Zola-Introduction

Zola (184—192), a French writer, was the founder of naturalism. The full name is Emile Zola. When I was a teenager, my family was poor. After graduating from high school, I worked as a packer and a reporter. In 1872, he became a professional writer, famous for his magnificent scenes, bold spirit, rough and vigorous style, fond of exaggerated descriptions and a lot of detailed descriptions. Zola is the leader of the naturalistic literary school. In the second half of 19th century, France was an important writer of critical realism and a main advocate of naturalistic literary theory. However, his excellent works often broke through his naturalistic framework and became realistic creations, which were regarded as an integral part of the literary heritage of critical realism in 19th century. He has written dozens of novels in his life, and Germination (1885) is Zola's masterpiece. The novel describes the miserable life of miners with the coal miners as the background.

Zola was born in Paris on April 12th, 184, and died in the same place on September 28th, 192. His father was an Italian engineer who moved to France and died when Zola was 7 years old. His mother is Greek. In 1859, Zola failed to take the high school graduation examination, and for the next two years, she tasted the bitterness of unemployment, so she experienced the life of the working masses and prepared the conditions for future literary creation. In 1862, he joined Ashett Publishing House. Zola died of gas poisoning in Paris. After death, a public sacrifice was held and the body was moved to the Pantheon. Zola was a controversial figure before his death. His works were regarded as * * * by the conservative public. Especially when his work Land was published in 1887, it was even criticized by public opinion. Throughout his life, he failed to enter the French Academy. In 198, France * * * and France * * * made a state funeral for Zola for his outstanding contribution to French literature before his death, and made him enter the hall of great men.

Zola-Life

Zola (184-192). French writer. The leader of the naturalistic literary school. Born in Paris on April 12th, 184, he died in the same place on September 28th, 192. "Zola is of medium height, slightly fat, and has a simple but stubborn face. His head is like the head of a character in an ancient Italian print. Although it is not beautiful, it shows his intelligent and strong personality. Short hair stands on his well-developed forehead, and his straight nose seems to have been suddenly cut off across the board on his mouth with a thick beard. The lower part of this fat but determined face is covered with a short beard. Although his black eyes are short-sighted, they are very sharp and searching. " In Mo Bosang's "Flaubert's Sunday" (selected into the junior middle school Chinese textbook of People's Education Edition 21, 29, 21 and 211), Zola is described in this way. His father was an Italian engineer who moved to France and died when Zola was 7 years old. His mother is Greek. In 1859, Zola failed to take the high school graduation examination, and for the next two years, she tasted the bitterness of unemployment, so she experienced the life of the working masses and prepared the conditions for future literary creation. In 1862, he joined Ashett Publishing House.

In 1864, his first collection of short stories, The Story for Ninon, was published, and the following year he wrote an autobiographical novel, The Confession of Claude, which attracted the attention of the police because of its obscene content and was forced to resign the following year. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, social changes in the 19th century prompted realist writers to describe all aspects of social life. Zola raised this realism to a newer stage. He emphasized data research and objective description, comprehensively explained life from a scientific philosophical point of view, and looked at the behavior and performance of others from a purely material point of view. In 1867, Zola put his scientific theory into practice for the first time, and published a gruesome novel "Delè s Lagan". The following year, Zola wrote another scientific empirical novel "Ma Delaine-Ferra".

In 1871, the first novel "The Fate of Lugong-Macard Family", a long continuous novel "Lugong-Macard Family-Natural History and Social History of a Family in the Second Empire", was published. Subsequently, one is published every year. In 1877, the seventh study of the consequences of alcoholism, The Inn, came out, and Zola became famous in one fell swoop and embarked on the road to success. Then, he spent 16 years writing the remaining 13 films, among which Nana, Germination, Money, Collapse, Doctor Pascal and so on are important. In a sense, The Lugon-Macard Family is a portrayal of all aspects of French life from Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's coming to power to the Franco-Prussian War in 187, when France failed in Sedan. After the Lugongmaka Family, Zola wrote two short stories, Three Cities and Four Gospels.

