! With a red face and a red heart, riding a red rabbit to chase the wind, never forgetting the Red Emperor. Watching the history of the Qing Dynasty with a green lantern, holding the green dragon against the moon, and worthy of the blue sky in the hidden place.

Romance Psalm< /p>

The outstanding people pursue the ancients and understand the good, and the scholars and the people strive to pay homage to the Han Yunchang. The world is full of ancient trees and jackdaws and the setting sun!

Couplets Praising

The master of tea couplets has a couplet in "Hundred Tea Couplets", in which the second couplet is to praise Guan Gong's "righteousness". ". Guan Gong's righteousness runs through the ancient and modern times. This couplet is described as "Wangwang and good luck", which is apt. The full couplet is as follows: "002 of the Hundred Tea Couplet" Han Xin orders troops, the more the better. Guan Gong is righteous, and Wangwang and good luck

Guan Yu's answer to The influence of later generations

The image of Guan Yu in opera

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has been widely circulated since its appearance in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, and had a great impact on all walks of life in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. As a result, Guan Yu's image of loyalty was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Rulers of all dynasties strengthened their feudal rule by building Guan Gong temples. With Guan Yu's status in official religion, it also became increasingly popular among the people. It has been said that "his words can be heard all over the world", "His words can be heard in Beijing, and the drums and bells are heard by each other, and they are getting better every year and every month". By the Qing Dynasty, there were so many Guandi temples that there was even a saying that "there are more than 10,000 Guandi temples in the world". The so-called "Nowadays, outside the Antarctic Ridge and the North Pole fortress, every child and woman is shocked by their power." The prosperity of the incense will be immortal with the heaven and the earth." Emperor Yongzheng also believed: "From Tongdu Dayi down to the remote land of Shanyihaihao village, the people range from loyal ministers and wise men who admire virtue and uphold righteousness, to the humble husband, foolish woman, child and lackey. Decorating the appearance of the temple, running around praying, paying homage, looking back, and looking awe-inspiring as if you have seen it." "Yun Chang is a true righteous man!" Cao Cao's words reflected Guan Yu's loyalty. Now all "communities" worship Guan Yu. Yang Yulong's

Appearance Characteristics

Romance of the Three Kingdoms" describes Guan Yu's appearance as follows: "He is nine feet long, has a beard two feet long, has a face as heavy as dates, lips as if they are greased, red and phoenix eyes, His eyebrows are lying on silkworms, his appearance is majestic and majestic." His red phoenix eyes and lying silkworm eyebrows are rare in the world. The phoenix eyes are powerful, and the lying silkworms are like mist. They are heroic and domineering. It is said that Danfeng is going to kill someone as soon as he opens his eyes. Guan Yu had a beautiful beard and beard, he was the enemy of ten thousand people, and he was loyal and righteous. He was good at reading Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals and could recite fluently. When he surrendered to Cao Ying, although he was treated with courtesy, he still loved Liu Bei. Be kind to your soldiers.

He even scraped bones to treat poison. When Guan Gong attacked Fancheng, he fought with Pang De. Pang De pretended to drag his sword, but secretly fired an arrow and injured his left arm. After that, Guan Gong killed Pang De and imprisoned him. When he attacked Cao Ren, He was injured by an arrow from the city guard and hit his right arm. The arrow contained medicine and the poison had penetrated into the bone. His right arm was bruised and swollen and he could not move. The famous doctor Hua Tuo came to diagnose him and said that he needed to scrape the bone to remove the poison before he could recover. Guan Yu immediately stretched out his hand. Hua Tuo treated his arm and began to scrape the bones, and the blood flowed into the basin. However, Guan Yu was eating meat and drinking wine while playing chess with Ma Liang (everyone who saw him above and below the tent covered their faces and lost color), with a calm demeanor and seemed to have no pain.

Edit this paragraph about family members

Since the official history "Three Kingdoms" and other books do not have many records about Guan Yu's family members, most of the content in this part comes from local chronicles, folklore and "Records of the Three Kingdoms". "Textual Research on the Lineage of Saint Emperors" [1] (Textual Research on the Lineage of Guan Sheng Emperor), etc.

Grandfather

Guan Yu’s grandfather was called Guan Shen, with the courtesy name Wenzhi and the nickname Panshi. Gengyin was born in the second year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty and lived in Baochi, Changping Village, Jiezhou. Records say that he "loved Mu and loved Taoism" and often taught his son in "Yi" and "Spring and Autumn". He died in the second year of Yongshou, Emperor Huan, at the age of sixty-eight.

Biological father

Yu’s father, Guan Yi, was named Daoyuan. He was extremely filial by nature. After his father's death was judged, he built a hut on the tomb for three years. After mourning, in the third year of Yanxi reign of Emperor Huan, Gengzi gave birth to Guan Yu on June 24th.

