1, political poems

Li Shangyin is a poet who cares about politics, which is more prominent in his early years, such as Ding An Tieta written by him at the age of 26:

"High city hundred feet building all the way, outside the green poplar branches to the best of Tingzhou.

Jia Sheng cried when he was young, but RoyceWong went further for a spring outing.

I often yearn for the freedom of the old people in the rivers and lakes after retirement, and I want to travel to a different world.

I don't know that a rotten death of a mouse has become delicious, and I don't know that a proud love has become suspicion. "

From this famous sentence once praised by Wang Anshi, we can see his concern for the national luck in the late Tang Dynasty and his great ambition in his career. This sentiment is also evident in other early poems. At the age of 25, he wrote "Hundred Rhymes in the Western Suburbs", which is a long political poem. Although art is not enough, it reflects a wider reality. The author writes that the rural scene he saw in the western suburbs of Chang 'an at that time was: "Mongolian oak grows in Gaotian and Jing Ke grows in Xia Tian. Farm tools abandon the road and hungry cows die. When Yi Yi crossed the village, there was no room in ten rooms. " Through the words of farmers, he stated the changes of farmers' life after the rebellion from Zhenguan Kaiyuan to Anshi. The poet put forward Ren Xian's thought of benevolent government from the comparison between the past and the present, and pointed out that the political chaos "lies in people, not in heaven". All these have certain progressive significance. He was also angry and dissatisfied with the dark politics of eunuch dictatorship at that time. Eunuchs killed thousands of people, including Prime Minister Wang Ya, in the nectar incident. He wrote two "feeling" and three "feeling again", the latter poem is particularly sad:

"Jade tent tooth flag upstream, security must be * * *.

Dou Rongbiao has come to the right, and Tao Kanjun should take the stone.

Are you worried about the dehydrated dragon? No more eagles and high autumn.

Crying day and night is hidden, and sooner or later the stars turn off the snow and cry?

Under the influence of eunuchs, many poets at that time did not dare to express their opposition directly, and some even listened to eunuchs. But the young Li Shangyin still called for punishing eunuchs from the perspective of national security. This courage is commendable. He also opposed Pan Zhen's separatist regime in Jingshui and Hanbei.

2. Epic ode

Li Shangyin also wrote many poems about history and expressed his views on political issues in a tortuous way. These poems mainly satirize the extravagance of emperors in history and introduce them to Yin Jian in reality. Such as "Beiqi" poem:

"When Zhou Shi entered Jinyang, no one thanked him."

Sui Palace Poems:

"Spring breeze cuts palace brocade all over the country, half of which is mud and half is sail." Satire is extremely vivid and intense.

The poem "Fuping Shaohou":

"Don't report the intrusion in the morning, the new beauty is Mochow." Tang Jingzong, who was obsessed with women and didn't care about state affairs, was implicitly satirized by chanting history. Some hymns about history are based on the feeling that they have no talent.

For example, Jia Sheng:

"Xuan seeks the virtuous ministers in the room to visit, and Jia is even more incoherent.

Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. "

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, known as a wise man, summoned Jia Yi without asking the whole people. He was born in a chaotic era. What better way out? With his political frustration, there are fewer poems that care about reality, and more poems lament the personal decline and the decline of the world in a melancholy and sentimental style, such as Ye Zaishu:

"Where life is not wandering? In the war years, the short separation also made people say goodbye.

In the distance, the envoys of the distant imperial court have descended from the sky, and the imperial army is stationed in nearby Songzhou.

The drunken guests in my seat invited me to drink, and the bright clouds on the river were mixed with thick black rain clouds, fluctuating like the current social unrest.

Originally, the boss had nothing to do. In Chengdu, wine can also be used to kill his old age, not to mention that a beautiful woman like Zhuo Wenjun became Lu wine. "

Although there is still concern about the border issue in the poem, the humility can't be concealed. Another example is his quatrains in Le You Tomb:

"With the dusk shadow in my heart, I drove through the grave of the music friend.

