Written before: The postgraduate course in psychology was officially launched. I was extremely excited, but also felt a lot of pressure. The excitement comes from your own preferences, and the pressure comes from the fear of unfamiliar things across fields. So I decided to sort out and analyze what I learned after each course, and summarize my understanding and write it here. As a way to track and supervise your own learning, while motivating yourself, if you have any interested friends, you can study and discuss together and make progress together.

Teacher: Tian Hongjie

Excerpts and summary of notes: Jushan

Teacher Tian’s lectures were lively, powerful and down-to-earth, which relaxed the tension in my heart. Less, but don’t be too relaxed. The class is full of useful information, so you can’t lose focus for a moment.

In this course, Teacher Tian mainly talked about Chapter 1 of "General Psychology": Research Objects and Research Methods of Psychology. It includes the following four aspects:

? Section 1: Research objects and contents of psychology

? Section 2: The nature of human psychology

? Third Section 4: Research Methods in Psychology

? Section 4: The Past and Present of Psychology

Before the introduction of theoretical knowledge, Teacher Tian brought several vivid examples and immediately mobilized the students Their emotions, classroom interaction slowly, let everyone understand what psychology is, what psychology can do, and what methods may be used to study psychology through some examples close to life or interesting tests, and also tell us the difference between psychology and Pseudosciences such as palmistry, fortune telling, and astrology. Let us understand that psychology does not lead us to find a happy world, but allows us to see the real world.

The first example is about a child who crossed a broken bridge during outward bound training:

The teacher said that we need to give affection first and then comfort the child. When it comes to crossing a broken bridge, it doesn't mean you are brave if you step over it, and you are cowardly if you don't. Between bravery and timidity lie prudence, caution and resilience.

My understanding: For the above example, we need to observe the details, put ourselves in their shoes and analyze the psychological activities of the child standing on the broken bridge for ten minutes (imagine that you are faced with something that you are afraid of but must do) ), infer some of the efforts the child may have made, and then express his or her own thoughts, instead of providing general coping-style comfort. In fact, the child will not agree with such comfort at all, and may instead lose trust in the parent. The so-called love is not to say that I understand you and your situation, but also to think and analyze from his perspective. This is the most difficult, because there are own conditions, thinking angles, and differences between people. There are differences in observation methods, etc., so we need to use a set of scientific theories and methods. Perhaps if we master this set of theories and methods through orthodox learning, we can achieve better compassion and help others, and even ourselves. .

Next, Teacher Tian showed you several Rorschach inkblot pictures to tell you that different people have different views on the same picture. For pictures that have no meaning in themselves, different people have different experiences and psychological differences. There are completely different views and stories. Through these pictures, we can project our own inner thoughts. Through the projected stories, we can analyze the psychological condition of the visitors.

Rorschach inkblot test pictures (different people will see different pictures, what do you see? Some people even think these pictures are obscene or to seek death):

In addition, the teacher also talked about OH cards (subconscious image cards). In fact, this is the same principle as the Rorschach inkblot chart above. The teacher showed everyone several OH cards. I tried to pick two OH cards myself and played with them.

For the first OH card, what I saw was: a disabled person (I saw him standing with his legs stiff and spreading seeds, and my first reaction was that he had a leg disease). Helplessly sowing seeds to maintain his own life, he is very casual, even a little free and easy. In the distance are beautiful fields and the future, but for some reason, he can only be limited to the current life.

For the second OH card, what I see is: there is a rainbow in the distance and a bright future, but there is no way to the bright future.

After analyzing the above two OH cards, I calmed down and thought about myself. It seems that these two OH cards project my current status: The first one: the same work content, although life and There is no pressure at work, but you cannot give up work and devote yourself to pursuing what you like. Second picture: I have set my own five-year plan and have started, but there is a lot of confusion and no clear guidance and path.

After briefly understanding Rorschach inkblot diagrams and OH cards, I think there are other more tools and methods, and I look forward to further learning and practice.

? Section 1 Research Objects and Contents of Psychology

1. Definition of Psychology: The science that studies the occurrence, development and activity patterns of psychological phenomena.

2. Research objects of psychology: Psychology is the science of studying psychological phenomena. It studies both animal psychology and human psychology, with human psychological phenomena as its main research object.

Three important aspects of individual psychological phenomena: cognition, emotion and motivation, ability and personality. These three aspects are the main research objects of psychology. Individual consciousness and unconsciousness, social psychology and its relationship with individual psychology are also important research objects in psychology.

