In 208 AD, Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Biao was seriously ill, and Sun Quan stepped up the opportunity to attack Jingzhou. Liu Bei, who took refuge in Liu Biao and was stationed in Xinye, also expanded his army to tens of thousands under the pretext of resisting Cao Cao and Sun Quan, and ordered Guan Yu to train the water army in Fankou, ready to rob Jingzhou. Liu Yi, the eldest son of Liu Biao, was forced into Xiakou by his stepmother Chua's family. In August, Liu Zong, the second son of Liu Biao, died of illness. With the support of his powerful uncle Cai Mao and his brother Zhang Yun Kuai Yue, he led an army to quickly defeat Liu Bei's defenders and surrendered to Cao Cao from Liu Zong at the suggestion of Wang Shen, Kuai Yue and Cai Mao. Liu Bei tried to occupy Nanjun (Jiangling) and relied on a lot of materials there to resist Cao Cao; When Cao Cao learned of Liu Bei's intentions, he personally led 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue Liu Bei in the starry night. Because a large number of troops followed Liu Bei south, Cao Jun tried to catch up with Liu Jun in Changban, Dangyang, while Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang had retreated to Xiakou ahead of schedule, Liu Jun was defeated, and Liu Bei and Zhao Yun were "immune"; Liu Bei had no choice but to change his mind and return to Xiakou. After Cao Cao captured Jiangling, he captured and surrendered 8 counties in Jingzhou, and Liu Zongshui and his army surrendered 65,438+10,000 people. Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to form an alliance with Sun Quan. After listening to the analysis of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan decided to resist Cao and ordered Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Cheng Pu to take more than 30,000 water troops to fight Liu Bei. 165438+ In October, Cao Cao led more than 65438+ 10,000 troops to attack Liu Bei; Cao Cao's water army met Sun Liu's allied army at Chibi. After Cao Cao led the main force to arrive, the army was stationed in Wulin. Due to acclimatization, Cao Jun was seriously infected with schistosomiasis. In order to overcome the shortcomings of Cao Jun's inadaptability to water combat, Cao Cao ordered that most ships be connected with iron cables to form a disastrous "serial ship" in the future. Zhou Yu, Huang Gai and others found that the serial ship had a fatal weakness that it was not easy to avoid fire, and decided to attack with fire; Usually the north wind blows in winter, but due to the climate problem in the south of the Yangtze River, the southeast wind blows abnormally for several days every June+February in 5438. Zhou Yu and Huang Gai used a "dangerous trick" to facilitate arson, and Cao Cao was deceived. On a night when the north wind turned to the southeast wind, Huang Gai faked his surrender and successfully set fire to it. Cao Jun was in chaos and the Coalition forces took the opportunity to attack. Cao Jun was burned to death, drowned and surrendered. Under the protection of Sineitai, Cao Cao fled back to Jiangling from Huarong Road. In order to prevent warships from falling into allied hands, Cao Cao ordered all warships of other camps to be set on fire. At the same time, Sun Quan went south to attack Hefei, but Cao Cao had no choice but to order Zhang Liao, Le Jin and Li Dian to attack Hefei at night. Only Coss and Huang Xushou stayed in Jiangling and went back to Xuchang. A year later, Cao Cao ordered Coss and Huang Xu to leave Jiangling to defend Xiangyang and Fancheng, and most of Jingzhou fell into the hands of Liu Bei and Sun Quan. In 2009, Sun Quan attacked Hefei from the eastern front, but was blocked by Liu Fu. Cao Cao's army of 65,438+/kloc-0,000 was defeated by Sun Liulian's army of only 50,000-60,000. The main reason is that the epidemic of schistosomiasis and acclimatization make the northern army lose its fighting capacity, and Cao Cao's arrogance and underestimation of the enemy are the main subjective reasons. The allies made full use of all the advantages, so victory was a matter of course. Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Cao's water army lost, and after Battle of Red Cliffs, the strength of Liu Bei and Sun Quan increased greatly. Cao Cao lost the opportunity to unify China in a short time, which had a considerable impact on later generations.