Wife

Various versions of "The Bamboo Stele of Guandi's Poems" (8 photos) After Yu grew up, she married the Hu family in May of Wuwu, the first year of Emperor Guanghe's reign. Guan Ping was born on the 13th. (Existing people believe that Hu's name is Hu Dingjin or Hu Jinding)

Children

Guan Ping, Guan Yu's eldest son, named Tanzhi (local chronicles and folklore), followed Guan Yu in the battle, and was captured together with Guan Yu. Killed in Linju. (In the novel, he is Guan Yu's adopted son, Guan Ding's second son, and Guan Ning's younger brother) Guan Xing, Guan Yu's second son, named Anguo. He was well-known at a young age, both civil and military, and was highly valued by Zhuge Liang. After he was crowned weak, he served as a servant and supervisor of the army. He died a few years later. The Guan family (named Guan Yinping in folklore, and named Guan Feng in the Heroes of the Three Kingdoms series and other games), Guan Yu's daughter, Sun Quan once proposed to his son, but Guan Yu rejected it and insulted the envoys (historically, Guan Yu did have one Female, but her name was added by later generations and is not found in historical records). Guan Suo (this is a character in the drama, not recorded in history), the third son of Guan Yu, named Wei Zhi (folk legend). After Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, he recuperated from his injuries in Baojiazhuang. Zhuge Liang only returned to the army and served as a vanguard during the southern expedition against Menghuo.

Sun

Guan Tong, the son of Guan Xing, his wife was a princess, and he was an official of Hu Ben Zhonglang General. He died without any children. Guan Yi, the son of Guan Xing, succeeded Guan Tong after his death. Pei's note in "Three Kingdoms" says that after the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, Pang Hui, the son of Pang De, killed the Guan family to avenge his father, and Guan Yu's line was cut off. But the credibility of this record is controversial. Later generations of Guan surnamed clans in Jiezhou, Dangyang, Luoyang and other places often claimed to be descendants of Guan Yu, but many of them cannot be verified. It did not shake Guan Yu's will to "be in Cao's camp and his heart is in Han". When he learned about Liu Bei's whereabouts and wanted to say goodbye to Cao Cao, Cao Cao hung up the "avoid" sign and refused to see him, so he painted "Wind and Rain Bamboo Poetry Picture" with red ink. ", using bamboo as a symbol of ambition, there is a poem hidden in the painting, the poem is as follows: Without thanking Dong Jun, Danqing has its own name. Don't be afraid that a lonely leaf will never wither. [2] After the bamboo poem picture was completed, Guan Gong sealed it with gold and immediately protected the emperor's wife and left Xuchang overnight to find Liu Bei. After passing five passes and killing six generals, the three brothers finally reunited. When Cao Cao heard that Guan Yu had captured the pass and beheaded his generals, he admired Guan Yu's loyalty and courage even more, and ordered someone to carve Guan Yu's painting on a stone tablet. Nowadays, there are inscriptions of wind and rain bamboo painted by Guan Gong in many places in China. [3]

Edit this paragraph about the status of a saint

The embodiment of loyalty

Guan Gong is a culture; some people say that Guan Gong is a spirit. Otherwise, why are there so many Guan Gong temples in China and even overseas. Among all the Guan temple buildings in the country, there are five or six that are best preserved to date: Guan Yu Temple in Changping, the hometown of Guan Yu in Shanxi, Guan Lin in Luoyang, Henan, Guan Ling in Dangyang, Hubei, Guandi Temple in Jingzhou, and Baling Bridge Guandi in Xuchang, Henan. Temple and so on. The largest and most magnificent one is the Guandi Temple located in the west of Jiezhou City, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province, the hometown of Guan Yu. It still intactly retains the largest Guandi Temple in the country. There are more than 300 pavilions and pavilions in the temple, making it one of the tourist attractions. It can be called the best temple in the world. Not only that, not only in China, but also in Japan, Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese, the worship of Guan Yu is also everlasting. In Taiwan, which has a population of more than 20 million, there are as many as 8 million followers of Guan Gong. Almost every household has an incense burner, a memorial tablet, and a holy image in honor of Guan Gong. The annual sales volume of Guan Gong portraits in Taiwan far exceeds that of Mazu, their most worshiped deity. The "Longgang General Association" in the United States is a non-governmental organization with Guan Gong as its ancestor. It has more than 140 branches all over the world where Chinese people live. Countries in Southeast Asia competed to build temples to worship Guan Gong, and the most prosperous one was Thailand. In Japan, there was a Guandi Temple as early as the Qing Dynasty; a few years ago, a new Guan Temple was built, which is said to be the largest overseas Guan Temple. Mr. Davidk Jordan (Chinese name: David Jiao), a professor at the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, San Diego, and a Ph.D. in Anthropology at the University of Chicago, once said a very interesting thing: "I respect this great god of yours, and he should be respected by everyone. His Benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, and courage are still meaningful to this day. Benevolence is love, righteousness is credibility, wisdom is culture, and courage is not afraid of difficulties.

