Argumentative essays, also called argumentative essays, are a style of writing that analyzes things, discusses matters, expresses opinions, and puts forward claims. The author uses methods such as presenting facts, reasoning, and distinguishing right from wrong to determine whether his views are correct or wrong, and to establish or deny a certain proposition. Argumentative papers should have clear viewpoints, sufficient evidence, concise language, reasonable arguments, and strict logic.

Argumentative essays are a common style of writing that uses argumentation as the main form of expression and directly expresses the author's views and opinions by presenting facts and reasoning. It is different from narrative writing that indirectly expresses the author's thoughts and feelings through vivid descriptions, and also different from expository writing that focuses on introducing or explaining the shape, nature, cause, function, etc. of things. All in all, argumentative essays are essays that convince people with reasons, while narrative essays and explanatory essays are essays that touch people with facts and teach people knowledge.

Argumentation is a way for the author to analyze, comment, and persuade objective things to express his or her opinions, propositions, attitudes, views, and opinions. It usually consists of three parts: argument, argument, and demonstration. Argumentative essay topics are divided into topic, argument and moral types. Argument type, the topic is the author's point of view but the main focus is to be concise, so the central argument generally cannot be copied directly from the topic; topic type, the topic generally does not have a point of view tendency, such as: low carbon and urban life; allegorical type generally coexists with the topic argument and cannot Directly use it as the central argument to restore the original intention.

Language characteristics: ① Accurate and rigorous; ② Generality and conciseness; ③ Use rhetoric to reflect the clear, vivid and emotional use of words.

An argumentative essay is a style of writing that analyzes and comments on an issue or something, and expresses one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. The three elements of an argumentative essay are arguments, arguments, and arguments. It can be divided into three parts: what, why, and how. A thesis is a proposition to be proved.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Argumentative essay Foreign name: argumentative writing Main content: Put forward opinions, refute opinions Alias: Argumentative essay Three elements of argumentative essay: argument, argument, argumentation Language characteristics: rigorous, summary type: 2 Class argumentation methods: 9 key points: express one's own point of view clearly. Argumentative essay trilogy: what, why, how to do. General argumentation structure: raising questions (introduction) - analyzing the problem (thesis) - solving the problem (conclusion) ) Classification, establishment of thesis, refutation of thesis, connotation, logical expression, thinking, classification, vertical, horizontal, argumentative essay writing structure, story-like beginning, hierarchical structure, point-to-case example, hypothetical analysis, deep thinking style Ending, examination question types, study methods, writing methods, prepare good questions, good beginning, middle paragraph, arguments, good ending, smooth language and images, reference articles, writing details, careful thinking, attention to materials, language expression, sorting out, Classification thesis 1. Definition: An article genre that uses argumentation as the main mode of expression and directly expresses one's own views and opinions by telling facts and presenting reasons. Mind map composition method-classification of argumentative essays 2. Requirements: ① Have a correct view on the issue being discussed ② Use sufficient and convincing arguments ③ Be reasonable and logical to refute the thesis 1. Definition: Argument is to criticize the other party's point of view, and to elaborate one's own point of view while criticizing 2. Method: ① Put forward the argument ② Prove the argument ③ Summarize the argument 3. The combination of breaking and establishing the refutation of the thesis: first point out the essence of the other party's error, then refute the pointed out erroneous arguments, and at the same time or after the refutation, put forward your own correct point of view to demonstrate. Connotation, logical expression, and argumentative language must be accurate, clear, rigorous, and targeted. There should be very clear logical relationships between paragraphs, such as total score, comparison, layering, juxtaposition, etc. Use transitional statements to highlight this relationship. Such as: "have", "also", "although, but", "of course", "it is true", "therefore", etc. Thinking, especially argumentative essays, are meant to reward good and punish evil, to persuade and guide people, and to guide people. Therefore, they must be persuasive and have a correct value orientation. Taking political classes seriously and reading rational articles, famous sayings, etc. will improve our ideological quality and our cognitive ability, which will be of great benefit to our writing, especially argumentative essay writing.

