Basic characteristics of innovative thinking
First, seek the opposite sex
Innovative thinking in the process of innovative activities, especially in the initial stage, it is particularly obvious to seek the opposite sex. It requires attention to the differences and particularities of objective things, and the inconsistency between phenomenon and essence, form and content.
He Fei, a British scientist, believes that scientific research is trying to go to the extreme of a thing and observe whether it has any special phenomena. So is innovation. Generally speaking, people are blind to common phenomena and existing authoritative conclusions, which makes it difficult for people to discover and innovate. The opposite sex thinking is unconventional, distrustful of authority, and treats everything and phenomena with suspicion and criticism.
Second, Lenovo
Association is to connect seemingly unrelated things, so as to reach the realm of innovation. Associative thinking can make use of existing experience to innovate, just as we often say, it can make use of other people's inventions or creations to innovate. Association is a method that innovators often use in innovative thinking, and it is easier to see the effect.
Whether association can be used actively and effectively is related to a person's association ability. However, in innovative thinking, whether association can be used consciously is an important prerequisite for effective use of association. Everything has a certain connection, which is the objective basis for people to adopt association, so the main method of association is to actively find the one-to-one correspondence between things.
Third, divergence
Divergent thinking is an open thinking, and its process starts from a certain point and diverges at will, which has neither a certain direction nor a certain scope. It advocates opening the door, opening the net of thinking, breaking through all imprisonments and trying to accept more information. You can think extensively, even fantasize. People's freedom of action may be restricted by various conditions, but people's thinking activities have an infinite world, and it is difficult to be restricted by any other external factors.
Divergent thinking is the core of innovative thinking. Divergent thinking can produce many alternative schemes, methods and suggestions, and can put forward some unique and unexpected opinions, so that some seemingly insoluble problems can be solved.
Fourth, reversibility.
Reverse thinking is a way of thinking that consciously thinks in the opposite direction to conventional thinking. If we regard traditional ideas, established experience and authoritative remarks as golden rules, it will often hinder our innovative thinking activities. Therefore, in the face of new problems or problems that can't be solved for a long time, don't get used to thinking about problems along the long-established and inherent ideas of our predecessors or ourselves, but look for solutions from the opposite direction.
Since the establishment of Euclidean geometry, people have tried to prove that the fifth axiom is one of the cornerstones of Euclidean geometry since the 5th century, but it has never been successful, and people seem to be in despair. 1826, Lobachevsky publicly declared that he could not prove the fifth axiom with the thinking method completely opposite to the past, and adopted the axiom completely opposite to the fifth axiom. Starting from this axiom and other axioms, he finally established non-Euclidean geometry. The establishment of non-Euclidean geometry liberated people's thoughts, expanded people's concept of space, and made a revolutionary leap in human understanding of space.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) is comprehensive
Comprehensive thinking is a way of thinking that unifies the understanding of all aspects, parts and attributes of things into a whole, so as to grasp the essence and laws of things. Comprehensive thinking is not a way of thinking in which all parts, sides and attributes of things are arbitrarily and subjectively pieced together, nor is it mechanically added, but the whole thing is reproduced in thinking according to its internal, inevitable and essential connection.
1July 6, 969, the United States realized the Apollo moon landing program. More than 420,000 scientists and engineers participated in this project, with more than 20,000 participating units, which lasted for 1 1 year, costing more than 30 billion US dollars and sharing more than 7 million parts. Weber, the commander-in-chief of the Apollo moon landing program in the United States, once pointed out: there are no newly invented technologies in the Apollo program, they are all ready-made technologies, and the key lies in synthesis. It can be seen that the Apollo program is the best innovation to make full use of the comprehensive thinking method.
