Friends who are familiar with history, especially the history of the late Qing Dynasty. You should be familiar with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Both of them were one of the leaders of the Reform Movement of 1898. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the six gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898 devoted themselves to the reform, but they were lucky enough to escape and lived a fugitive life until the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Although the two men failed in political reform and lived in exile, their lives in their later years were quite different.
Kang Youwei's later life can be said to be very ironic. Why do you say that? He claims to be a "sage of Nanhai Kang", but it has nothing to do with saints. During the political reform, he advocated "monogamy", but he married five wives himself. Even at the age of 62, he had an affair with a young woman of 19. Use the property accumulated in the early years to buy real estate everywhere and enjoy family happiness.
After the failure of political reform, Liang Qichao remained politically active, such as participating in the cabinet formed by Yuan Shikai and plotting against Yuan Shikai when he was president. At the age of 45, he went to Europe to study and tried to return to China to build his own country. He died of illness at the age of 56.
Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei have another relationship besides the "comrade-in-arms relationship" leading the political reform: the relationship between teachers and students.
Although it is a teacher-student relationship, the two concepts have always been different. And it is this difference that can only be seen in their later years!
Kang Youwei has always been a royalist and a conservative reformist, and the traditional concept of loyalty to the monarch has been deeply rooted in him. During the Reform Movement of 1898, he advocated constitutional monarchy, opposed revolutionary harmony, and still had illusions about feudal rule. Liang Qichao's thought is more radical. From the beginning, he advocated * * * harmony and abolished feudal monarchy, and later advocated the promotion of traditional culture. He has been thinking about how to save the country.
After Puyi was demoted to the palace, Kang Youwei knew that there was no hope of protecting the emperor, his political dream was shattered, he had no intention to talk about politics again, and lived a carefree life in his later years. Liang Qichao not only rebelled against the imperial system, but also realized that the problems in China were far more than the feudal system. So he has been running around in politics, thinking about how to build this country and nation, but never thinking about what his future life should be like!
The Relationship between Gu Jiegang and Kang Youwei
Guiding relationship
The evolution of the relationship between Kang and Liang is intriguing. It should be said that both Kang and Liang were advanced figures seeking truth from the West in the history of modern China, and both made their own contributions to the transformation of China from feudal system to capitalist system. But in the face of historical turning points and great changes, one is complacent, rigid and conservative, refusing to accept new things and changes; It is natural for a teacher to be good at absorbing, and strive to break away from the shackles of traditional things and culture, the differences between teachers and students and even the final division with the change of time.
Kang Youwei is Liang Qichao's academic and political mentor. They are all famous figures in the modern history of China. Their grievances are closely related to the development of modern history.
Kang Youwei was born in a feudal bureaucratic landlord family who studied Neo-Confucianism for generations. He was clever since he was a child, but he was not interested in the imperial examination. After many introductions, he fell in love with Sun Shan, but he didn't care much. 1879, 22-year-old Kang Youwei traveled to Hong Kong, which was occupied by British colonists for nearly 40 years, and gained some sensory knowledge of western civilization. He felt that the British "ruled the country by law", unlike the so-called "barbarians" in ancient times. As a result, he began to study western scientific knowledge and gradually grew into one of the pioneers in academic and ideological circles at that time. According to the relevant regulations of the Qing dynasty, ordinary people can't write directly to the emperor. Regardless of these, 1888, Kang Youwei wrote to the emperor for the first time as a common people, analyzed the domestic and international situation at that time, and put forward the reform plan of reforming laws, communicating people's feelings and preventing villains. Although Emperor Guangxu didn't read this letter, Kang Youwei won the widespread attention of ordinary people and people began to pay attention to him. 1in the spring of 890, Liang Qichao, who was only 18 years old, visited Kang Youwei, who was 33 years old at the time, on the recommendation of his classmate Chen. At this time, Liang Qichao has just won the eighth place in the Guangdong provincial examination, which can be said to be promising for young people; Although Kang Youwei is a little older, because the imperial examination is not satisfactory, he is only a diploma recommended by Guo Jian, which is inferior to Liang Qichao in "education". According to the habit of imperial examination at that time, Liang Qichao was the first and should be Kang Youwei's "predecessor". Liang Qichao was naturally complacent. After they met, they talked for hours. Later, Liang Qichao recalled the past and said that Kang Youwei was beaten by the "Voice of the Tide" and was at a loss. What he had learned before was only a stepping stone to cope with the imperial examination, not any knowledge at all. After some thinking, he resolutely decided to worship Guo Jianzi Kang Youwei as his teacher.