It will enrich the content of the article, deepen the idea of ??the article, and improve the persuasiveness. At the same time, we must pay attention to the central argument and sub-arguments: an argumentative essay has only one central argument, and sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. Classification If analyzed from the logical relationship of the article content, the specific structural forms of argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: Vertical and layer-by-layer in-depth argumentation structure Example 1. "Layer-by-layer in-depth" type, first put forward the argument, and then proceed to demonstrate the argument step by step , gradually unfold the truth, and finally summarize it. Example 2. "Pros and cons argument" style: first put forward the argument, first argue from the negative side, and then further discuss it from the positive side. For example, the horizontal parallel development of the argumentation structure is as follows: There is the "Overview - Parts - General Conclusion" type, which first puts forward the argument, then elaborates it from several aspects, and finally summarizes it; There is the "General Introduction - Parties" type, First put forward an argument and then demonstrate it from several aspects. There is a "partial conclusion - general conclusion" formula, where what is to be discussed is always analyzed from several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn. In short, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, you must first understand the internal connections between the paragraph levels in the article, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the previous and the following in the article. Argumentative essay writing structure Story-based opening The so-called story-based opening is a method of telling a fascinating short story at the beginning, using narrative language to express the plot clearly, and then using this story to introduce the argument or topic of the article. Starting with a story not only enriches the content of the article, but also naturally draws out opinions and stimulates the reading interest of the marking teacher. When using the technique of starting a story, you need to pay attention to the following points: 1. The story must be carefully selected to facilitate the introduction of the point of view; 2. Because the story is only a starting point, the narrative should not be too detailed and the length should not be too long, as long as it can lead to the point of view; 3. , A story can be understood and interpreted from multiple angles. When narrating, it is necessary to highlight the aspect that can lead to your own point of view, so that the point of view can be drawn out naturally. The layer-by-layer structure is also called the progressive type and the layer-by-layer structure. It is a structural method of longitudinal excavation from shallow to deep, layer by layer, according to logical relationships. There are two main types of hierarchical progression: First, when the central argument is divided into several sub-arguments, the relationship between these sub-arguments is from shallow to deep, from simple to complex. Linked words such as "not only... but also..." and "... moreover" can be used to transition between levels. This structure is commonly known as the "peeling bamboo shoots method", where the shell is "peeled" layer by layer, and finally its essence is revealed. The second is to arrange the argument structure according to the idea of ??"raising questions, analyzing problems, and solving problems", that is, writing in the order of "what → why → how". The advantages of this argument structure are clear levels, rigorous logic, and profound arguments. When using the hierarchical structure, we should pay attention to the following points: 1. The relationship between the various parts of the hierarchical structure must be appropriate, conform to people's cognitive rules, and cannot be reversed at will; 2. The transition between the various parts of the hierarchical structure must be Naturally, some transitional words should be used to connect the previous and the following; 3. When writing in the order of "what → why → how", the content of each part must be clearly answered. The so-called point-to-example method is also called the parallel argumentation method. It is to use parallel sentence patterns to list a group of similar arguments, and then conduct inductive argument analysis. By using the example method, you can list a large number of examples in less words to make the illustrations comprehensive and sufficient. In addition, due to the use of parallel sentence patterns, the momentum of the article, the strength of argumentation, the expressiveness and appeal of the language are greatly enhanced. When using point-example analysis, we should pay attention to three points: 1. The narrative angles of several examples should be consistent, and they should be able to demonstrate different points of view, but each has its own splendor; 2. The narrative language should be concise, usually one example No more than 40 words; 3. A certain inductive analysis should be conducted after the example to point out the essence and reveal the essence, so as to effectively demonstrate the central argument. Hypothetical analysis The so-called hypothetical analysis is also called hypothetical argument. It is to make assumptions from the opposite side of the examples cited above, and then draw a conclusion that is contrary to the facts, thereby effectively demonstrating the central argument. Using hypothetical analysis, examples and hypothetical analysis can be clearly separated, that is, narrative first and then negative assumptions; sometimes the form of narrative and discussion can also be used. This type of analysis often uses "assuming not..." and "imagine if not..." to elicit situations contrary to the examples cited, and then start the discussion. Thoughtful ending: Setting questions or rhetorical questions at the end of the article can make readers think about themselves or real life after reading the article, thus receiving the expression effect of "endless words but endless meaning".