3. Classification of psychology:

General psychology/physiological psychology and psychophysiology/developmental psychology/educational psychology/medical psychology/industrial psychology/military psychology Science/Social Psychology/

The above figure clearly shows the classification and functional areas of psychology.

? Section 2 The Nature of Human Psychology

1. Psychology is the function of the brain: Psychology is the function of the nervous system, especially the function of the brain.

Teacher Tian gave several examples to illustrate the impact of the brain and the frontal lobe on human cognition, psychology and behavior.

A is not B error

Marshmallow experiment

Chocolate biscuits and radish experiment

Men’s forty-one flowers: Why do we say men Forty-one flowers? Because compared to women, men's neuroinhibitory function declines significantly around the age of forty, and faster than that of women, so men in this age group are relatively more likely to have problems. As a wife, when her husband is in this age group, she should care and love her husband a little more than before; as a husband, when he reaches this age group, he should control himself extraordinarily or fill his life in other aspects, such as sports. , study or housework.

The problem of children’s self-control and inattention, from a psychological point of view, human brain nerves are divided into nerve excitation and nerve inhibition. Nerve inhibition is in the frontal lobe of the brain. The frontal lobe of the brain cannot be activated until the age of 14. Discovery is mature, so as parents, we cannot blindly blame and complain about our children’s weak self-control and inattention. These problems are physiological, which requires us as parents to intervene, with warm and well-intentioned intervention, to help children gradually establish their consciousness and Concentration (attention can be divided into automatic and active, and active attention requires self-suppression and self-regulation).

2. Psychology is a reflection of objective reality: Psychology is the result of the interaction between the human brain and objective reality.

1. People’s reflection of reality is active

2. Psychology is the human brain’s subjective image of reality, non-material

3. Psychology controls people Actions, and expressed through actions

4. Psychology is the product of the combination of nature (physiology) and society

Why is psychology considered an intermediate science or a marginal science?

The research goals and methods of psychology are the same as those of natural science, so it has the nature of natural science; psychology also studies social psychology and behavior. These psychological phenomena and behaviors are the products of social life, so psychology The study of science is also of social science nature. Therefore, psychology, which studies psychological phenomena, is a science that combines natural science and social science. As far as psychology is concerned, it is an intermediate or marginal science.

? Section 3 Research Methods in Psychology

1. Objectivity of psychological research: Psychology is a science, and like other sciences, it should adopt objective research method.

Counterexample: Use half a glass of water to test whether a person is optimistic or pessimistic through the observer's reaction.

2. Basic methods of psychological research:

1. Observation method

Observation method is to express psychological phenomena under natural conditions. Conduct systematic and planned observations of external activities to discover the regularity of the occurrence and development of psychological phenomena. This method is also called natural observation.

Scope of application: ① The object under study cannot be controlled; ② The control conditions may affect the occurrence of certain behaviors; ③ Due to the requirements of social morality, a certain phenomenon cannot be controlled.

Disadvantages: ① It is difficult to repeatedly observe a certain phenomenon, and it is difficult to test and confirm the observation results; ② Under natural conditions, because there are many factors that affect certain psychological activities, The observation method is often difficult to accurately analyze the results obtained; ③ Since the conditions cannot be controlled, unwanted phenomena may occur while the phenomena that need to be studied do not appear; ④ It is easily affected by the subjective interests, wishes, knowledge, experience and skills of the observer. influence.

2. Measurement method

Measurement method refers to a method that uses a set of pre-standardized questions (scales) to measure certain psychological qualities.

According to content: intelligence test, achievement test, attitude test, personality test

According to form: text test, non-word test

According to test scale : Individual test, group test

There are two basic requirements to pay attention to when testing: reliability and validity of the test. Reliability refers to the degree of reliability of a test; validity refers to the degree to which a test can effectively measure the required psychological qualities.

Here are some test pictures (part of a set of test questions):

3. Correlation method

Correlation is a relationship between things. kind of relationship. Correlation method is another important method in psychological research.

The degree or intensity of correlation between two things (phenomena) can be expressed by the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient is a value from -1 to 1. If the correlation coefficient is 0, it means that the correlation between the two There is little or no correlation. Correlation alone does not provide causal information.

4. Experimental method

The method of observing a certain psychological phenomenon under controlled conditions is called experimental method. In experiments, researchers can actively intervene in the subjects' activities and create certain conditions so that certain psychological phenomena can occur and recur. This is the difference between experimental method and observation method. Experimental methods can be divided into laboratory experimental methods and natural experimental methods.

