The meaning of leisurely seeing Nanshan under the east fence of chrysanthemum picking means picking chrysanthemums where chrysanthemums are planted in the east, and inadvertently seeing the mountain peaks in the south in the distance.

The source of the work

comes from the fifth of Twenty Drinking Poems, which is a group of five-character poems written by Tao Yuanming, a writer in the late Jin Dynasty and early Song Dynasty.

With the theme of drinking, these twenty poems express the author's feelings and views on history, reality and life, express the author's dissatisfaction with reality and love for rural life, and fully show the author's noble and proud moral sentiment and life interest of being poor and happy. The combination of poetry and wine makes the author naturally reveal the deep natural state of life and reflect a unique aesthetic realm.

The original work

Drinking (the fifth)

[ Wei and Jin Dynasties] Tao Yuanming

build house is in a human environment, but there are no cars and horses.

what can you do? The heart is far from self-centered.

under the east fence of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely.

the weather is getting better every day, and the birds are returning.

there is a real meaning in this, and I have forgotten to say it if I want to distinguish it.

translation of works

Living in the world, there is no noise of horses and chariots.

ask me why? As long as you aim high, you will naturally feel that your place is secluded.

picking chrysanthemums under the east hedge, leisurely, the distant Nanshan comes into view.

The smell in the mountains and the scenery in the evening are very good. There are birds coming back with their companions.

It contains the true meaning of life. I want to identify it, but I don't know how to express it.

Notes to the work

1. build house: Building a house, which means living here.

2. The noise of chariots and horses refers to the noise of secular communication.

3. Jun: refers to the author himself.

4. He Nenger: Why? Joel: So, so.

5. Dongli (dōng lí): A place where chrysanthemums are planted, which is often referred to as chrysanthemum garden by later generations.

6, carefree: the appearance of complacency.

7. See: see (read jiàn), verb.

8. Nanshan: refers to mountain peaks in general, and refers to Lushan Mountain when it is mentioned.

9. Evening: evening.

1. Facies: Intersection and companionship.

11. phase and return: return together.

creative background

Tao Yuanming's group poem "Twenty Poems of Drinking" is not a work of rejoicing after drinking, but a poet's dissatisfaction with reality and his love for rural life with the theme of drinking, in order to escape persecution through drunkenness in a very sinister environment at that time. In his twentieth poem, he wrote, "But if you hate many fallacies, you should forgive people", which shows his good intentions.

Tao Yuanming's era was that of aristocratic men. The politics was dark, the officialdom was corrupt, and it was easy to get him killed. He felt the sinister world and the hardships of life, but he didn't want to bow down for Wudoumi. Finally, in the first year of Yixi (45), when he was forty-one, he became a Peng Zeling for more than 8 days, then abandoned his official position and retired to the garden, and he no longer became an official. Due to the long-term social division and unrest, coupled with the extravagance of the rulers, many literati who dared to criticize the state affairs were killed innocently. Therefore, at that time, scholars were afraid to talk about politics, and all they did was to avoid politics. Some of them expressed that they had no political ambitions by traveling around the mountains, retiring from official positions, drinking too much and talking openly about metaphysics, so as to avoid being suspected by the rulers and causing personal injury. This abnormal social atmosphere caused by the unpredictable dark reality can't help but affect Tao Yuanming, who was born in a ruined noble family. From the time he first went out to offer a drink in Jiangzhou at the age of 29 to the time he went to Peng Zeling at the age of 41, he lived in seclusion for several times before and after, and actually became an official for less than three years, so his ideal spark was fleeting in the dark reality. Therefore, he used the intoxicating language to accuse the dark society, expose the political crisis, and despise hypocrisy and secularism.

There is a preface before the group poem "Twenty Drinks", which is an important material for studying Tao Yuanming's thought and creation. It can be seen that the poet wrote the poem "Drinking" in a state of extreme loneliness and pain. "There are so many papers and ink that there is no room for resignation", which shows that there is a process of gradual accumulation from less to more, not for a moment, but for the poet to express his thoughts and feelings accumulated in his chest at ordinary times by the most appropriate opportunity of "being drunk".