Zola believes in science, is a scientific determinist, and thinks that naturalism is an inherent factor in French life. He claimed that his method originated from the introduction to experimental medical research written by Bernard, a physiologist in the 19th century. Zola said in his paper On Experimental Fiction that writers can prove new conclusions obtained in the laboratory on fictional characters. He believes that human nature is entirely determined by heredity, and shortcomings and aversion are the result of a family member suffering from a disease in the palace, which is passed down from generation to generation. Once the reason is clear, we can overcome it by combining medical treatment with education, so as to perfect human nature. This is the main idea that runs through the Lugong-Macard Family.

Zola-literary achievements

zola (Emile；; 184 ~ 192) French writer. In the second half of 19th century, he was an important French critical realist writer and the main advocate of naturalistic literary theory. He wrote dozens of novels all his life, represented by "Germination".

Zola's creation and world outlook are full of contradictions: on the one hand, he criticizes the existing system, on the other hand, he has unrealistic illusions about capitalist society. His creation has its own characteristics from theory to practice. Early works, short story collection Ninon (1864) and novel Claude's Confession (1865), can not be separated from the imitation of romantic writers. Later, he gradually became interested in realism and naturalism. Under the influence of Turner's environmental determinism and Claude Bernard's genetic theory, his naturalism theory was formed: he advocated writing by scientific experiment and analyzing people's physiology and anatomy; When writing, a writer should record the facts in real life indifferently, without being mixed with subjective feelings. But in Zola, naturalism and realism are both tendencies.

inspired by Balzac's human comedy, he created a set of 6 million-word magnum opus, which consists of 2 novels, reflecting all aspects of society in the era of the second Reich in France. The "Germination" describing the struggle of * * * and "Collapse" reflecting the Franco-Prussian War, the collapse of the Second Empire and the uprising of the Paris Commune are the most important. He also wrote the trilogy Three Cities, Lourde (1894), Rome (1896) and Paris (1898), and the first three of the Four Gospels: Reproduction (1899), Labor (191) and Truth. Zola died of gas poisoning on September 29th, 192. His inn, Nana, Money and Women's Paradise are also very famous.

In 198, a brief introduction of Zola, France * * * and France * * * made a state funeral for Zola for his outstanding contribution to French literature before his death, and made him enter the Great Hall. In Mo Bosang's article, Zola is described as follows: "Zola is of medium height, slightly fat, and has a simple but stubborn face. Although his head is as ugly as the head of the characters in ancient Italian prints, it shows his intelligent and strong personality. Short hair stands on his well-developed forehead, and his straight nose seems to have been suddenly cut off across the board on his mouth with a thick beard. The lower part of this fat but determined face is covered with a short beard. Although his black eyes are short-sighted, they are very sharp and searching. "

Zola-Creative Experience

In 1864, his first collection of short stories, The Story for Ninon, was published. The following year, he wrote an autobiographical novel, The Confession of Claude, which attracted the attention of the police because of its obscene content and was forced to resign the following year. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, social changes in the 19th century prompted realist writers to describe all aspects of social life. Zola raised this realism to a newer stage. He emphasized data research and objective description, comprehensively explained life from a scientific philosophical point of view, and looked at the behavior and performance of others from a purely material point of view. In 1867, Zola put his scientific theory into practice for the first time, and published a gruesome novel "Delè s Lagan". The following year, Zola wrote another scientific empirical novel "Ma Delaine-Ferra".

From 1871 to 1893, the Lugon Macard Family, composed of 2 novels, was created, among which the most important ones were Hotel, Nana, Germination, Money and Collapse. The content mainly reflected the French social life in the Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte era with naturalistic brushwork and exposed the dissoluteness of the bourgeoisie. In 1877, the seventh study of the consequences of alcoholism, The Inn, came out, and Zola became famous in one fell swoop and embarked on the road to success. Then, he spent 16 years writing the remaining 13 films, among which Nana, Germination, Money, Collapse, Doctor Pascal and so on are important. In a sense, The Lugon-Macard Family is a portrayal of all aspects of French life from Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's coming to power to the Franco-Prussian War in 187, when France failed in Sedan. After the Lugongmaka Family, Zola wrote two short stories, Three Cities and Four Gospels.