Exam question types 1. Argument (what to prove) The argument should be a complete expression of the author's opinion, in form a complete, concise and clear sentence. Viewed from the full text, it must be able to unify the entire text. The expression form is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, which is a clear statement of attitude. A． Grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (to dominate the sub-arguments) ⑴Clearly: There can be N sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument) ⑵Method ①Find from the position: such as title, opening, middle, and end. ②Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③Excerpt method (only sub-arguments, but no central argument) B. Analyze how arguments are presented: ① Present the facts and make sense and then conclude the points; ② Get straight to the point and put forward the central argument; ③ Put forward a topic based on the phenomenon that exists in life, and summarize the central argument through analysis and discussion; ④ After describing an experience of the author , summarize the central argument; ⑤The author raises questions from the story, then analyzes and infers step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument. 2. Arguments (what to prove) ⑴ Types of arguments: ① Factual arguments (summary after giving examples, and the summary of arguments should be closely linked to the arguments); ② Logical arguments (quotes of famous quotes should be analyzed). ⑵The arguments must be true, reliable, and typical (discipline, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ⑶Sequence arrangement (corresponding to the arguments); ⑷Judge whether the arguments can prove the arguments; ⑸Supplementary arguments (must be able to prove the arguments). 3. Argument (how to prove) ⑴ Argument method (must be four words) ① Argument with examples (exemplification method) Description of factual arguments (examples in explanatory text) ② Logical argument (citation method and reasoning) Argument of logical arguments ③ Comparative argument (It can also be an example argument or a logical argument) ④ Metaphorical argument Metaphor is an analogy in expository writing and a metaphor in prose. ⑵ Analyze the argumentation process: ① How the argument is put forward; ② How the argument is proved (what principles and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); ③ Connect the structure of the full text, and whether there is a summary. ⑶ Completeness of the argument (Answer: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete to avoid misunderstandings) ⑷ Analyze the role of the argument: prove the argument of this paragraph. 4. The structure of an argumentative essay ⑴General form: ①Introduction (raise a question)--②Thesis (analyze the problem)--③Conclusion (solve the problem). ⑵Type: ①Parallel type ②Progressive type ③Total fraction type ④Minimal type ⑤Total fraction type. 5. Reading of refutation papers ⑴What is the wrong view that the author wants to refute? ⑵ How did the author criticize, and what principles and arguments did he use? ⑶ From this, what is the correct view established by the author? 6. Common test points ①. Test points for arguments in argumentative essays: First, distinguish the issue discussed and the author’s views on this issue (that is, distinguish the topic and argument). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the article: (1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called clear and straightforward writing method. (2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called summary of the whole text, highlighting the topic at the end of the article, and revealing the central writing method. This kind of writing is mostly used when clearly expressing arguments. So, in a word, therefore, all in all, in the final analysis and other summarizing words. Third, distinguish the central argument and sub-arguments: The sub-arguments are usually located at the beginning of the paragraph or have iconic words: first, second, third, etc. Fourth, pay attention to the presentation form of the argument: sometimes the title is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument. Fifth, infer arguments through arguments: Arguments serve to prove arguments. By analyzing the arguments, you can see what they prove, affirm, and support. This is the argument. ②. Test points for arguments in argumentative essays: Arguments are the basis for arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1. Use facts as arguments. The examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, be able to reveal the essence of things and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative essays, the description of the examples cited should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying arguments, you must not only know where in the article the factual arguments are used, but also be able to summarize the factual arguments. When summarizing, to be accurate, you must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument based on the argument, and then express it in precise language. 2. Speeches used as arguments should have a certain degree of authority. When quoted directly, they should be copied from the original text and verified with authenticity. They should not be quoted out of context; when quoted indirectly, the original meaning should not be misinterpreted. ③. Test points for the structure and level of argumentative essays: Structures include: parallel structure, contrastive structure, hierarchical structure, and total score structure.