3 The Battle of Hanba In 2 15 AD, Cao Cao led 5000 troops with Zhang He Zhu Ling as the pioneer. He set out from Chencang with an army of 65,438+10,000 troops. Zhang Lu offered to surrender to Cao Cao. His brothers Zhang Wei, General Yang Ang and other powerful factions resolutely opposed Zhang Wei Yang Ang and led tens of thousands of people to stick to Yangpingguan. So Cao Cao decided to pretend to retreat and confuse Zhang Wei. Zhang Weisui immediately ordered the defenders to storm by night, because the defenders were weak and relaxed. Ping said that those who lost Yang Ang and died in battle continued to attack other camps, which shocked thousands of nights on the mountain. Night Mi rushed into Zhang Wei's camp, causing everyone to scream. Cao Cao thought that Wei Zhang was fighting back, so he ordered Xia Houdun, Chu Xu and other generals to attack on a large scale. Zhang Qian was defeated, so he surrendered and seized Yangpingguan, which reflected Cao Cao's artistic talent in military command. Zhang Lu once again offered to surrender, which was opposed by Yan Pu, so Zhang Lu sealed off and went to Ba County. Knowing that Zhang Lu was willing to surrender, Cao Cao bribed the Ba leaders with high officials and generous salaries. Zhang Lu had no choice but to surrender. Cao Cao also ordered Xia, Zhang He to catch March 8th. At the same time, the rebels in Guanzhong and the candidates also surrendered to Cao Cao, so Cao Cao occupied Hanzhong and Ba County.
Liu Bei learned that Cao Cao had conquered Hanba, and Badong, the capital of Hanba, was a great threat to himself. Sun Quan also wanted to launch an offensive in Hefei to seize Huainan, so the two sides divided Jingzhou. So Liu Bei ordered Huang Quan to capture March 8th and kill Du Huo, the leader of Ba nationality who took refuge in Cao Cao. Cao Cao ordered Zhang He to counterattack Qin Dongba and move the people to Hanzhong. Cao Cao was defeated by Zhang Fei for more than 50 days. After taking a series of measures to stabilize Hanba, Xia and others were left to return to Luoyang (whether it was appropriate to continue attacking Liu Bei), and 80 thousand people were used. After Liu Bei concentrated his forces, he first attacked Wudu with Zhang Fei, Ma Chao and Wu Lan, and stopped Guanzhong Army from reinforcing Hanzhong at any time in the next area. Then he led Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun and others to attack the Yangping Pass under Xia's command. Cao Cao immediately ordered Cao Hong and Cao Xiu (formerly Cao Zhi was the commander-in-chief, because Cao Pi-) to reinforce Hanzhong, and the next meeting was a fierce battle with Liu Beijun, which broke through Ulan, and Ulan escaped into the level tone and was killed by the local people. After that, he defeated Ma Chao and Zhang Fei, and put down Ding Lei, the local leader who responded to Liu Bei. Liu Bei turned to Zhuge Liang for help. Zhuge Liang called for "men should fight and women should be lucky" and concentrated on supporting the front line to the maximum extent. The situation was quite unfavorable to Cao Cao. He personally stationed in Chang 'an and ordered Coss to pacify the garrison of Wancheng, which surrendered to Guan Yu. Liu Bei adopted the correct strategy, mobilized half of Xia's troops to reinforce Zhang He, and then attacked Xia by night. The next morning, Liu Bei sent Huang Zhong to attack Xia, who was directing the repair of antlers, and Xia was killed. Zhang He was forced to fold down the beaten army and return to Yangpingguan. The situation became more and more serious. Cao Cao personally went to the front line of Hanzhong and ordered an attack on the pavilion where Chen was hiding, thus restoring the connection between Hanzhong and the city. Liu Bei ordered his men to hold their ground, harassed Cao Cao's supply line at the same time, and ordered Zhao Yun and Huang Zhong to sneak attack on Beishan, burning more than 10,000 bags of Cao Jun's hay. Cao Cao had no choice but to ask Cao Zhen to meet Cao Hong, give up Hanzhong and move tens of thousands of people back to Guanzhong. The result of the battle of Hanzhong basically determined the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