Up to now, there is no conclusion about the writing age of Twenty Drinking Songs. There have always been six theories: Gui Mao in the second year of Yuanxing (43), Jia Chen in the third year of Yuanxing (44), Jia Yin in the tenth year of Yixi (414), Bingwu in the second year of Yixi (46), Yixi in the twelfth year (416, 417) and Yixi in the fourteenth year (418).

Appreciation of Works

Twenty Poems of Drinking by Tao Yuanming, though titled "Drinking", contains rich and complicated ideological contents.

first, concern and criticism of social reality. This kind of poem accounts for about half of the poems in Drinking. This fact eloquently shows that Tao Yuanming is not detached from the world, detached from things and indifferent to reality as people usually say. The first poem "Drinking" expresses his infinite feelings about the turbulent and unpredictable political situation. Decline and glory are uncertain, and each other is more * * *. Shaosheng was born in the melon field, rather like Dongling. There is metabolism in cold and heat, and humanity is like this. People can understand * * *, and there will be no doubt about death. From the superficial point of view, the poet is lamenting the changes of time series and the ups and downs of personnel, but in his bones, he reflects his concern and hidden worries about the current situation. Xiao Tong, Prince of Liang Zhaoming, said in the preface to Tao Yuanming's Collection that "current affairs can be thought of, and the arms are broad and true." This is very insightful. Tao Yuanming lives in troubled times. He is used to chaos and usurpation. During the period of his life, the power struggle within the Tokyo Sima ruling group broke out one after another and never stopped. At this time, Emperor Wu of Song, a new warlord who started by suppressing peasant uprisings and quelling civil strife, monopolized the military and political power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and was eager to stand on its own feet. On the eve of the Yi Dynasty in Jin and Song Dynasties, Tao Yuanming had a lot of thoughts and feelings, but he was unable to change this situation full of swords and shadows. Therefore, he had to drown his sorrows with wine, "suddenly with a strong drink, the day and night are happy." In the poem Drinking, Tao Yuanming not only expressed his anxiety and concern about the current situation, but also made the poet feel indignant and uneasy because of the dim social reality and the deterioration of moral atmosphere, which became the object of his repeated condemnation in his poems. There are many such examples, such as the second song, "Accumulated goodness is rewarded, and uncle Yi is in Xishan." If you don't report good and evil, what is empty? " He complains that the good and evil of society are not reported and the rewards and punishments are unknown. In the sixth song, "Thunder * * * destroys the same reputation", and in the seventh song, "Many grasses have no appearance", he accuses the society of not distinguishing right from wrong, and the virtuous and foolish are turned upside down. In addition, like the third song, "The Tao has been lost for a thousand years, and everyone cherishes its feelings", the twelfth song, "The secular world deceives each other" and the seventeenth song, "Birds waste their good bows", etc., they all criticize the disadvantages of the times. His cynical and indifferent character is beyond the common customs, and his thoughts, feelings and fighting spirit are similar to those of Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, who hates diseases as enemies and keeps himself clean. Although the two poets lived in different times and class positions, their respective situations were not exactly the same. One insisted on innovating politics, which was not tolerated by the conservative forces, and the other refused to associate with the secular world and abandoned his official position. However, their unyielding and uncompromising spirit of struggle and noble personality are consistent and come down in one continuous line. Although Tao Yuanming rarely mentioned Qu Yuan's name in Tao Collection, his influence by Qu Yuan was obvious and profound. This is not only reflected in the attitude towards real life, but also in the artistic expression. Rather than saying that Tao poetry "originated from Yu", it is better to say that in some ways it is more effective in Chu Ci, which seems to be more in line with the actual situation. In the twelfth poem "Drinking", Tao Yuanming criticized the feudal literati who were obsessed with the situation and fame and fortune. "Xi Nong went to me for a long time, and the world is less true. Draw lessons from the history of Shandong, and make it pure. Although the phoenix bird does not arrive, the ceremony and music are temporarily new. When the Jurassic stopped, it sounded slightly, and drifting caught the crazy Qin. What's the crime of poetry and calligraphy? Once it's dust. Just the old people, reduce their attentions for things. How to be beautiful, six people have no relatives. Driving away all day, I don't see what I want. If you don't drink quickly, empty your head towel. But hate is more fallacious, and you should be intoxicating. " The poet lamented that the simple and natural social atmosphere in the Xi 'nong era is gone forever, praised Confucius who was restless for returning the society to simplicity and purity, and Fu Sheng and Tian Sheng, the Han Confucian who gave lectures diligently for the Six Classics. At the same time, they also denounced the people without writing in the real society. They ignored Confucianism and were greedy for the new rich. There is no one who cares like Confucius anymore. At the end of the four sentences, I suddenly talked about drinking to cover up my inner anguish and anger. The poet is deeply disgusted with those shameless literati, but he has to socialize with them on the surface. In the thirteenth poem, it shows such a contradictory situation. Although the poet drinks with those people at the same table, because of their different ideological interests, they are often at odds with each other. They call themselves "awake", and Tao Yuanming also appears as a "drunk" person, making intoxicating remarks and giving each other a "smile when they are awake, and each of them will not receive his speech". The "drunk" and "awake" people are so uncoordinated that they are very humorous and funny. "When people are drunk, they are awake." The real awakers are not those who call themselves "awakers", but the poet Tao Yuanming. How can Tao Yuanming be slightly drunk? He is sober-minded and pays attention to social reality. He just looks at the world with "drunkenness".

