Question 1: Liberal Feminism School of Feminism Liberal feminism is the starting point of all feminist schools in time, and it is also the starting point or object of revision and transformation of other schools in theory. Its critical object is mainly the inequality in law and form, so its critical power is very limited and its reform requirements are too mild. In the 18th century, European women began to question the sanctity of male power, inspired by the new bourgeois men's resistance to the monarchy. Liberalism advocates rationality, believing that people are human because of their reasoning ability, not because of their bodies. All people have the same reason after receiving education, so they should be treated equally. Moreover, it emphasizes that human nature is neutral, and women also have the ability to think rationally. Gender inequality is caused by customs and gender difference education. In order to eliminate human inequality, women should be given the same education. At the same time, because the differences in personal interests and talents are far greater than the gender differences, women should have full equal opportunities to make choices, so as to give full play to their talents, provide more abundant human resources for the society and improve their competitiveness. In addition, the law should treat men and women equally regardless of gender. The women's movement in 1970s and 1980s was deeply influenced by liberal feminism, such as "being a man first, then being a man, then being a woman", "giving full play to one's talents", opposing the quota for women, and amending gender discrimination in laws, all of which fully embodied the spirit of pursuing equality. The development trend of liberal feminism in the late twentieth century is to expand the scope of the public sphere and enhance the public power of the state to protect vulnerable individuals (such as domestic violence victims); And in view of the fact that the opportunity of individual self-realization is deeply influenced by economic forces, and more and more attention is paid to the fairness of economic distribution, it is advocated that * * * should actively intervene to alleviate the harm of market economy; Legally, it is passive legislation against gender discrimination, followed by active legislation to eliminate discrimination or correct existing inequality. For example, the establishment of nurseries, shelters for female victims, and strengthening employment training have all been emphasized by liberal feminism in recent years. After the 1980s, liberal feminists finally realized that it was not easy to be a superwoman who managed the country with her family, so they put forward the concepts of housework division, flexible working hours, and reducing the burden on men to support their families. /kloc-Mary of England in the 0/8th century? Wollstonecraft, whose most famous work was published in Defending Women's Rights (1972). He believes that the primary goal of women's existence is to be a rational person, and rational practice is expressed through the identity of wife and mother. /kloc-Margaret of America in the 0/9th century? Margaret Fuller not only advocates women's rights in legal status and secular life, but also further emphasizes women's right to pursue inner freedom from the perspective of existentialism. In other words, it includes the enrichment of the mind, the growth of knowledge, and the stimulation of rationality and creativity. Fule believes that motherhood is a part of women's life, not the whole, and women must transcend specific family relationships and pursue self-growth. It also points out that women's self-growth is not to be a competent wife or mother, but to grow and realize themselves. Fule emphasizes female characteristics and does not encourage direct competition between men and women. Although men and women have different characteristics, women have the same rights. On the one hand, Love strives for equal rights for women, and at the same time, his thoughts also have a strong religious and existential meaning. /kloc-John of England in the 0/9th century? John stewart Mill expressed the viewpoint of women's rights and interests in Women's Subjective Position. Mill pointed out that the inequality of law makes the marriage relationship of marriage system just like the relationship between master and slave. Mill extended the concept of contract in the public sphere in political philosophy to marriage, and thought that marriage contract must be agreed by both parties and set the way of living together under equal conditions. The spirit of contract is autonomy and self-determination, and marriage contract enables women to get married without violating their free will. Muller advocated that women should have a skill and the ability of economic independence, so as not to force themselves into marriage for a long-term meal ticket. Muller also pointed out from the perspective of free competition that if women's ability is really inferior to that of men, then incompetent women will be eliminated in the process of competition, and there is no need to exclude women's opportunities for competition from the beginning. Opening opportunities for women will bring more outstanding talents to the society and make the society run more efficiently. John? Mary Mueller? Wollstonecraft, both of them think that the average woman should give priority to the family after marriage, and the potential of women is mainly developed in the family field, so there is no need to go out ... >>

Question 2: A brief history of feminism.

Question 3: What happened to feminists? First, let's look at what feminism is. The feminist philosophy is to believe in the importance and autonomy of individuals and that nature gives equality and freedom to all people. Feminists believe that all people should be treated as human beings, not because of their gender, race, class or sexual orientation. On this basis, feminism demands to reflect gender equality, women's empowerment and social changes, trying to make women's life experience no longer covered and distorted. The problems faced by feminism are all problems in human life, so the problems of feminism should be of common concern to men and women. Advocating feminism does not mean opposing men or being superior to men, but replacing the traditional way of facing the world with obvious male chauvinism. In fact, many men with equal ideas are supporters of feminism. Without the support of many men, it is impossible for women to get today's treatment and enjoy their rights.