The basic form of this test: How does the author prove his argument? Learning method: To learn how to operate these argumentative essays, you can start by imitating them. Take an article as an example. The most typical one is Wu Han's "Talking about Integrity": 1. Introduction part: The argument is put forward at the beginning: We Chinese people have backbone. Then, use Mencius’ words to explain the argument: “Wealth and honor cannot be licentious, poverty and lowliness cannot be moved, and force cannot bend.” 2. Part of this thesis: Three examples are used to prove the argument: Wen Tianxiang's wealth cannot be fornicated; the poor cannot move away from their poverty if they do not eat what they have received; and Wen Yiduo's majesty cannot be surrendered. 3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of today’s proletariat and issue a call to action. There are transitions between the three parts: between the introduction and the main text, there are "many touching and touching deeds of our ancestors, as well as his positive educational significance." This leads to the following three examples. There is a transition between the main thesis and the conclusion: "Although these words of Mencius were spoken more than two thousand years ago, they still have positive significance until now." Between the first and second examples, there is a transition between "another story" and "another example." These transitional sentences make the article coherent. The three parts answer three questions respectively: the introduction part answers the question "what"; the thesis part answers the question "why (has backbone)"; and the conclusion part answers the question "what should we do". The three examples are all summarized, and each example is followed by a few brief remarks. These discussions clarify the meaning of the event, tie the case tightly to the argument, and are the link between the argument and the argument. Otherwise, it will just talk about the matter, and the argument and the argument will be out of touch. Argumentative essays are a style of writing that uses argumentation as its main form of expression. It elucidates the understanding and knowledge of things by listing factual materials and using logical reasoning, and expresses views and attitudes towards issues. People from all walks of life need to read and write in this style regularly in order to receive or express ideas. An argumentative essay usually contains three major elements: argument, argument, and demonstration. The argument is the ideological point of view expounded by the argumentative essay; the argument is the basis used to prove the argument in the article; the argument is the revelation of the logical relationship between the argument and the argument. The close relationship between these three forms the main body of an argumentative essay. Writing method: Prepare a good title. The title is the eye of the article and an important part of the article to convey important information. Since it ranks first in the article structure, the quality of the article title will also directly affect the grader's first impression of the article. The basic requirement for formulating a topic for an argumentative essay is to strive to be eye-catching and comfortable on the basis of accuracy. Specifically, it can be bright, vivid, concise, unique, neat, and so on. In short, it is best to arouse the readers' interest in reading or make them feel refreshing. The title of the argumentative essay must conform to the stylistic characteristics and be clear, so that people can know its purpose after seeing the title. Articles with clear viewpoints are most popular among graders because they have a sense of clarity and transparency and can convey the general content of the article, making it easier to grasp the basic content of the entire article. Make a good start. Gorky once said: "(The beginning) is like setting the tone in music. It gives the tone of the whole song, and it is where the author spends his time." The beginning of an argumentative essay should be "short, fast, and beautiful." It should be short, that is, it should be concise. It is best to form a paragraph of three or two sentences to introduce the main theory. The beginning is short to avoid redundancy, and the short sentences are divided into paragraphs to highlight the importance of the content in space. Be quick, that is, enter the topic quickly. It is best to point out the basic point of the article or the topic of discussion in a few words. Because there are "centrally clear" details in the scoring criteria. Determining the center at the beginning is helpful for the graders to score equally, and it is also helpful for the author to start the discussion, so as to avoid such taboos as unclear subject matter and changing topics midway. Beautiful means wonderful. This is also what is called "crested head" in traditional literary theory. The most prominent effect of a wonderful beginning is to attract markers and leave a good impression on them. The beginning of the article should be exciting, using metaphors, analogies, parallelism and other rhetorical figures to introduce arguments. You can also quote famous quotes and tell fables to introduce the topic. Middle paragraph. Write the first and last sentences in the middle paragraph. Whether the structure of the argumentative essay is rigorous, the organization is clear, the argument is rigorous, and the arguments are typical, the key lies in the writing of the middle paragraph. Structure, organization, argumentation and arguments are important details for scoring argumentative essays. Therefore, writing argumentative essays should try to comply with these standards. A common discussion pattern is: the first sentence is a small argument or a transitional sentence that connects the previous and the following; the middle is centered around the small argument, using appropriate facts, theoretical arguments, or analyzing and reasoning based on certain phenomena in real life; and finally, write one or two sentences based on the discussion content Sentence summary.