Double blind control (double blind control): In the experiment, neither the subject nor the subject knows how the independent variable is controlled, which has the effect of eliminating the experimenter's preference.

5. Case method (case method)

The case method is an older method. It was developed from the consultation method in medical practice; the case method requires in-depth and detailed observation and research of a person in order to discover the causes that affect certain behavioral and psychological phenomena.

For example: Pryor, the originator of Western child development psychology, systematically observed his own children: three times a day, once in the morning, once in the middle and once in the evening, from birth to the end of three years old. Wrote the book "Child Psychology".

Misunderstandings of the case method: Individuals may be atypical and not universal and representative.

? Section 4: The past and present of psychology

1. The establishment of scientific psychology

Psychology is old but young

German psychologist Ebbinghaus: "Psychology has a long past, but only a short history."

Fifth century BC:

Ancient Greek philosophy Hippocrates, a physician and physician (known as the father of medicine) created the theory of temperament, which divided people into four categories: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic. The four types are caused by the different proportions of the four body fluids: blood, mucus, yellow bile, and black bile.

The Roman doctor Galen (Galen, C) proposed the concept of temperament.

Before the 19th century, psychology had always been within the scope of philosophy.

In the mid-19th century, experimental methods were introduced and became empirical science. Differentiate from philosophy.

In 1840, German physiologist Weber, differential sensory threshold

In 1860, German psychologist Fechner, psychophysics

In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded the world's first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany and began systematic laboratory research on psychological phenomena, marking the birth and independence of psychological science.

The bud of Chinese psychology: Since ancient times, people have paid attention to human psychology, such as some views on human nature and individual differences arising from the influence of innate inheritance and acquired environment on people.

Confucius: Human nature is similar, but habits are far apart

Mencius: Human nature is good

Xunzi: Human nature is evil

Shishuo: Human nature is good There is evil

Gaozi: Human nature is neither good nor evil

2. Disputes between schools of thought

(1) Structuralism

Founded: 1879

Founder: Wundt

Famous representative: Titchener

Claims: Psychology should study people’s consciousness, that is, people Awareness of direct experience. Human experience is divided into two elements: feelings, images and emotions. The purpose of psychology is to understand the structure between various elements under different stimuli and analyze the structure of psychology through introspection. (Experimental Science)

Criticism:

①Reductionism: Is human experience reduced to simple feelings?

②Elementalism: Connecting components and elements, Indirect study of the whole

③ Mentalism: only studies verbal reports of people’s conscious awareness, ignoring individuals who cannot describe their introspective experience, including animals, children or mentally disturbed people

(2) Functionalism

Date of establishment: 1896

Founder: 1896 Dewey and Angell were influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution and James’s pragmatism

Advocacy: Oppose the decomposition of consciousness into feelings, emotions, etc., advocate that consciousness is a continuum, emphasize the adaptive function of psychology; Oppose that psychology is only It is regarded as a pure science and pays attention to the functions and effects of psychology. Because it emphasizes that psychology should study the active role of the mind in adapting to the environment, it is called functionalist psychology.

(3) Behaviorism

Founded: early 20th century

Founder: Watson (USA) published "A Behaviorism" in 1913 "Psychology as Seen Through the Eyes of the Reader" announced the birth of behaviorism.

Advocacy: ① Oppose the study of consciousness and advocate the study of behavior in psychology; ② Oppose introspection and advocate the use of experimental methods.

Behaviorism advocates that scientific psychology should study observable explicit behaviors and treat human consciousness as a black box. No matter what is inside, it only needs to examine the reaction activities under the influence of stimuli. , behavior is composed of these reaction activities. It is believed that the research task is to find out the regular relationship between stimulus and response, so that the response can be inferred from the stimulus, and the stimulus can be inferred from the response. As long as the relationship between stimulus and response is determined, behavior can be predicted and human psychology and behavior can be shaped by controlling the environment.

Behaviorism also advocates "environmental determinism", which believes that individual behavior is completely controlled and determined by the environment. Watson's famous saying:

"Please give me a dozen strong and flawless babies and let me raise them in my own special world. Then I can guarantee that among these dozen babies, I can take any one and train them to become any expert - no matter what their abilities, hobbies, tendencies, occupations and races are, I can train them to become a doctor, a lawyer, an artist, or a businessman. The leader may train him to become a beggar or thief.”

Example:

①Pavlov’s conditioning experiment (learned in middle school textbooks, so I won’t repeat it).

