First, Lenin's revolutionary career
(1) A brief introduction to his life.
Lenin, formerly known as Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, was born in Simbirsk, Russia, under a pseudonym on April 22nd, 1870. His father was an educational activist with democratic ideas, and his brother Alexander was executed for his participation in the assassination of the tsar. Under the influence of his family, Qiu Lunning entered the law department of Kazan University on 1887, and was expelled, arrested and exiled from the school soon for participating in the student movement. The following year, after returning to Kazan, he began to study Marx's Das Kapital and the works of plekhanov, an early Russian Marxist communicator. 1892, he set up a Marxist group, translated the Manifesto of the Producer Party into Russian, and wrote his first book, New Economic Changes in Farmers' Life.
1895, Lenin established the Petersburg Workers' Liberation Association. At the end of the year, he was arrested and imprisoned again. After living in prison 14 months, he was exiled to Siberia. During his three years in Siberia, he began to write about the development of Russian capitalism under the pseudonym "Lenin" and married another revolutionary, Krupskaya.
1900 February, Lenin ended his exile, returned to Petersburg and went to Western Europe, where he founded the first newspaper of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Mars. 1905165438+10 In October, after the Russian bourgeois democratic revolution broke out, Lenin returned to the motherland to directly lead the revolution and put forward the strategy of the proletarian party in the democratic revolution. In February 65438, the armed uprising in Moscow failed, and Lenin began his second exile for more than ten years. During this period, he wrote a series of works such as Critique of Materialism and Empiricism, Marxism and Revisionism. After the outbreak of World War I, Lenin put forward the slogan of "turning the imperialist war into a civil war" and expounded the theory that socialism can win first in one country or several countries. 19 17 In March, the czar government was overthrown, and Lenin immediately returned to Russia to launch an armed uprising. Under the leadership of Lenin, the Russian people won the October Revolution and established the first socialist country in human history. 1923, Lenin's condition began to deteriorate after being assassinated by a poisonous bomb, and he died the following year at the age of 54.
(2) Important works
Lenin famously said, "study, study, and study again!" " "Lenin's life is also a life of learning. The greatest feature of his lifelong study is to study and study the most advanced and outstanding ideological achievements of mankind at that time and apply them to practice, constantly innovating theories. At the age of 25, he wrote a famous eulogy to commemorate Engels' death. His works in his life are extremely rich, with the Complete Works of Lenin (Chinese version) reaching more than 60 volumes, which enriched and developed Marxism in all aspects. His masterpiece "Imperialism is the Highest Stage of Capitalism" summarizes the development of capitalism after the publication of Marx's Capital and reveals the law of the emergence, development and inevitable demise of imperialism. The State and Revolution takes Marxist state theory as the core, which further enriches and develops the theory of proletarian dictatorship and the theory of two stages of capitalist society. The "Left" infantilism in the production movement criticizes the "Left" trend of thought in the international production movement and discusses the strategy and tactics of the proletarian party. Materialism and experience rebellion criticized idealistic philosophy, defended and developed Marxist philosophy, and expounded the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism on the basis of summing up revolutionary practice and new achievements in natural science. "On China Revolution" summarizes the experience of Russian socialist revolution and construction, and refutes the argument that Menshevik and the second international representative denied the Russian revolution on the pretext that Russia lacked the objective economic premise of socialism. When talking about Lenin's works, Comrade Mao Zedong said that Lenin's works are easy to understand and can be communicated with readers. Many situations in each period are similar to those in China, which has more realistic guiding significance for China's revolution and construction.
(3) Leninism
Lenin devoted his life to studying the classic works of Marx and Engels, observing the world from a broad perspective of Marxism, combining the basic principles of Marxism with the Russian proletarian revolutionary movement in the new historical era, enriching and developing Marxism with a series of new practical experiences and new scientific theories, such as creating and cultivating new proletarian political parties, socialist revolution and construction, and pushing Marxism to a new development stage suited to the characteristics of the imperialist era.
1903 On July 30th, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held a congress in Brussels, at which a Bolshevik with Lenin as the core was formed. The emergence of Bolsheviks and their ideological system marked the formation of Leninism. 1924, Stalin systematically discussed Leninism in his book The Basis of Leninism, and defined it as "Leninism is Marxism in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution". The core content of Leninism mainly includes: imperialism theory, proletarian revolution theory, national colony theory, proletarian dictatorship theory, socialist construction theory and new proletarian party theory. Leninism is the development and supplement of the basic theory of Marxism on the basis of Russian practice.
Second, Lenin and the China Revolution
In the process of leading the Russian revolution and the world revolution, Lenin always cared about the struggle of the people in China and paid close attention to the development of the China revolution. In several chapters of his works, there is a heated and scientific discussion about China's revolution. His theory inspired the people of China to carry out the national liberation war to overthrow the imperialist rule and the domestic revolutionary war to seize power, and inspired the people of China to advance towards the great goal of socialism and * * * productism.
(1) Expose the robber behavior of imperialist aggression against China.