Second, express the poet's noble and faithful personality and integrity. This kind of poems mostly use metaphor and symbol to express their aspirations. For example, the eighth song: "Qingsong is in the East Garden, and the grass has no posture. The frost is rare and heterogeneous, and it stands out from the high branches. Even the forest people don't realize that it is strange to be alone. " In China's ancient poems, since Confucius' famous saying "When you are cold, you will know the pine and cypress and then wither" came out, the pine and cypress have been used to symbolize noble character and integrity, and they have become accustomed to each other, which has not yet been answered. Tao Yuanming inherited this traditional technique of expression, and often compared himself with Qingsong in his poems. Such as "Fang Ju opens Lin Yao, Qing Song Guan Yan Lie" in "Two Master Books of He Guo". In the "Return to Home", "Solitude and Solitude" and so on. The same is true of the poem quoted above. The first four sentences of the poem are the true portrayal of the poet's self-image Its image of standing upright despite the cold is a portrayal of the poet's noble character of refusing to go along with the secular. When commenting on Tao Yuanming's poetry creation, Zhong Rong said, "Every time you look at his writing, you should think about his morality." In addition, Tao Yuanming also used the orchid as a metaphor. In the seventeenth poem, there is a sentence like this: "The orchid gives birth to the vestibule, and it contains the fragrance to wait for the breeze. See you in Xiao Aizhong when the breeze is gone. " He wants to be as elegant and clean as orchid from beginning to end, and he will never be as have it both ways and go with the flow as Xiao Ai. Here, the comparison between Youlan and Xiao Ai, like the previous poem Qingsong and Zhongcao, contains the meaning of criticizing the dark reality of burying talents and reversing right and wrong under the strict gate system. Although the significance of this criticism is not as eloquent and bitter as some poems in Bao Zhao's Quasi-it is hard to go,' it still reflects the difficult situation of many upright literati in the feudal society of China who have failed to meet their talents and suffered for life.

Third, show the poet's determination to retire to the end and never give up halfway. How can we maintain a noble and faithful character and get rid of the dirt? In Tao Yuanming's view, the only effective way is to stay away from officialdom and retire to the countryside. In the poem "Drinking", there are many poems that reflect his state of mind.