4 Guan Yu fell to Jingzhou in 2 18 10, and the people of Nanyang rebelled because they could not bear exploitation. Wan Shoujiang Hou Yin took the opportunity to rebel and sent a letter to Guan Yu for help. After Yin was slow to respond, he was captured and killed by Coss. 2 19 July, Guan Yu was inspired by Liu Bei's victory in Hanzhong, and Cao Cao went north to take Xiangfan to save Coss. At the same time, he ordered Huang Xu to lead his army to Wancheng. In August, mountain torrents broke out and drowned in the class, and so on. Guan Yu took the opportunity to attack Xiangyang with a partial general and personally attacked Fancheng, setting up a position in the north of Fancheng to prevent reinforcements from the northern Cao army; At the same time, people were sent to rebel against nearby counties, Jingzhou stabbed Hu Xiu and Nanxiang satrap Fu Fang to surrender, and some officials south of Xuchang also secretly assisted Guan Yu. Lu Hun, Sun Wolf, gathered people to make trouble and responded to the irony of Guan Yu and Ye Chengwei's coup. The so-called "Megatron China". Cao Cao listened to the opinions of Sima Yi, Jiang Ji and others and made an alliance with Sun Quan. At the same time, he ordered Huang Xu to lead an army to save Coss, and appointed Zhang Liao to help Coss quickly. Sun Quan deliberately sent Lu Xun to Lumeng. Guan Yu was careless, so he took away some defenders in Jingzhou. In October, Sun Quan appointed Lu Meng as the prefect and led an army to attack Jiangling. Sun Jiao then sent right-back Jiang Qin to supervise the water army into Mianshui (Hanshui) to stop Guan Yu from going down the river. Monroe went to Xunyang (now southwest of Huangmei, Hubei), disguised warships as merchant ships, and soldiers as businessmen, traveling day and night. To the public security, Fu Shiren, commander-in-chief of Shu, was forced to surrender, and then to Fu Shiren to persuade Mi Fang, commander-in-chief of Jiangling, to be kind to Guan Yu's family and release Wei Junbing who was captured by Guan Yu to comfort the people. At the same time, Lu Xun entered Yiling (now Yichang) to defend Liu Bei in the west. Huang Xu went to the front line and got in touch with Coss, which greatly boosted Coss' morale. In order to alienate Sun Liu and profit from it, the Ministry was ordered to shoot a letter from Sun Quan into Guan Yu's camp. Guan Yu saw it, hesitated, and his morale was shaken. Huang Xu took the opportunity to attack Guan Yu's stronghold, break Guan Yu and get through the Fancheng route. At that time, when the flood receded, Coss led the army to cooperate with Huang Xu to attack Guan Yu. Wen Pin cut off Guan Yu's route for providing foodstuff from the waterway, and Guan Yu was losing ground. Knowing that Jingzhou had been lost, Guan Yu quickly withdrew. When the soldiers learned that their families were treated well, their morale dropped sharply. Guan Yu was defeated by Maicheng.
5 The Battle of Yiling In 2 19 AD, Guan Yu was captured and killed by Monroe. Jingzhou belongs to Sun Quan. Liu Bei's forces east of Bashan all perished. In order to save vested interests and avenge Guan Yu, he ignored the minister's advice and decided to go east. Zhang Fei, a general riding a chariot, is now stationed in Jiangzhou, Sichuan. Zhang Fei was assassinated by the Ministry before he left. Zhuge Liang was still ordered to stay in Chengdu. Zhao Yun is the commander of Jiangzhou. In July, since the army marched eastward, it made peace with Wei and took the opportunity to make Sun Quan king of Wu, which aggravated the alienation between Sun and Liu. Sun Quan accepted the title of king, and appointed Lu Xun, the right-back army and general of Zhenxi, as the viceroy, commanding 50,000 people