Among them, the writing of the first and last sentences is the most important. It can directly outline the context of the article and show the discussion ideas of the full text. In addition, the overall argumentation structure of the article often uses positive and negative contrasts. As long as many truths are discussed from both sides, they can basically be discussed rigorously. If you skillfully use this composition mode in the examination room, you can start writing quickly, reduce mistakes, and save time. At the same time, it allows markrs to easily score at mid-range or above according to the scoring standards, avoiding personal scoring factors that are not conducive to candidates. Arguments Typical and vivid arguments Arguments are the soul of an argumentative essay, sub-arguments are the skeleton that supports this soul, and arguments are the flesh and blood of an argumentative essay. For a person to be plump and colorful, it is unimaginable to have a soul and a skeleton without flesh and blood. Similarly, an argumentative paper cannot be called an article if it only has a central argument and sub-arguments. It must also have typical and vivid arguments. Typical arguments refer to representative examples and famous sayings that can fully reflect the essence of things. It first requires authenticity and relevance to the topic. Secondly, the arguments used must abandon the old and use the new, and emphasize the present over the past. Some students write by memorizing several classic arguments, such as Sima Qian, Marie Curie, and Zhang Haidi, and use them from different angles, treating them as panacea. In fact, even if these arguments are typical, they are not eye-catching. On the contrary, it will be better to choose new arguments and reasoning that people do not have and I have, so that the markers will have a fresh feeling when reading. In addition, some students are accustomed to using ancient examples to explain things. The entire article fails to connect with reality, has no living water of the times, and cannot achieve the purpose of sufficient reasoning. It is best to quote fashionable remarks and examples that are currently widely concerned by the media to assist in reasoning, to strengthen the pertinence and sense of the times in the reasoning, and to make the article more convincing. The ending is the inevitable result of the development of the full text content and is one of the important components of the article structure. The famous modern writer Shi Tuo once said: "When writing an article, no matter how long it is, you must first consider the ending. Once you have the ending, how to start and how to arrange the middle will be easily solved." A good ending should be like a leopard's tail, loud and powerful, and alarming. , inspiring. For example, Lu Xun's "On the Fall of Leifeng Pagoda" ends with only two words: "You deserve it!" These two words are so concise that they can be read through the back of the paper! In fact, the end of an article is sometimes more important than the beginning. Since the grader starts grading after reading the ending, its quality also directly affects the grader's psychology of scoring. Li Yu once said: "At the end of the article, you should use charming words to capture the soul and make it linger in the scroll, if it is difficult to say goodbye." If there is such an effect at the end, the whole article will be more colorful. The writing at the end of the argumentative essay should wrap up the full text and highlight the central argument; it should reflect the compact and complete structure of the full text, and should not be hasty or superfluous; the language should be crisp, powerful, clear and resonant, inspiring and inspiring. Smooth language image Language items are important criteria for scoring essays. The language of argumentative essays must be accurate, clear, and vivid. When some students write argumentative essays, they often pretend to be talking about great truths, using philosophical principles and dialectical terminology in order to make their reasoning full and thorough, but the effect is counterproductive. There are a thousand ways to express a truth, so try to use vivid expressions. To show the effect of vivid images, in addition to using metaphors, analogies, examples and other argumentative methods, smooth and even colorful language is essential. Modify the language of argumentative essays, pay attention to the use of metaphors, parallelism, parallelism and repetition to make the article form Gorgeous and smooth; pay attention to the use of hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or whole sentences to make the article more irrefutable. Although the ability to modify language cannot be achieved overnight, as long as you practice it and become a habit, you will naturally make progress. Reference article "Haste makes waste" Here, we think of Confucius' famous saying: "If you don't have a desire for haste, you won't see small gains. If you want haste, you won't achieve anything. If you see small gains, you won't achieve great things." During the Great Leap Forward, high targets, blind command, and exaggeration prevailed. All regions proposed unrealistic goals and one-sidedly pursued high speeds in industrial and agricultural production and construction. The "Great Leap Forward" disrupted the national economic order, wasted a lot of manpower and material resources, and caused a serious imbalance in the proportion of industry and agriculture. Being too hasty and quick will be counterproductive and fail to achieve your goal. On the contrary, the longer a good wine is aged, the more fragrant and mellow it is, the longer the music is composed, the more beautiful it is, and the longer it is successfully brewed, the more glorious it becomes. Beethoven spent 39 years writing the "Choral Symphony", and finally connected countless inspirations into a masterpiece. If he was also impatient to complete the work and finished the music in an hour, would we still be able to hear his heartfelt "Ode to Joy"? Gou Jian, the king of Yue, endured many years of torture and bravery in order to destroy Wu.