Performance and characteristics of innovative thinking
The key to innovative thinking lies in how to carry out innovative thinking concretely. The key to innovative thinking is to look at and deal with things, problems and processes from multiple angles, sides and directions. Specific performance in the following aspects:
(A) Multi-directional thinking
Multi-directional thinking is also called divergent thinking, radiation thinking or diffusion thinking. It refers to the thinking process of a problem or thing, which does not stick to a single point or a clue, but develops in multiple directions from the unique information as far as possible, without being bound by established ways, methods, rules and scope, and seeks various conventional and unconventional ideas from this diffused thinking. The concept of multidirectional thinking was first put forward by Woodworth in 19 18, and was later used as a fluency factor by Spearman and Kateer. Guildford, an American psychologist, clearly put forward divergent thinking, that is, multi-directional thinking, in the three-dimensional model of intelligence structure. In his view, divergent thinking is to generate information from given information, and its focus is to generate various and numerous outputs from the same source.
One of its characteristics is multifaceted, which can start from many problems, produce many associations and draw various conclusions; How to buy a comb for a monk? Second, it is flexible and can change according to objective conditions; For example, the rabbit lost again in the second race between the tortoise and the hare. The reason may be that the direction is opposite, or there is a river ahead. Third, meticulous, can consider the problem comprehensively and carefully; Fourth, novelty, the answer can be individual differences, each is different, novelty is good.
After 1950s, through the study of divergent thinking, three dimensions of divergent thinking were further put forward, namely fluency (referring to the number of divergent thinking), flexibility (referring to the flexibility of divergent thinking) and originality (referring to the novel components of divergent thinking), and these characteristics are important contents of innovative thinking. People's multi-directional thinking ability can be improved through exercise. There are mainly the following points: first, we should boldly open our minds when things happen, and don't just consider whether it is practical. As a famous scientist said, the more possibilities you consider, the easier it is to find the real trick. Secondly, to improve the quality of multi-directional thinking, one-way divergence can only be said to be low-level divergence.
Thirdly, insisting on the uniqueness of thinking is the premise of improving the quality of multi-directional thinking. Repeating traditional or rigid things in your mind will not radiate unique thinking. Only when thinking, try to put forward some assumptions, assumptions, assumptions, etc. Can we think about things that we or others haven't thought of from a new angle?
(B) Theoretical thinking
Theory can generally be understood as a system of principles and a systematic rational understanding. Theoretical thinking is a form of thinking that guides the systematization of rational knowledge. This way of thinking is widely used in practice. For example, system engineering is a management method to deal with various related problems in a system with system theory thinking. Qian Xuesen believes that systems engineering is a scientific method to organize the planning, research and design, innovative experiments and use of management systems. For another example, some people put forward similarity theory, which is also the category of scientific theoretical thinking. Seeing that birds can fly with wings, people invented airplanes according to the similar principles of bird wings, bird geometry, aerodynamics and flight function, some of which are also called bionics.
There are also many places in the organization and production of enterprises that need to use theoretical thinking. Therefore, theoretical thinking is a basic form of thinking. Therefore, to grasp the law of innovation, we must seriously study the law of theoretical thinking activities, especially the law of innovative theoretical thinking.
lateral thinking
A wise man corrects his own mistakes through the mistakes of others. When we can't solve the problem under certain conditions or can only use the usual scheme, we can use lateral thinking to make innovative breakthroughs. There are three specific ways to use it:
(1) Move laterally. This refers to jumping out of the scope of this major and industry, getting rid of habitual thinking, looking in other directions, directing attention to a broader field or directly transplanting mature and better technical methods and principles in other fields to use; Or get inspiration from the characteristics, attributes and mechanisms of things in other fields, leading to innovative ideas on the original thinking problems. Luban tore his fingers with the fine teeth of thatch and invented the saw; Wilson moved into the fog and threw stones, and designed a cloud device to detect the movement of elementary particles. Many examples show that learning from other fields or being inspired is a shortcut to innovation and invention.