Sunset, infinitely beautiful, only near dusk. "

This sunset, which will disappear in the blink of an eye, not only symbolizes his personal decline, but also symbolizes the demise of the Tang Empire. Other short poems, such as "Visiting Cui Yong and Cuizhou in the Snail Pavilion", say, "Autumn frost flies late, so stay in the Netherlands to listen to the rain."

The poem "Drunk under the Flowers" says: "When guests wake up late at night, they will even light red candles to enjoy the residual flowers." It is also such a dark and low eschatological sound, which is quite different from his early works.

3. Love Poems (Untitled Poems)

In Li Shangyin's works, his love poems are widely read. This kind of poem is either untitled or based on two sentences in the article. Untitled poetry is a great creation of Li Shangyin. It is said that there are two main reasons why this poem was named Untitled: First, it is not convenient to tell people at that time about the love between men and women written in the poem; Second, because Li Shangyin lived in the middle of the struggle between Niu and Li, he hated cronies, so whenever he had political feelings, he dragged the affair between men and women up. In order to avoid suspicion, he simply named the poem untitled.

This kind of "untitled" poems, the writing age has been impossible to verify, and the related skills are unknown. Old commentators used to say that it was political. Some people think that the author is frustrated politically and ask the powerful minister for help. Some people think that Prime Minister Li Deyu was demoted to Yazhou (now Hainan Island), and the author wrote poems to express his admiration and sympathy. However, these speculations are based on insufficient evidence. Now we generally think that these poems are purely about the love between men and women.

Li Shangyin's Seven Laws, represented by Untitled, sublated Bai Yuan's interest in the event itself and turned it into a symbol of the soul, that is, his tragic life experience and psychology into a symbolic picture. It not only has vividness and richness of image, but also has obscurity and abstraction of connotation, thus obtaining rich suggestibility and arousing readers' association in many aspects. However, its profound content, hazy artistic conception, symbolic technique, exquisite language and tortuous aftertaste opened up the realm of poetry from the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties. Of Li Shangyin's seven wonders, Guan Shiming said that he "has a deep and implicit idea, making things stable and pleasing, and wants to make innovations besides his predecessors." (Take Reading Poems in Snow Mountain House as an example). For example, the poem Le Garden Scenic Area expresses the poet's dying feelings, which is also a symbol of the times.

Li Shangyin is good at reciting history, and his quatrains of reciting history mostly use the works of Xiaozhi, or the method of picking up a little, which has a high satirical art, such as Qigong Ci:

"Yongshou soldiers came at night, and Jinlian did not copy the atrium. Brother Liang is on the night shift, so you ring nine bells in the wind. "

Regarding untitled poems, Li Shangyin himself once explained: "Blame your grandson and grass, and use beauty to describe a gentleman." (Xie Hedong He Gong Shi Qi). He added, "Chu Yu is affectionate." (Zizhou). However, it seems that some of these poems may have other sustenance, such as Jinse, which is more of a romantic work with a capable background. The authors of these techniques have not been made public, and we don't need to pursue them in vain. These poems are intertwined with his complex feelings of hope, disappointment and despair for love, such as the following two untitled poems written in different periods:

The stars were bright last night, but there was a cool breeze at midnight. Our banquet is on the side of Hualou Temple and the east of the county. Without Cai Feng's wings, it is impossible to be Qi Fei in fly with me; The heart is like a soul, and the feelings are the same.

Guessing and intrigue, wine warms the heart; This group of people came to the bet of drinking friends, and a win-lose red in candlelight. Alas, it's time to call the roll in the morning when you hear the drums of the fifth watch; Riding to Lantai is like the wind in the wind.

It was a long time ago that I met her, but since we separated, the time has become longer, the east wind is blowing and a hundred flowers are blooming. Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night.