1900 12, Lenin just ended his exile and published the article "The War in China" in the first issue of the Mars newspaper he organized. He angrily condemned the crime of imperialist Eight-Nation Alliance invading China: "The greedy clutches of European capitalists have now reached China". This kind of aggression is characterized by sneaking around like thieves under the guise of so-called leasing, and then sharing it openly. They brutally "killed and set fires, drove people to Heilongjiang to drown alive, and shot and stabbed unarmed residents and their wives and children". Lenin exposed Russia's shameless occupation of northeast China with ironclad facts in his article, pointing out that Russia claimed to be "selfless" like a Christian, and "spared no expense in killing women and children, not to mention robbing palaces, houses and shops". The victory of Russia's war of aggression against China was actually "defeating the insurgents in China" and "defeating the unarmed people in China".
19 16 1 In June, Lenin took imperialism's suppression of the Boxer Rebellion as an example to illustrate that the so-called peace alliance they formed today was to prepare for "tomorrow's non-peaceful conflict" and "split". From the standpoint of internationalism, Lenin angrily and scientifically pointed out that the conflict between the imperialists and China was evil, no matter who won or lost.
Lenin pointedly pointed out in the article "The Fire of World Politics" that imperialism "helped China's' historical regime' to suppress revolutionaries!" At the same time, the imperialists "know that the peaceful policy towards China is more favorable than the policy of plundering and carving up the Republic of China" and use their economic skills to "try to bankrupt China in order to weaken and destroy the Republic of China". When Sun Yat-sen was the interim president, imperialism refused to provide loans. However, soon after Yuan Shikai came to power, they scrambled to sign a loan contract for the aftermath. Lenin exposed the vicious means of the imperialists and pointed out that they were profitable on the one hand. "In a few weeks, they made a net profit of15 million rubles at once!" On the other hand, "help the enemies of democracy and freedom in China!" Join hands with the careerist, traitor and friend of reactionary forces Fei Shikai to stifle the system.
(2) Looking forward to the rise and victory of the China Revolution.
Lenin eagerly expected the China Revolution to rise and win in the struggle between the proletariat and imperialism.
On July 19 1 1, 2002, the Belgian People's Daily published Sun Yat-sen's Social Significance of China Revolution (that is, excerpts from Democracy and Social Revolution). Four days later, the Russian newspaper Huangwa Star reprinted this article and published Lenin's. Lenin compared the development of different social systems and fully affirmed the progressive role of the bourgeoisie in China at that time. In his view, in the early 20th century, in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, there was an urgent need to overthrow the feudal system as far as domestic contradictions were concerned. The bourgeoisie leading this revolution "is not declining, but developing upward;" It is not afraid of the future, but believes in the future, fights for the future desperately, hates the past, is good at abandoning the decadent things that are dead and suffocate all life, and never insists on preserving and restoring the things of the past in order to safeguard its privileges. "
Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of China's democratic revolution, was highly praised by Lenin, the proletarian revolutionary mentor. Lenin praised him as a "revolutionary Democrat full of lofty spirit and heroism", and he was able to "fully realize the shortcomings of the' racial revolution' under the complicated situation of class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, without showing any indifference to politics". The historical achievements of the Revolution of 1911 are indelible. It "overthrew the old medieval system and the government that maintained it" and "established a harmonious system". In particular, Sun Yat-sen expressed admiration for the socialist revolution led by Lenin. It was under the impetus of Lenin and with the help of China's * * * production party that Sun Yat-sen formulated three major policies of uniting with Russia to help farmers and workers, embarked on the road of cooperation between the two countries and took a historic step.
(c) Only the heroism of the people can revive China.
The people of China have suffered greatly from colonial and imperialist aggression. They invaded loyal opposition from abroad, opposed the oppression of feudal class and imperialism, and strongly demanded to get rid of semi-colonial and semi-feudal status. From the people's resistance to Britain in Sanyuanli, the Taiping Revolution to the Boxer Rebellion, there were endless struggles.
The reason why the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty was the result of the people's heroic resistance to Yuan Shikai's will. Lenin praised: "We are exposed to the truly great thoughts of truly great people; Such people will not only grieve for their traditional slave status, but also yearn for freedom and equality and resist the oppressors in China. " . Although the revolution was broken, it was not in vain. It reviews the ranks of the oppressed class, shows the strength of the people, and shows that "a quarter of the population on the earth has woken up from a deep sleep and moved towards light, movement and struggle".
Three. Leninism and China's Socialist Road
Leninism is an important stage in the development of Marxism. Without Lenin's contribution in theory and practice, Marxism would not be so attractive to the broad masses of the people. Especially for China, the October Revolution and Leninism directly led the people of China to the socialist road. Without Leninism, there would be no victory of China's new-democratic revolution and success of socialist transformation.
As early as 19 12, Lenin pointed out in his article Democracy and Populism in China that the proletariat in China will grow stronger and stronger, because there will be many Shanghais in China. Will certainly set up China * * * production party. Later, Lenin was very happy to see the spread of Marxism in China and the birth of the * * * production party.