(2) Horizontal conversion. This means not directly solving the problem according to the original ideas or routines, but transforming the problem into other problems on its side, or transforming the means of solving the problem into other means on its side, and so on. This way of thinking is often used for innovation and invention. For example, in the network boom, a number of network enterprises have emerged, but the real ultimate profit is the equipment providers, such as Cisco and other enterprises.
(3) Move out laterally. Contrary to moving in horizontally, moving out horizontally refers to getting rid of the existing ideas, inventions, interested technologies and products of our factory from the existing use fields and users and pushing them to other unexpected fields or objects. This is also a way of thinking based on jumping out of this field and overcoming linear thinking. For example, the positioning theory in engineering is used in marketing. In a word, the key trick is to be good at observation, especially to pay attention to things and phenomena that seem to have nothing to do with thinking, whether by lateral shift, lateral shift or lateral shift. This requires us to pay attention to other phenomena that we have happened to see or didn't expect in advance while paying attention to the research object. Perhaps this kind of accident is not accidental, but may be an important object or clue for the entry, exit or transformation of lateral movement.
(D) Reverse thinking
Philosophical research shows that conventional things include two opposing aspects, which are interdependent in a unity. In the process of understanding things, people actually deal with both positive and negative aspects at the same time, but in daily life, people often develop a habitual way of thinking, that is, they only look at one aspect and ignore the other. If the normal thinking is reversed and the problem is considered from the opposite side, some innovative ideas can be drawn. Such as the catfish effect in management and the necessity of changing the traditional dependence on fixed paths.
Reverse thinking has the following characteristics:
(1) universality. Reverse thinking is applicable to various fields and activities. Because the law of unity of opposites is universally applicable, and the forms of unity of opposites are various, there are forms of unity of opposites, and accordingly there is a perspective of reverse thinking, so the forms of reverse thinking are infinite. For example, the transformation of opposite poles in nature: soft and hard, high and low; Interchange and inversion of structure and position: up and down, left and right, etc. Process reversal: gas becomes liquid or liquid becomes gas, electricity becomes magnetism or magnetism becomes electricity, etc. Either way, as long as you think of the opposite from one aspect, it is the criticism of reverse thinking. Reverse is compared with normal, and positive refers to the conventional, common sense, recognized or habitual ideas and practices. On the contrary, reverse thinking is a rebellion against tradition, convention and common sense, and a challenge to convention. It can overcome the mindset and get rid of the rigid cognitive model caused by experience and habit.
(2) novelty. Although it is simple to follow the law of thinking and solve problems in the traditional way, it is easy to make thinking rigid and rigid, and you can't get rid of the shackles of habits, and you often get some common answers. In fact, everything has many attributes. Influenced by past experience, people often see the familiar side and turn a blind eye to the other side. Reverse thinking can overcome this obstacle, which is often unexpected and gives people a refreshing feeling.
(E) Associative thinking
Associative thinking refers to the psychological process of linking one thing with another, that is, the thinking process of thinking about other related things, concepts or phenomena through the stimulation of perceived or thought things, concepts or phenomena. Association is the thinking instinct of every normal person. Because some things, concepts or phenomena often appear together in time and space, or show a certain correspondence in some aspects, these associations will be accepted by the human brain in a specific memory mode because of their repeated appearance, and stored in the brain in a specific memory representation structure. Once we meet one of them again in the future, the human mind will automatically search for the connections that have been established in the past, thus immediately associating with other things, concepts or phenomena that are not on the scene or have not happened at present.
The main material and catalyst of Lenovo is representation or image. Representation is the impression left by the perception of things, that is, the image reappeared in the mind after the perception of things is not in sight. Representation can be divided into individual representation, generalized representation and imaginary representation. Lenovo mainly involves the first two, and imagination only involves the last one. According to Aristotle's three laws of association, the law of proximity, the law of similarity and the law of contradiction, association can be divided into three types: similarity, similarity and opposition, and other types of association are the combination or concrete expansion of these three types.