In the morning, she saw her hair cloud changing in the mirror, but she bravely faced the cold of the moonlight with her evening song. There are not many roads to Pengshan. Oh, Bluebird, listen! -Give me what she said! .

These two poems are masterpieces of his love poems. The first shows that although men and women have reached a tacit understanding of love through the heavy curtain of feudal ethics, they have also brought greater pain in failing to achieve their wishes. The vivid and clear memories of various details are closely related to this joy and pain. In the latter poem, persistent love shows incomparable strength on the edge of despair. The words "silkworm, wax torch" have become the swan song to describe love. The last four sentences, written about the deep consideration for the woman, the distance between us, and the elusive hope, are also deeply touching. These poems typically show the hidden and unspeakable love life characteristics of literati in feudal times. On the one hand, they face forward love, on the other hand, they are worried about feudal ethics. Therefore, these poems are completely different from the book of songs and Yuefu folk songs, which show strong resistance.

Untitled (long before I met her, but longer after we broke up) is a very affectionate love poem. Due to the misfortune of Li Shangyin's life, the love he sang was particularly complicated and profound, graceful and implicit. This poem mainly expresses the sadness and pain of lovers when they leave, the lingering and persistent acacia, and the pursuit of good wishes.

This poem is also a poem about love in feudal society. The first four sentences describe a pair of lovers who worked hard to meet each other, but had to be forced to separate in a difficult situation. And it was late spring, the spring breeze was weak, and the flowers withered, which was even more sad. They have to express their determination to love each other forever in the old place. The last four sentences express the pain of missing after leaving, and also express the desire to overcome obstacles.

The whole poem is lyrical and has the characteristics of circuitous and profound. The word "difficult" in the first sentence has a lingering meaning, and the second sentence sets off the feeling of parting from the late spring scenery, which makes the sadness multiply. The words "Spring Silkworm" express their loyalty to love from their own side. The word "Xiao Jing" is used by others, trying to find out that lovers are also immersed in the pain of lovesickness. As a result, poetry is deeper. Two hearts are so connected, so considerate. Doesn't it show the sincerity and singleness of love? The last two sentences use myths and legends to express the desire to visit because they are separated from each other, which echoes the first sentence at a distance. "Silkworms will weave until they die in spring, and candles will drain the wick every night." There are two famous sayings that have been passed down by people. The poet uses traditional metaphor to express the depth of lovesickness and loyalty to love with two symbolic images: silk of spring silkworm and tears of wax torch. The image is appropriate and meaningful.

The whole poem can be divided into four parts, and every two sentences of the poem are a lyric level. The first couplet is written in lyrical style about the pain of parting; Zhuan Xu compared himself to a silkworm and a candle, and wrote his loyalty to love. The neckline changes its angle and pushes itself to others, because the poet's own love for each other is unforgettable; Although antithetical couplets focus on something, their internal relations are very close. They always revolve around "emotion" and "thinking", interweave complex and rich feelings such as sadness, wishes and hope from different angles, deepen and reciprocate at different levels, effectively highlighting the theme of the poem.

Fifthly, the artistic features of Li Shangyin's untitled poems.

Li Shangyin's untitled poem has a plot that is difficult to grasp. In the past, many commentators either felt sorry for Li Shangyin's love or felt deeply about their own life experiences. I think the author just wrote a mood, lurking or even jumping between the lines from time to time. It's even hard for him to talk about it himself, so he named it Untitled. It can be said that he dissolved too much, and his experience gave birth to his complicated experience. It can also be said that he has nothing, because the streams of life have already merged and it is difficult to separate. Sometimes you can't tell where an emotion comes from. For example, in the poem "Jinse", it is only melancholy, and "melancholy", like the landscape in the landscape poem, has become the center of the author's chanting. Among Li Shangyin's works, his love poems are the most famous. This kind of poem is either untitled or based on two sentences in the article. Untitled poetry is one of Li Shangyin's great creations.