This unprecedented and unprecedented move naturally expanded Kang Youwei's influence. As a result, many outstanding young people followed suit. Kang Youwei set up a 10,000-acre thatched cottage in Changxing to gather disciples to give lectures. Liang Qichao learned some basic learning methods from Kang Youwei, which laid a solid foundation for his future academic activities. "The power of lifelong learning is in this year." Since then, under the guidance of Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao has gradually grown into Kang Youwei's right-hand man.
Liang Qichao's learning from Kang Youwei is not only the beginning of his political career, but also the starting point for him to enter the academic hall. He once said: "Qi Chao's knowledge really comes from the South China Sea." But at this time, there are still some differences between the two teachers and students in thought, but these differences are not too big, but they also sow the seeds of future grievances.
From1June, 898 1 1 day, with the support of reformists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, Emperor Guangxu promulgated a series of reform policies. However, due to the opposition of Empress Dowager Cixi, the Reform Movement of 1898 failed on September 2 1 day, which lasted only 103 days! Because 1898 is the year of the Reform Movement of 1898, this reform is also called the Reform Movement of 1898. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to Japan successively. Kang Youwei took the so-called "imperial edict" sewed by Emperor Guangxu in his clothes and continued to publicize his ideas of protecting the emperor and religion. At first, Liang Qichao did as the teacher said, as before, but gradually, with reading a lot of western bourgeois works, his political views changed obviously, and he was "two people" as before.
The most important change is that he accepted bourgeois liberalism, especially agreed with the famous saying of John Mill, a British thinker known as the "last omniscient": "The evolution of the crowd depends on freedom of thought, freedom of speech and freedom of publication." He also wrote a series of articles on the topic of "Freedom Book" to publicize the bourgeois ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity. I believe Rousseau's On Civil Contract is a good way to cure China's chronic illness. If China can adopt his ideas, great harmony will surely emerge.
Under the influence of western bourgeois thought, Liang Qichao's political thought also turned from protecting the king to revolution. During this period, he began to have close contacts with revolutionaries such as Sun Yat-sen and Chen Shaobai, and sometimes even talked at night. So, he had a plan to form a party in cooperation, "recommending Sun Yat-sen as chairman and Liang as deputy." Liang Qichao even called other students and wrote a letter to Kang Youwei, urging him to retire and "have a good rest and entertain himself." Kang Youwei was very angry when he learned that Liang Qichao was inclined to revolution. He immediately ordered him to leave Japan to deal with the royalist affairs in Honolulu, and rebuked him for advocating the revolution. Because Liang Qichao had respect and awe for Kang Youwei for many years, he had to promise to repent on the surface, but he did not give up his belief in the revolution in essence.
On the issue of respecting Confucius and protecting education, Liang Qichao also began to deliberately get rid of the shackles of Kang Youwei. Influenced by Kang Youwei in his early years, Liang Qichao often talked about respecting Confucius and protecting education. After his good friends Huang Zunxian and Yan Fu explained to him that "education cannot be guaranteed", he began to change his mind. 1902, in the spirit of "I love Confucius, especially truth; I love my ancestors, especially my motherland; I love my old friends, and I especially love freedom. " Liang Qichao published an article in public, arguing that religion is neither necessary nor insurable. From then on, he only worked hard to defend his country. He changed from "the champion of the party" to "the enemy of the party" and was severely criticized by Kang Youwei.
19110 June10, Wuchang Uprising broke out.
What kind of political system should China implement? * * * system or constitutional system? At that time, people expressed their views from different political positions. At this time, Liang Qichao, like Kang Youwei, insisted that China should practice "virtual monarch * * * and", but soon, with the development of the revolution, Liang Qichao changed his mind to "harmony with Yuan, forcing the people to be full of Han". Kang Youwei is still stubborn and unwilling to keep pace with the times, and the contradiction between Kang and Liang is getting bigger and bigger. Liang Qichao said in his letter to Kang Youwei that in recent months, there have always been contradictions in discussing current affairs with you, and it is difficult to understand what you mean. In the end, he could only promise superficially, and when he got home, he got dizzy and had a headache. "Generally speaking, no matter who talks to the teacher, no matter who claims that the teacher didn't do anything in the past, there are many things that are good and the disciples can't be fully convinced." However, during this period, Liang Qichao was dissatisfied with Kang Youwei, but the contradiction was not made public and was only known on a small scale. Since then, because of their different political views on * * * and monarchy, there have been great conflicts between them. Liang Qichao even published an article criticizing his mentor Kang Youwei, and the relationship between them deteriorated seriously.