from Zhu Ran, Pan Zhang, Xu Sheng, Han Dang and Sun Huan to refuse the Shu army. General Buzhi of Pingrong led 10,000 troops to defend Yiyang (now Hunan) in an attempt to stop the indigenous tribes in Wuling (now western Hunan, eastern Guizhou and southwestern Hubei) from helping Shu. When 40,000 Shu soldiers attacked Wu (now Wushan, Sichuan) and Zigui (now Hubei), Lu Xun took the strategy of giving way first, concentrating his forces and fighting with cameras in view of the fact that the Shu army was strong, eager to win, and the terrain was unfavorable to him, so that the defenders Li Yi and Liu A led their troops back to Yiling City Pavilion (now the north branch of Hubei and the east bank of the Yangtze River) to defend the favorable terrain. In the first month of the following year, Liu Bei sent generals Wu Ban and Chen Shi to Yiling area to lock the west bank of Jiangdong. In February, I personally led the generals from Zigui to the south, passed through the rugged mountain road, entered the company camp of Yiling and Yidao (now Zhicheng), and led the No.1 pavilion; Take Huang Quan as the general of Zhenbei, supervise the armies from Jiangbei to Yiling North, and refuse Wu Jun to prevent Wei Jun from attacking; Ma sent to Wuling County to meet Sha, who opposed Wu's defection to Shu, to win more support. When Zhang Nan, the former satrap of Liu Bei's school, surrounded Sun Huan in the post road, Wu asked Lu Xun to send troops to rescue him. Lu Xun learned that Sun Huan won the hearts and minds of the people, and that Yidao City had enough food, and insisted on not dividing its troops. The Shu army frequently attacked, and Wu was eager to meet the enemy. Lu Xun patiently dissuaded him, but he still couldn't hold on. Some veterans and generals from public office tried to go their own way, and they wanted to rush out. Lu Xun put them under military discipline and strictly stopped them. Liu Bei ambushed 8,000 Shu soldiers in the valley and sent Wu Ban to camp on the flat ground in an attempt to lure the enemy deeper. Lu Xun saw through his plan and still refused to fight. The two armies were at loggerheads for six months. The Shu army set out from far away, but it could not be decided quickly. Moreover, the camp was scattered, transportation was difficult, and the soldiers were tired. During the hot summer, Liu Bei moved the water army to land and lost the initiative. In June, Lu Xun thought the time was ripe and decided to turn from defense to counterattack. First, the first battalion of the Shu army was burned, and then the armies took advantage of it and forced Liu Bei to retreat. When Zhang Nan heard the news, he gave up Yi Dao and went to the north. He was attacked by Zhu Ran and Sun Huan and died. Lu Xun even ordered the water army to block the river, and Sun Huan guarded Yiling Road, dividing the Shu army from the east and west sides of the river, and then dividing them one by one, burning the camps and fighting fiercely for more than 40 troops. The Shu army suffered heavy casualties. Du Lu and Liu Ning surrendered, and Feng and Sha were killed. Liu Bei retreated to Maanshan in the northwest to defend himself. Lu Xun concentrated his forces and was besieged on all sides, annihilating tens of thousands of Shu soldiers. Liu Bei led the way to the west at night, and Fu Yi, the garrison commander, was killed by Wu Jun. Liu Beijun retreated to Zigui and made the postman burn armour on the dangerous road to block the road. Wu Jun generals are eager to pursue aggressively. In order to prevent Cao Wei from attacking Wu, Lu Xun only sent Li Yi and Liu A to follow him to Nanshan (the mountain on the south bank of Zigui). Huang Quan was cut off by Wu Jun because of his return road, and led his troops to Wei. After collecting scattered soldiers, Liu Bei returned from Zigui to Baidicheng (now Fengjie East, Sichuan). In August, Li Yi and Liu A were still witches. In April the following year, Liu Bei died of illness.