② Watson’s fear formation experiment

Note: Watson’s experiment is against ethics. The research object of psychology is relatively special, mainly human subjects. In psychological research, ethical issues must be fully considered, and whether the research may cause harm to the subjects must be carefully evaluated, and whether the rights of the subjects have been fully respected. In addition to paying attention to ethics and morals in experimental work, psychologists must abide by the principle of integrity in all aspects of research and prevent academic fraud, plagiarism of academic results, falsification of data, multiple submissions of one manuscript and other unethical behaviors that violate academic norms. .

(4) Gestalt psychology

Founded: 1912

Representative figure: Wertheimer (1880-1943, Germany Psychologist), Koehler (1887-1967), Kovka (1886-1941, German-American psychologist)

Claim: Human perception and consciousness are not equal to elements such as feelings or emotions The set and behavior are not equal to the set of reflex arcs. Therefore, he opposed the decomposition of psychological phenomena into the elements that make up it. He advocated studying psychological phenomena as a whole and established Gestalt psychology or Gestalt psychology. Gestalt means whole, and Gestalt means the German transliteration of whole.

(5) School of psychoanalysis

Date of establishment: 20th century

Founder: Freud? 1856, a psychiatrist in Vienna, Austria -1939)

Claims: All human individual and social behaviors are rooted in desires or motives deep in the soul, especially sexual desire. Desire dominates people in the form of unconscious sexual impulses, and is manifested in people's normal and abnormal behaviors.

The main viewpoints of psychoanalysis: subconscious theory/personality structure theory/sexual development stage theory

1. Personality dynamics

Human instinct and impulse (libido)

Human instinctive impulses: sexual instinct

(1) Life instinct: food, sex, love

(2) Death instinct: conflict, aggression , death

2. Personality structure theory (three theories of personality)

Id (original person): the lowest level of personality structure, including various physiological needs of people. Seek immediate gratification and follow the pleasure principle.

Self (real person): The middle level of the personality structure, which gradually develops in the conflict between the impulse of the id and the environment in which the id is realized. It starts between the id and the superego. To adjust the effect, follow the principle of reality.

Superego (moral person): The highest level of personality structure, which is internalized by social norms, ethics and values, and is the result of individual socialization. Follow ethical principles.

The time when the superego begins to develop: One view is that it begins to form at the age of 6, and another view is that it begins to form around the age of 10.

3. Consciousness and Unconsciousness

Consciousness: the feelings and experiences that an individual is aware of at any moment.

Preconscious: Memories of events and experiences that can be retrieved with appropriate effort or attention (outlook on life).

Unconscious (subconscious): Memories and emotions that pose a threat to consciousness and must be pushed away cannot be noticed by simply paying attention, and may be revealed in dreams, slips of the tongue, and jokes.

It can also be discovered through techniques such as psychoanalysis.

4. Stages of personality development

3. Main orientations of contemporary psychological research

(1) Physiological psychology

Physiological psychology Learn to pay attention to how the body and brain produce emotions, memories and other sensory experiences. Psychologists who adopt this orientation are concerned with the biological basis of psychology and behavior, regard physiology as the basic means of describing and explaining psychological functions, and believe that all of our advanced psychological functions (such as perception, memory, attention, language, thinking, etc.) and emotions) are closely related to physiological functions, especially brain functions.

Example: How is information transmitted within the body? How are chemicals in the blood linked to emotions and motivation?

(2) Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology focuses on how people encode, process, store and retrieve information, extract and use it. Think of people as processors of information.

Example: How people use information in remembering, thinking, and solving problems.

(3) Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic psychology focuses on the study of personality and pays attention to human nature and value.

Advocates the study of the development of human value and potential. They believe that human nature is kind and that people have the need for self-realization and huge psychological potential. As long as there is an appropriate environment and education, people will improve themselves, unleash their creative potential, and achieve certain positive social goals.

They believe that psychology should change the study of ordinary people or sick people, and become a psychology that studies "healthy" people, revealing ways to unleash people's creative motivations and reveal people's potential.

Malos' hierarchy of needs theory:

(4) Evolutionary perspective

Evolutionary psychology emphasizes the role of natural selection in shaping human universal behavioral tendencies. If a behavioral tendency contributes to an individual's survival, then this behavioral tendency will be naturally selected and retained through genetic inheritance.

Finally, some books and movies recommended by the teacher are listed:

Recommended books: Psychology and Life

Recommended movies: Inception