19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded. Kang Youwei was "shocked and saddened" by many problems that appeared after the founding of the Republic of China, and he didn't like it. In order to restore feudal education and ethics, he continued to advocate the old tune of respecting Confucius, regarded Confucius as the quintessence of the country and the soul of China, ran around, organized Confucius churches, and even respected Confucius as the godfather. With the support of President Yuan Shikai, the whole country respected Confucius and read the Bible. Yuan Shikai supported Kang Youwei's respect for Confucius to read the scriptures in order to serve the restoration of monarchy. However, Kang Youwei believed that only Puyi could be emperor, so as early as March 19 14, Kang Youwei and Zhang Xun secretly planned to restore the Qing Dynasty. When Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy, he not only refused to make Puyi emperor, but also openly claimed to be Emperor Hongxian. Kang Youwei could not tolerate it, of course, and resolutely participated in the war to protect the country against Yuan Shikai.
Yuan Shikai's dream of the emperor lasted only 83 days, and the whole country was crying and cursing. Kang Youwei did not learn from the failure of Yuan Shikai's restoration. On the contrary, he accelerated the pace of restoring Puyi. 19 17 In July, together with Zhang Xun, who was in charge of the Braid Army, he used the dispute between the then Prime Minister Duan and President Li to demand that Puyi be re-enthroned as emperor, which was called the restoration in history. Because of the restoration of meritorious service, Kang Youwei was appointed as the vice president of Bi and put on the crown. Unexpectedly, after 12 days, the recovery failed and was listed in the wanted order. Kang Youwei had to hide in foreign embassies and concessions to paint poems. It was not until 19 18 that he dared to go out of the concession after receiving an Amnesty from the Beiyang government.
Contrary to Kang Youwei's active restoration, Liang Qichao resolutely maintained democracy and harmony. After Yuan Shikai stole the president, Liang Qichao organized the Progressive Party, on the one hand, to compete with the Kuomintang, on the other hand, to supervise and guide Yuan Shikai on the road of party politics. After Yuan Shikai became president, he felt dissatisfied and wanted to taste the taste of being an emperor. After feeling the master's will, a group of shameless literati immediately organized a meeting to improve security. By discussing the national sports system, they waved flags and shouted for Yuan Shikai to restore the monarchy. In view of this counter-current of restoration in society, Liang Qichao wrote the so-called national sports problem with his hearty writing. After Yuan Shikai learned the news, he immediately sent someone with a silver ticket of 200,000 yuan to persuade him not to publish this article. Liang Qichao resolutely published it without inducements.
At the same time, he also joined forces with Cai E and others, organized the National Defence Force, and attacked Yuan Shikai by force.
19 15 12.25, Yunnan officially declared its independence, which started the war to defend the country. Many electrifications published before and after were drawn up by Liang Qichao in advance. In order to promote the independence of Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting, Liang Qichao went to Guangxi alone. After many hardships, Lu Rongting 19 15 was finally forced to declare independence on March 5, 2006. All the important telegrams were drafted by Liang Qichao. With the support of the people of the whole country, the war to defend the country was quickly won.
Unlike his teacher Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao not only opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to be emperor, but also opposed any form of restoration. He firmly believes that the trend of the world is unstoppable, and no restoration plot can succeed. When Kang Youwei published "Strategies for Stabilizing the Country" in Shanghai Weekly and publicly advocated the restoration of the Qing emperor, Liang Qichao immediately published "On Restoration", pointing the finger at Kang Youwei and clearly pointing out that the essence of this article is "On the Party and Yuan", "On Subordination" and "Raising a New School of Security". After the recovery of Zhang Xun, Liang Qichao immediately joined Duan's military crusade. He not only drafted a declaration on behalf of Duan, but also personally expressed his opposition to electrification, denouncing his teacher as a "outspoken scholar who doesn't understand the times." It is said that after the electricity was written, some people worried that it would destroy the friendship between teachers and students. Liang Qichao confidently replied: "The younger brother is the younger brother, but his political views may be different. I can't be a national sinner with my teacher. "
After zhang xun restoration's failure, Kang Youwei not only failed to reflect on his own mistakes, but vented his grievances on Liang Qichao, cursing him as a "thief in Liang Qichao", comparing him to an owl who only ate his parents, and reprimanding him in a poem: "The owl eats its mother and eats its father, and fights with tigers to keep the pass. Feng Meng bows and shoots arrows, sitting and watching the sun shed tears. " Kang Youwei expressed his anger at his disciple Liang Qichao through this poem.