(1) similar association. This refers to the association of things or phenomena that accompany time or are close to space under the stimulation of a thing or phenomenon.
(2) Similar association. This refers to the association of other things and phenomena similar to one thing or phenomenon in appearance, color, sound, structure, function and principle. There is a connection between complex things in the world. These relationships are not only related to time and space, but also related to attributes. For example, the plateau phenomenon in learning and the bottleneck in the growth stage of enterprises, the tactics on the battlefield and the strategies in the competition in shopping malls. Similar associations have great innovation value.
With the deepening of social practice, people know more and more about the similarity between things, which greatly expands the exploration field of science and technology and solves many complicated problems that could not be solved in the past. Using similar association, we should first store a large number of similar building blocks in our minds, and then get inspiration, imitation and reference from similar things. Because similarity can connect two seemingly distant things, it is not easy for ordinary people to think of them, so similar associations are easy to produce innovative ideas.
(3) Reverse association. This refers to the association of things and phenomena that are stimulated by a thing or phenomenon and are opposite to it in time, space or various attributes. For example, from darkness to light, from zooming in to zooming out and so on. On the contrary, association is different from close association and similar association. Close association only thinks of the near side of time and space, and it is not easy to think of the opposite side of time and space. Similar associations often only think of the same side of things, but not the opposite side of things, so on the contrary, associations make up for the defects of the first two and enrich people's associations. At the same time, because people tend to see the positive side and ignore the negative side, the opposite association makes people's association more colorful and innovative.
(6) Thinking in images
Thinking in images is a way of thinking that is selected, analyzed and synthesized according to various phenomena in life, and then artistically shaped. It can also be summarized as illogical thinking different from traditional formal logic. Strictly speaking, Lenovo just completed the transition from one representation to another. It does not include the processing of appearance, but only the image activities that lead to innovation by association will produce innovative results.
In fact, the boundary between association and image is not easy to divide. Some people think that image can be regarded as a more positive, active and positive association. Image characteristics. Different types of images may have different material characteristics, but as the same way of thinking, they have the following common characteristics:
(1) visualization. This is an obvious feature of the image. Through social life and practice, people store colorful images of things in memory, form appearances and become imaginative materials. The process of imagination is a comprehensive process based on the analysis and choice of appearance or intention. The image used in imagination and the image it produces are concrete and intuitive. Even when learning abstract scientific theories, people can use their imagination to concretize their thoughts into some visual, dynamic or symbolic images, form images of problems and ideas in their minds, and think with active images. For example, when Einstein studied the theory of relativity, he used some abstract concepts such as trains, elevators and the law of universal gravitation.
Abstract theories or concepts are often rigid in the process of thinking, and their contents change slowly, which often cannot meet the requirements of new problems and changes. At the same time, the operation of concepts in thinking is also bound by logical framework, and intuitive images are more flexible and less conservative than concepts in the process of thinking.
(2) innovation. The image is very innovative because it can deal with the appearance, and the multi-style processing itself is innovation. For example, people can decompose or disrupt appearances, abstract and strengthen appearances according to subjective needs or fantasies. Because the image has strong subjective randomness and emotional color, it shows rich and colorful innovation.
(3) generality and fantasy. The thinking activity of using images is not a form of perceptual knowledge, but a form of rational knowledge with image generalization, which is carried out through a series of refining and image operation of perceptual concrete. Complementing the generality is the conjecture and fantasy contained in the image. They are a brand-new conscious activity that is higher than perception and representation. It can give full play to people's enthusiasm for innovation and exploration under uncertain circumstances and help to break through the limitations of direct realistic perceptual materials.
Famous words of innovation
Don't innovate, or you will destroy Henry Ford.
Innovation or Death thomas peters
Without freedom of thought, academic innovation is impossible. Zhou Haizhong
Curiosity and liberated thinking are the source of innovation. Oh, chemistry, you are amazing! zhou qifeng