His novels first reflect the commercial and financial situation in the early days of imperialism and the inhuman working and living conditions of industrial proletarians, showing dissatisfaction with the capitalist order and sympathy for the sufferings of the working people, but there are reformist fantasies. In art, Zola's works are famous for their magnificent scenes, great spirit, rough and vigorous style, love for exaggerated descriptions and a lot of detailed descriptions.

After 1894, he wrote the trilogy of Three Cities, Lourde, Rome and Paris, a set of novels, which exposed the despicable activities of the Roman church and reflected the reformist thought of Utopia.

In 1898, the French army persecuted Dreyfus, a Jewish officer. Dreyfus was unjustly imprisoned because of the deliberate misleading of militarism and the rising nationalist sentiment of the people. The famous writer Zola published "I Complain", denouncing the injustice of the military and the judiciary, and at the expense of his peace in his later years, he upheld justice for a nobody he had never met. For this reason, he was forced to go into exile in Britain, but his voice finally awakened the people's conscience through the media, calling for * * * unjust cases one after another, so that Dreyfus was acquitted after being wronged for 22 years and made the light of justice show to the world.

The last novel The Four Gospels was written in exile. Not finished, only three books (Productivity, Labor and Truth) have been completed, and the utopian reformist thoughts continue to be exerted.

Zola-Creation Theory

Zola began to put forward the naturalistic creation theory in the mid-196s, published the Theory of Experimental Novels, and put forward the naturalistic creation principles. It advocates engaging in literary creation by scientific experiments, describing people according to biological laws, and recording all aspects of real life indifferently. Due to the influence of naturalism theory, we can't go all out to make social and class analysis of things and dig the essence of the deep phenomenon, let alone draw revolutionary conclusions from economic and social phenomena. However, he emphasized the in-depth observation of society and mastered a lot of life materials, and basically followed the realistic creative method.

Zola believes in science, is a scientific determinist, and thinks that naturalism is an inherent factor in French life. He claimed that his method originated from the introduction to experimental medical research written by Bernard, a physiologist in the 19th century. Zola said in his paper On Experimental Fiction that writers can prove new conclusions obtained in the laboratory on fictional characters. He believes that human nature is entirely determined by heredity, and shortcomings and aversion are the result of a family member suffering from a disease in the palace, which is passed down from generation to generation. Once the reason is clear, it can be overcome by combining medical treatment with education, so that human nature can be perfected. This is the main idea that runs through the Lugong-Macard Family.

Zola's creation and world outlook are full of contradictions: on the one hand, he criticizes the existing system, on the other hand, he has unrealistic illusions about capitalist society. His creation has its own characteristics from theory to practice. Early works, short story collection Ninon (1864) and novel Claude's Confession (1865), can not be separated from the imitation of romantic writers. Later, he gradually became interested in realism and naturalism. Under the influence of Turner's environmental determinism and Claude Bernard's genetic theory, his naturalism theory was formed: he advocated writing by scientific experiment and analyzing people's physiology and anatomy; When writing, a writer should record the facts in real life indifferently, without being mixed with subjective feelings. But in Zola, naturalism and realism are both tendencies. Inspired by Balzac's Comics on Earth, he created a set of 6 million-word magnum opus "Lugon-Markal Family" composed of 2 novels, which reflected all aspects of society in the era of the second Reich in France. The "Germination" describing the struggle of * * * and "Collapse" reflecting the Franco-Prussian War, the collapse of the Second Empire and the uprising of the Paris Commune are the most important.

Zola began to put forward the naturalistic creation theory in the mid-196s, and advocated engaging in literary creation by scientific experiments, describing people according to biological laws, and recording all aspects of real life indifferently. He emphasized deeply observing the society and mastering a lot of life materials, and basically followed the realistic creative method.

Zola was friends with many famous people in the literary world before his death. In the junior middle school text "Sunday at Flaubert's House", he became close friends with Flaubert, Ivan Turgenev and Dude.

Zola-main work

1868, Thales Lagan, Zola's first naturalistic novel;

1869-1893, Lugong-Macard Family, a large series of naturalistic novels, including:

1875, The Fault of Reverend Murray;

1877, The Luck of Lugong Family;

1877, The Inn;

188, "Nana" (sequel to "The Inn");

1885, Germination;

1891, Money;

1899, Reproduction;

191, Labor;

in 193, the tune of truth;