1. The poet carefully and painfully recalled his life path. He said: "Young people are rare and swim well in the Six Classics. Benevolence is not confusing, and stay for a long time has achieved nothing. Actually, I am holding on to the festival of poverty, and I am even more hungry and cold. " (the sixteenth song) "I was suffering from hunger in the past, so I went to study as an official. I will not be able to support myself, and I will be frozen and bound up. It's time to set up a new year, but I'm ashamed of my ambition. So I tried my best to divide it, and finally died in the field. Ran Ran star airflow, graceful and restored. The world is long, so Yang Zhu stops. " In his youth, the poet was full of vigor and vitality, respected the Six Classics and had great ambition to help the world. After several rounds in the official career, his ideal was shattered. This made him very painful, but he didn't want to follow the world, so he "finally returned to the fields" and embarked on the road of resigning and retiring. The so-called "ambition is so shameful" and "the world is so long, so Yang Zhu stopped" are based on the dark and turbid social reality at that time, and also reveal some real reasons for his "fleeing from Lu to farming".

2. After returning to the field, Tao Yuanming not only has to eliminate the attacks of public opinion, but also has to overcome many difficulties in life. Tao Yuanming's abandonment of his official position and his return to the field was not understood by people who were confined to secular views, and attracted a lot of criticism and ridicule. He talked about this in the article "Sacrificing my brother to respect the distant future": "I have tasted learning to be an official, lingering in personnel, wandering without success, afraid of losing my ambition, and returning from the strategy, and I know what I want. I am always willing to join hands and discuss it. " In the face of criticism and ridicule from the secular world, the poet's attitude is to "set aside other people's opinions" and take his own road. In the poem "Drinking", he not only angrily pointed out that "there are thousands of things to do, but who knows right and wrong" and said that he wanted to "talk for a long time, please leave me alone". Tao Yuanming's thought and behavior of putting aside criticism and ridicule, resolutely "staying in seclusion" and staying in seclusion all the time requires a little courage and courage. About the life of this period, the poet described it like this: "Poor people live in poverty, and shrubs are barren." There are flying birds in the class, and there is no trace. " (15) Because of poor family and lack of manpower, my house also presents a desolate and desolate scene. This kind of poor life is written more concretely and vividly in the sixteenth poem: "I am even more hungry and cold." Bad company in hentai, weeds have no vestibule. Keep the night in brown, and the morning chicken won't crow. " It is impossible to write such a language without suffering from hunger and cold. Tao Yuanming deserves to be a strong man in life. Poverty and embarrassment not only did not crush him, but tempered him stronger. "I have got my place, and it will not be violated for a thousand years." Some well-intentioned people, out of concern for the poet, also advised him to be an official, but he refused. "Smell knocking at the door in the morning, and pour the petticoats into the open. Ask the son who is soft, and Tian Fu has a good heart. The pot pulp is far-sighted, and it is doubtful that I will be good with the times. Under the eaves of Xuan Jian's wisp of grass, it is not enough to live high. I will be in Shang Tong all my life, and I hope you can park your mud. I am deeply impressed by my father's words, and I feel that my anger is not harmonious. The fiber bun can be learned sincerely, but it is not a mystery to curse yourself. And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. " The "father Tian" in the poem may be a real person, or it may be a poet's disguise. Tao Yuanming is grateful for the kindness of "Tian Fu". But it is unacceptable for poets to ask him to be an official.

3. Tao Yuanming refuses to go up and down with the secular world, but insists on poverty. What kind of power is this to support him? Looking through the Collection of Tao Yuanming, there are many reasons. And one of them is to gain spiritual strength from the ancient sages of Gao Yin. This is very important and cannot be ignored. This is the reason why he repeatedly mentioned Shang Shan Si Hao, Bo Yi Shu Qi, Confucius Yan Hui, Rong Qi period and Yang Yilun and Zhang Zhi in Han Dynasty in his poem Drinking. Among the above figures, some are famous hermits, some are the ancestors of Confucianism, and some are models of caring for the poor and being happy. They are all figures that Tao Yuanming sincerely admires and worships. Sometimes, poets sing praises for them to catch high morals and bright festivals: "The elder male was once an official, but the stronger festival suddenly lost its time.". Dumen will not come back and die for life. Zhongli returned to osawa, and the high wind began here. " (No.12) Sometimes, poets complain loudly about their rough experiences: "Yan Sheng is called benevolence, and Rong Gong speaks well. If you don't get a year in the palace, you will be hungry until you are old. " (No.11) Tao Yuanming carried out the dead in history,