After they quarreled openly and made friends, Liu Haisu and others actively mediated between them, and their relationship eased. 1922, Kang Youwei's original wife died in Shanghai, and Liang Qichao went to mourn, but this only maintained the relationship between teachers and students. 1927, Kang Youwei celebrated his 70th birthday, and his disciples gathered in Shanghai to celebrate his birthday. Although Liang Qichao was here in the future, the client sent Shoulian and Shouwen. In the birthday couplets, Liang Qichao compared Kang Youwei to Confucius, who loved Kang Youwei very much and called him a "saint". In Shou Wen, Liang Qichao fondly recalled his early experience of studying in a 10,000-acre thatched cottage and the sincere feelings between his younger brothers, thanked the teacher for his kindness, and spoke highly of Kang Youwei's influence at that time and later.
The festive atmosphere of the birthday is not over yet. In March, 3 1 year, Kang Youwei died of illness in Qingdao. Liang Qichao was very sad after hearing the news. Seeing that the depression behind him was extremely pitiful, he quickly wired hundreds of dollars as a gift. /kloc-in April of 0/7, Liang Qichao and his disciples from Kangmen held a spiritual sacrifice in Beijing and read the eulogy with tears. In this emotional eulogy, Liang Qichao affirmed Kang Youwei's early historical contributions, but also gently criticized his mistakes in restoring the imperial system.
In his later years, the relationship between Kang Youwei and his disciple Liang Qichao eased, but the sincere friendship between teachers and students on the surface could not hide their differences in political stance. In his later years, Kang Youwei still did not learn from the failure of Pu Yi's restoration and continued to advocate the restoration of Confucius. 1924, 10 year123 October, Puyi was driven out of the Forbidden City by Feng Yuxiang, but Kang Youwei accused him: "How can we build a country with soldiers searching the palace?" Despite his advanced age and weak body, he rushed from Shanghai to Puyi's residence in Tianjin, Bird to "see the sacred bow". On Puyi's birthday, Kang Youwei went to Bird to celebrate his birthday. On the day before Kang Youwei's 70th birthday, Puyi sent someone to send him a plaque and a jade handle to congratulate him. Kang Youwei was flattered. "I immediately set up an incense table and thanked God for facing north."
He called the great revolutionary movement that flourished at that time riots and "Russianization". Even on the eve of his death, he called the reactionary warlord Zhang Zongchang and asked him to pre-empt and "use heavy troops" against the Northern Expeditionary Army approaching Shanghai.
Compared with Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao opposed restoration and retrogression, maintained * * * and pursued constitutionalism. He thinks that history is progressing, and the feudal monarchy can't reappear in China. Since the abdication of the Qing emperor, "I dare say that Qian Qian, the signboard of the Republic of China that has been hung up, will never be picked up again. Let you be as wise as Yao Shun, as violent as Qin Shihuang and Ming Taizu, and as cunning as Cao Cao and Sima Yi. Although there are still all kinds of darkness in the Republic of China, it is not a real Republic of China, but it is better than the feudal monarchy. He firmly believes that the social trend is mighty and indomitable, and the Republic of China is more progressive than feudalism. This view is much more progressive than Kang Youwei's restoration theory.
What is the reason for the resentment between Kang and Liang?
Liang Qichao once looked for reasons from the aspects of thought, personality and way of thinking, and thought that Kang Youwei was "subjective in everything, extremely confident and determined." It is either a contempt for objective facts or it will be strong enough to come with me. "It should be said that Liang Qichao's analysis has some truth.
Why only scold Kang Youwei and not Liang Qichao?
Kang Youwei, formerly known as Zuyi, whose real name is Guangsha, whose real name is Chang Su, also known as Geng _, Xiqiao Mountain, You Cunzuo and Tian, was born in Danzaosu Village, Nanhai County, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, and was called Kang Nanhai, an important politician, thinker, educator and representative of bourgeois reformism in China in the late Qing Dynasty.
Kang Youwei's most famous educational theory is the specific viewpoint elaborated in the book of great harmony, so I won't talk about it one by one. Personally, I have doubts about the mother-child relationship in Kang Youwei's Great Harmony Book.