If all God's people were like your Guan Gong, our world would be a better place. "The words of this American scholar are quite insightful. The loyalty, righteousness, trustworthiness, wisdom, benevolence and courage condensed in Guan Yu and admired by all generations contain the ethics, morals and ideals of traditional Chinese culture and permeate The essence of the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucianism and the values ??of life that are consistent with the teachings of Buddhism and Taoism are essentially the shining sun and moon, the awe-inspiring Chinese soul

Edit this paragraph

Official Beliefs

Emperors of all dynasties regarded Guan Yu as the embodiment of loyalty and became the material to educate the emperor on his patriotic beliefs. Please refer to the process of "Hou becomes king, king becomes emperor, emperor becomes saint, and saint becomes heaven". The following table: Emperors of the dynasty and titles Guan Yu

The first year of Chongning, Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (1102), the third year of Chongning, Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (1104), the third year of Chongning, Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (1104), the second year of Daguan, the second year of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty. (1107) King Wuan, the fifth year of Xuanhe, Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (1123) King Yiyong, King Wuan, the second year of Jianyan, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1128) King Zhuangmiao Yiyong, King Wuan, the fourteenth year of Chunxi, Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1187) King Zhuangmiao Yiyong In the eighth year of Emperor Ding's reign (1335), King Wu'an Yingji showed his righteousness and bravery. King Wu'an Yingji showed his righteousness and bravery in the 42nd year of Wanli Emperor Mingming's reign (1613). He single-handedly defeated demons with his divine power and conquered Tianzun Guan Shengdijun Mingming Sizong in the third year of Chongzhen (1630). Year) Zhenyuan appeared in Zhaoming Yi Han Tianzun in the ninth year of Shunzhi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty (1652). Zhongyi Shenwu Guan Sheng the Great Emperor in the third year of Yongzheng, Shizong of the Qing Dynasty (1725). The third generation of Dukes, the great great ancestor, Guangzhao Gong, Shengzu, Yuchang Gong, Sheng Kao, Cheng Zhonggong, the first year of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1736), Shanxi Guanfuzi, the thirty-first year of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1767), Lingyou, the eighteenth year of Jiaqing, Renzong of the Qing Dynasty (1813), Renyong, the second year of Xuanzong, the Qing Dynasty. In the eighth year of Daoguang's reign (1828), the God of Loyalty and Righteousness, Wu Ling You Ren, Yong Might, and Emperor Guan Sheng, held the Qinglong Yanyue Sword. The statues of Guan Yu and Guan Yu's temples can be found all over the country. He is the god of war with the most temples among the Chinese gods. Chi You, the Lord of War. As far as official sacrifices are concerned, there have been martial arts temples since the early Tang Dynasty, but the main sacrifice was Jiang Ziya, the famous general of the Zhou Dynasty, while Guan Yu was the secondary sacrifice. By the end of the Song Dynasty, the folk temples dedicated to Guan Yu had become "prefectures and kingdoms". There are wells in all prefectures, counties and villages" (Hao Jing's "Lingchuan Collection"). Although the Yuan Dynasty court believed in Lamaism, it did not suppress the people's belief. Therefore, the people's belief in Guan Yu continued to increase, and the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty once Send envoys to offer sacrifices. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, temples dedicated to Guan Yu have not only spread across mainland China, but also extended to Mongolia, Tibet, the Korean Peninsula and even overseas. Today, in the old city of Beijing alone, there are more than 100 temples dedicated to Guan Yu or both. Guan Gong's temple. Because Guan Yu is worshiped not only by Confucianism, but also by Taoism and Buddhism, Guan Yu is a deity across the three major Chinese sects of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, but among them, the Confucian Guan Yu embodies more of Guan Yu. True character. As Guan Yu's status became more prominent, Guan Yu was even called "King Wu" and "Sage of Wu", standing side by side with Confucius. It is precisely because Guan Yu is so prominent that in addition to soldiers and martial artists worshiping him as an industry god, even unrelated industries such as the gold painting industry, tobacco industry, incense industry, education industry, fortune tellers, etc. also respect Guan Yu, so he has also been transformed into a god of industry. Chengwu, the God of Wealth, is also one of the Five Wenchangs.