Objective: Liang Wudi recruited envoys to the Western Regions, and prepared to contact the Dayue people who were driven to the Western Regions by the Xiongnu from Hexi to jointly attack the Xiongnu. Zhang Qian, eager to contribute to the country, resolutely subscribed.
What happened: In BC 138, he traveled westward from Chang 'an with more than 100 followers, and was caught by the Huns on the way and detained for 1 1 year. He did not forget his mission, but managed to escape and arrive in Da Yue. At that time, Da Yue had already moved westward, and had no intention of fighting Xiongnu again. Zhang Qian returned to Chang 'an and reported to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty what he had seen and heard in the Western Regions and their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty.
Zhang Qian's Second Mission to the Western Regions: In 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time. Zhang Qian led a delegation, with thousands of cattle and sheep and a lot of silk, to visit many countries in the western regions. Western countries also sent envoys to visit Chang 'an. The exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions were more frequent.
Establishment of the Western Regions: Countries in the Western Regions joined the Han Dynasty in succession. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Duhu, which was in charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.
Ban Chao manages the Western Regions: In 73 AD, the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions. He helped the western countries get rid of the control of Huns and was appointed as the protector of the western regions by the Eastern Han Dynasty. He governed the Western Regions for 30 years, and strengthened the ties between the Western Regions and the Mainland. Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin and Gan Ying to the Persian Gulf. /kloc-in 0/66, the emissary of Daqin came to Luoyang, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China.
▲ The Silk Road can generally be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three lines: north, south and middle.
Eastern section: Chang 'an to Yumenguan and Yangguan. The safety and convenience of crossing Liupan Mountain and the Yellow River are considered in the route selection of the eastern section. (Opened in Han Dynasty)
Middle section: from Yumenguan, Yangguanxi to Congling. (Opened in Han Dynasty)
Western section: from the green ridge to the west, through Central Asia and West Asia, until Europe. (opened in Tang Dynasty)
The following are the names of important cities in various sections of the Silk Road (ancient place names in brackets).
The third line starts from Chang 'an or Luoyang, joins Wuwei and Zhangye, and then goes along the Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang.
Northern Line: Jingchuan, Guyuan and Jingyuan have the shortest routes to Wuwei, but it is not easy to pass water along the way.
South Line: From Fengxiang, Tianshui, Longxi, Linxia, Ledu, Xining to Zhangye, but the road is long.
Midline: Jingchuan to Pingliang, Huining, Lanzhou to Wuwei, with moderate distance and supply. Xi 'an (Chang 'an): Xumishan Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes Wuwei (Liangzhou) Zhangye (Ganzhou) Jiuquan (Suzhou) Dunhuang (Shazhou): Mogao Grottoes and Yulin Grottoes.
During the period of 10, in order to bypass the territory of Xixia, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty opened up the "Qinghai Road" from Tianshui to the western regions. It became a new trade route after the Song Dynasty. Tianshui Xining Fucheng Suoerkuli Basin (Suoerkuli)
middle piece
Caravans on the Silk Road. The route of the central region is mainly the western region, which changes with the change of oasis and desert. There are many forks and branches in the middle of the third line, especially the fourth town Anxi (established in 640).
South Road (also called Yutian Road): It starts from Yangguan in the east, along the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Ruoqiang (Shanshan), Hotan (Yutian), shache and other places. Jing Congling. Yang Guan Ruoqiang (Shanshan) and Qi Munnia (Jingjue) are one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. Hotan (Khotan)
Zhongdao: It starts from Yumenguan, along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Lop Nur (Loulan), Turpan (Auto Market, Gaochang), Yanqi (Yuli), Kuqa (Kucha), Aksu (Gu Mo) and Kashgar (Shule) to Fergana Valley (Dawan). Yumenguan Loulan (merged from Shanshan and now belongs to Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang) Turpan (Gaochang): Gaochang Old Town, Yarhar Ancient Town, Baizixi Thousand Buddha Cave Yanqi (Yuli) Kuqa (Qiuci): Qizil Thousand Buddha Cave, Kumutura Thousand Buddha Cave Aksu (Gu Mo) Kashi (Shule).
North Road: It starts from Anxi (Guazhou), passes through Hami (Yiwu), Jimsar (Tingzhou) and Yining (Yili), and ends in broken leaves. Hami, the waterway is rich in Hami melon Urumqi, which means the broken leaves of the beautiful grassland Yining (Yili)
Jessie Duan
From the jungle west to Europe, it is the western section of the Silk Road, and its north, south, middle and south lines correspond to the three lines in the middle section respectively. The route from Caspian Sea to Constantinople was opened in the middle of Tang Dynasty.
Northern line: along the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea and the northern shore of the Black Sea, Itil passes through broken leaves, Virote, astrakhan and other places to Istanbul (Constantinople). Urumqi Almaty (Kazakhstan) Zambur City (Virote, now Kazakhstan City) tokmak (Broken Leaves, now Kyrgyzstan City) Sarai (Russia) Istanbul, Sark (Constantinople, now Turkey City)
Central Line: Starting from Kashgar, take Fergana Valley, Samarkand, Bukhara, etc. Go to Mashhad (Iran) and join the southern line. Kashgar or Peshawar, Kashgar: Khala Horin Avenue Kabul Bamiyan: The famous Bamiyan Buddha was destroyed by the Taliban in 200 1 year.
South Line: Starting from Pamirs, you can enter Pakistan and India from Kashmir, and you can also travel to Europe from Peshawar, Kabul, Mashhad, Baghdad and Damascus. Mashhad (Iran) Sabze Valh Hecatompylos (Fandou and Xie) may be located between Iranda Mugan and Shahrud today. ) Hamadan Kerman sahan Bakubai in Tehran (Iraq) Abu Hareb Fallujah in Baghdad: Follow the Euphrates River to Aleppo. Ramadi Alibo (Syrian) Damascus adana (Turkish) konya Antioch bursa Constantinople (Istanbul).