Kang Youwei designed an integrated education system including the People's Hospital. Nurseries, Children's Home, small colleges, middle schools and universities.
Despise the relationship between parents and children
Among them, people's hospital refers to prenatal education for pregnant women. After weaning, babies are sent to nurseries and they are sent to child-friendly homes until they are three years old. Among them, there is little contact with mother, and most of them rely on staff, so the relationship between children and parents is extremely weak. Ignoring the most fundamental affection and love between mother and child, human nature is shallow. In fact, Kang Youwei's idea of such a way is also related to himself. He was born in a bureaucratic family, and his affection for the family may have been weak since he was a child. Because there are many children, he can't fully enjoy his parents' love.
Love chaos-wife across three countries
Kang Youwei had six wives in his life, including China, Japanese and American. He didn't advocate anything like Liang Qichao and set an example. Although he advocated it, he did not restrain himself. All of the above can be understood to some extent, because it has a certain historical and class nature.
Betray the motherland
If all the above are considered trivial, then betraying the country is a big deal. During the Reform Movement of 1898, many reform measures put forward by Kang Youwei, including building railways, running education, building weapons and buying ships, all needed a lot of money. Where did the money come from? Kang Youwei suggested to Emperor Guangxu that Tibet should be sold to Britain and Xinjiang to Russia.
In his eyes, not only Tibet and Xinjiang can be sold, but Qinghai and Mongolia should also be sold, because these places are useless to China. In order to sell land, Kang Youwei even gave an example to Emperor Guangxu, saying that Japan sold Sakhalin Island to Russia, and Russia sold Alaska to the United States in order to raise internal funds. Selling land was nothing at all.
In a word, the world criticizes Kang Youwei more than praises him.
Liang Qichao married six wives in his life.
In Liang Qichao's life, there are mainly several women, such as, He, and so on.
Li Huixian
In the fifteenth year of Guangxu, Liang Qichao 17 years old. He took part in this year's Guangdong provincial examination and won the prize in autumn, ranking eighth, becoming a juren. Examiner Li Duan cherishes his youth and talent and betrothed his cousin Li Huixian to him. Huixian is four years older than Liang Qichao. Two years later, they got married. The following summer, Liang Qichao and his wife Li returned to their hometown.
Liang Jia has been farming for generations, and his family is not well off. What Li Huixian abandoned was not Liang's poverty, but her husband's talent. Still extremely filial, he worked hard day and night, won the love of Liang family, and also won the reputation of being a good wife and mother in the village. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Cixi ordered the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi to arrest Liang Qichao's family, and Liang Jia took refuge in Macao to avoid a catastrophe. Liang Qichao fled to Japan alone and began his exile for more than ten years. It has become the pillar of the entire Liang family.
In the Republic of China 13 September 13, Li Huixian died of an incurable disease. Liang Qichao wrote an affectionate article Ode to Ms. Liang. Wen yue: my virtue is flawed and honest with you; How difficult it is for me to be born, please help me; I have doubts, you can blame your business; I have a banquet, you write Junzang; I have troubles, you make me healthy; I worked hard outside and forgot because of your enthusiasm; I sing He Jun, and I praise Yang Jun; I lost my husband today. I just lost my mind.
The difference between Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao
Who is more influential, Liang Qichao or Kang Youwei, cannot be answered by comparison.
Kang and Liang played the same role when they jointly carried out the reform and reform. Although the reform failed in the end, it played the role of ideological enlightenment. In the Revolution of 1911, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao became royalists, which was of reactionary significance.
In contrast, Liang Qichao is more courageous than Kang Youwei. After Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Liang still advocated constitutional monarchy, but clearly opposed Yuan Shikai's proclaimed himself emperor. Judging from the historical contribution, Liang Qichao's "New History" obviously has milestone significance and great influence.
Extended data:
Liang Qichao is good at explaining major current issues and profound truths in simple and fluent words. His articles are often full of emotion and very inspiring. His bold attack on feudal autocracy and vigorous propaganda on western capitalist system had great appeal among intellectuals at that time.
Even a famous scholar like Yan Fu commented that "being an official document pen is self-sufficient. Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, there have been many achievements in newspaper writing, and a piece of paper is one of the shrugs. " Thanks to Liang Qichao's participation, The Times's influence expanded rapidly, and its sales volume reached more than 10,000 copies in a few months, which was "unprecedented since China had a newspaper". Liang Qichao's reputation is also growing.