He never sent troops to the Wu Kingdom hastily to avenge an arrow. Instead, he used a peaceful and determined heart to continuously improve himself internally and wait for the best opportunity externally. It can be seen that a firm and peaceful mentality is the prelude to success. Marie Curie searched for radioactive elements for more than ten years, working hard and concentrating on one place. She went through countless alternations of night and day, swallowing the pain of silence around her, just for the shining scientific light in her heart. How many times have I fought alone, and how many times have I repeated the same experiment in an ordinary and boring way. Finally, several grams of radioactive elements were found in dozens of tons of pitchblende slag. A journey of a thousand miles cannot be achieved in a day; a journey of three feet of ice cannot be achieved in a day. People of the new era, please remember - haste makes waste! Please leave your solid footprints on the muddy path and your yellowing footprints on the pages of history. Keep moving forward, success is not far away. Writing details Think carefully 1. Be far-sighted: stand tall, see far, and don’t judge things for what they are. Sometimes it seems like there is nothing, but if you analyze it carefully, you can still find the problem. Finding problems in seemingly non-problems is foresight. 2． Seeing the subtle things: that is to say, we should see a development trend and a big thing from the small things. 3. From the outside to the inside: Analyze from the surface to the essence of things. 4. From here to there: Sometimes two things seem to have no connection, but in fact they have a certain internal connection, and you need to be able to hook them up. Pay attention to the materials 1. Possession of materials 2. Inventory materials: Today's society is an information society. Information is very important to everything we do, and information technology must also be used to promote the quality of teaching. Information is a warehouse. Some students only talk about it in a few sentences. Just because the amount of information they take in is small, they must be good at capturing information and occupying inventory materials. 3. Use materials: When writing, screen the stored material library and extract the materials you need. Language Expression After analyzing and refining the opinions, and screening the materials, the next step is language expression. The language is not gorgeous, the key is accuracy and conciseness. The works of great writers in the past do not look very gorgeous, but they are catchy and chewy to read, and they can withstand the test of the times, just like when we read Lu Xun today In the works, I can still feel that the language is very beautiful. In fact, language expression is not a problem for most students. The main problem is that there are few materials and low intentions. Sorting out argumentative essays? A style of writing used to express the author's opinions and opinions? Asking questions (what) → analyzing problems (why) → answering questions (how to do)? Argumentative essays are also called argumentative essays. The author lays out facts, makes sense, and To determine whether a point of view is correct or wrong, to establish or deny a certain proposition? Argumentative essays use argumentation (expressing one's own opinions) as the main expression? Three elements of argumentative essays: arguments, arguments, and demonstrations? Language characteristics: ①Accurate and rigorous; ②General and concise; ③Use rhetoric to reflect the clear, vivid and emotional use of words***? Argument → State your own point of view 1. The argument is the soul and commander of the article 2. The argument is clear, It has a viewpoint, the sentence pattern is a judgment sentence, and no rhetoric is used 3. Distinguish 1) Central argument and sub-argument: ① There is only one central argument in the whole text, but there can be multiple sub-arguments ② Sub-arguments serve the central argument 2) Arguments And thesis: The argument is a point in the thesis. 4. There are generally four positions for the argument: title, beginning, middle of the article, and end. But more often than not, it is at the beginning of the article, and the same is true for paragraph arguments. When there are similar sentences at the beginning and end, the one at the beginning is the argument, and the one at the end is the echo argument. 5. The arguments of some argumentative essays are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we only need to find them; some are not expressed directly in clear sentences, and readers need to extract and summarize them by themselves. The summarized sentences should not contain rhetorical devices. Note that rhetorical questions and metaphors cannot be used as arguments and must be declarative sentences. Arguments → Clarify arguments 1. Factual arguments → A true description and summary of objective things → Facts speak louder than words Factual arguments include specific examples, generalized facts, statistics, personal experience, etc. 2. Theoretical arguments → demonstrate a certain issue or point of view to show whether it is correct or wrong → convince people with reason and use some famous quotes, proverbs, ancient documents, etc. to prove the materials, generally refer to those materials that come from practice and have been practiced for a long time A point of view that has been proven, tested, and determined to be correct is to explain a problem through reasoning.

It can also be the process of analyzing and explaining problems. It includes classic works and authoritative remarks (such as famous quotes, etc.), principles, laws, formulas, etc. of natural science. 3. Arguments are used to support arguments. Argument → The process used to prove the argument 1. Argument method 1) Citing the argument → Authoritative and powerful 2) Example argument → Concrete and powerful 3) Metaphorical argument → Imagery and powerful 4) Comparative argument → Clear and powerful 2. Divided into argumentation and refutation