6 Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition In 228 AD, Cao Pi died. Zhuge Liang took the opportunity to send troops to Hanzhong and led an army to attack Qishan, where Cao Wei was hiding. At the same time, he sent veteran Zhao Zhi to lead some divisions from Xiegu and threatened to attack Meicheng, and then attacked Cao Wei, the central city of Chang 'an. Because the Shu army had been fully prepared for more than two years, Cao Wei was not well prepared, and the Shu army quickly attacked and occupied the south bank of Jishan Tianshui and took refuge in the ruling and opposition parties of Shu Cao Wei. Wei Mingdi Cao Rui immediately ordered General Cao Zhen to lead 15, and Zhang Heling, a famous soldier with both wisdom and courage, stopped Zhuge Liang's army at night with 50 thousand soldiers; I went to Chang 'an in person. Zhuge Liang took Ma Su as the pioneer and seized the strategic street kiosks. Ma Su didn't listen to Wang Ping's complaints, so he stationed his troops on a nearby mountain and let Wang Ping stay nearby. After Zhang He arrived at the street pavilion, some military forces prevented Wang Ping from joining forces with Ma Su, led the main force to surround the Ma Su army on the mountain, and ordered the release of Yamakaji. Ma Su was defeated, afraid to see Zhuge Liang, fled back to Chengdu and died in prison. After the Shu army lost its street pavilion, it was basically clamped down by Zhang He, unable to break through Zhang He's defense line. Zhaoyun Department on the Eastern Front was also defeated by Cao Zhen's superior forces; Zhuge Liang had no choice but to return to Hanzhong, and his first Northern Expedition failed. Before the Northern Expedition, General Wei Yan proposed to take a shortcut from Gu Jie to Chang 'an, but Zhuge Liang refused.
In winter, Fu Cha Cao Xiu of Cao Wei was defeated by Wu, saving Cao Xiu and Zhuge Liang from the strategic position of Chencang. Because Cao Zhen, the general of Cao Wei, had long expected that Zhuge Liang would have this opportunity, Hao Zhaoling, a general with both wisdom and courage, defended Chen Cang with 3,000 troops ahead of schedule. Due to the dangerous terrain, Chencang is easy to defend in the south, and after Zhao Hao took office, he prepared a large number of rolling stones, grease rockets and other materials, which also strengthened the city wall. After more than 20 days of storming, the Shu army was short of food and grass, so Zhang Zhuge Liang had to order to return to Hanzhong and set an ambush to kill General Wei who came to pursue him. The second Northern Expedition ended in failure.
In the spring of 229 AD, Zhuge Liang's father Chen went to take two small counties in Wudu. Although the third northern expedition won two counties, it could not reverse the passive disadvantage.
In 23 1 year, Zhuge Liang made the fourth northern expedition and attacked Qishan, the stronghold of Cao Wei. Cao Rui ordered Sima Yi, Zhang He and others to take an army to attack Zhuge Liang, leaving some troops to continue to attack Qishan. He led the main force against Sima Yi, defeated Cao Wei, Liangzhou and Guo Huai on the road, and robbed local wheat as rations. Sima yi knew that the Shu army had come from afar and the supply line was long and hard, so it was impossible to hold on. After Zhuge Liang's design failed, Sima Yi could not persist. However, because Li Yan (Li Ping), the second powerful figure in charge of logistics, could not supply food and grass, Zhuge Liang had no choice but to retreat because of the false news that Zhuge Liang ordered the retreat. Sima Yi learned that Zhuge Liang had retreated, ordered the general Zhang He to pursue, Zhang He protested, Sima Yi forcibly ordered Zhang He to pursue, and Zhang He was ambushed by Zhuge Liang and shot by Zhuge Liang. The fourth Northern Expedition also ended in failure.
In 234 AD, after three years of cultivation and production, the army of Shu changed its old method of starting from Qishan and sent troops from Gu Jie. At the same time, a letter was sent to let Sun Quan cooperate in the battle. Cao Wei and Sima Yi led troops to confront Zhuge Liang. After Zhuge Liang arrived in Wuzhangyuan, he set up a field to fight against Cao Wei's army for a long time. Sun Quan's army was also led by Wei Mingdi and Cao Rui, who defeated Sun Quan and returned to Jianye. Sima Yi knew that the Shu army could not fight for a long time and adopted the old method of waiting for the Shu army to run out of food. No matter how challenging Zhuge Liang was, he still dared not, because the hardships and victories of military life were gone, and Zhuge Liang was seriously ill; Zhuge Liang shelved Wei Yan, the deputy governor, to discuss the affairs with Jiang Wei and Yang Yi. After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi was the commander in chief, and Wei Yan was put behind. Wei Yan disagreed with Yang Yi, so he went south to burn Pavilion Road and was defeated by Yang Yi. On the way back to Chengdu, he and his son were killed by Ma Dai sent by Yang Yi. Zhuge Liang's five northern expeditions ended in failure.