Some women writers refuse to admit that they are feminists because they don't understand the theory of feminism and are not ready to understand it. They are willing to continue their misunderstanding. Some women writers fully understand what feminism is, especially those who have spent some time abroad. However, due to social pressure, misunderstanding and malicious slander of women's rights, it seems that women's rights are linked with all bad things, such as homosexuality, opposition to men, rejection of family, sexual freedom and so on. And they are afraid of affecting themselves because they have enough troubles and don't want to make any more trouble. Other women writers don't dislike feminism, but also agree with some viewpoints of feminism. Their works also embody feminist philosophy, but they think that they have transcended gender and are transgender, so they take a neutral or transgender position and there is no need to talk about feminism. There are some female writers who really don't care about anything except themselves. They push themselves out of mainstream consciousness and all politics, and there is no obvious female consciousness in their works, so they don't want to talk about women's rights.

Many people think that feminists are hysterical and angry radicals. They are tough, go too far, have uncertain emotions, behave extremely and are not feminine. They are against men, against men, dislike men, and even hate men. I was misunderstood in the past, and I am also suspected. If I admit that I am a feminist again, it will be extremely unfavorable to my situation. Also, they think that feminists are activists in certain sports and organizations, and our female writers have a natural aversion to sports. No matter what sports they want, they just want to be marginalized, so they don't want to get involved with feminists.

Zhang Kangkang used to have a fierce attitude towards women's rights. She thinks that she has been on an equal footing with men for a long time, and has always been on a starting line with men. She thinks that her writing takes a personal position, a personal position and a neutral position, although she later said that she could accept the concept of "female perspective".

Wang Anyi believes that gender issues are not important, and there is no gender issue in China. Advocating western feminism is a misunderstanding in itself, because this concept has little to do with the actual situation in China. She disagreed with the definition or content of feminism and said that she was by no means a feminist.

All Zhang Jie's works are suspected of feminism, because she has a clear consciousness of criticizing the patriarchal society, and all the female images she creates are female-conscious, and she is resistant to the prejudice and oppression of women in traditional society. She also wrote a lot about women's life experiences. But it is said that Jason does not admit that she is a feminist.

The concept of super gender was first put forward by Chen Ran, and was echoed by writers such as Xu Kun. They hope to have a more ideal position and vision, surpassing both men and women, which is a combination of good qualities of both men and women. Their wishes and ideas are good and may come true in the future, but the problem is that there is no such super-gender society in China at present. How do you choose and operate when dealing with writing materials? Supremacy can only be a personal Plato ideal.

Another reason is that many female writers resolutely refuse to choose feminist identity and position, because they want to shape themselves into a serious, classic, as good and great as male writers. They define their writing as: for all mankind. In this way, they dressed up as writers without any injustice or gender restrictions.

Look at it, whether it's a neutral position or a personal position, ... >; & gt

Question 4: Free feminism. How do you say free feminism in English?

Liberal feminism * * *;

[Example] isadora with freedom of thought, spirit and action? Duncan brought his rebellious feminist consciousness to the stage and completely changed the art of dance.

Isadora duncan, who is free to think and act freely, brought her bohemian feminist consciousness to the dance stage and changed the art of dance forever.

Question 5: What do you think of the liberalism that contradicts feminism and liberalism?

Emphasize that different individuals enjoy the same freedom.

feminism

Emphasize the protection of women's rights

Question 6: The existence of feminism Feminism schools Feminism gave birth to various schools. There are differences in historical origins, analytical methods, propositions and other aspects among various schools of feminism, but their purpose is to criticize and transform the patriarchal culture, so there are many similarities besides differences. According to the historical process and characteristics of development and evolution, feminism can be divided into nine categories, namely, liberal feminism, socialist/Marxist feminism, existential feminism, radical feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, contemporary socialist feminism, lesbian theory, post-colonial feminism and ecological feminism.

Question 7: What's wrong with "liberal feminism"? Feminism gave birth to various schools. There are differences in historical origins, analytical methods, propositions and other aspects among various schools of feminism, but their purpose is to criticize and transform the patriarchal culture, so there are many similarities besides differences. According to the historical process and characteristics of development and evolution, feminism can be divided into nine categories, namely, liberal feminism, socialist/Marxist feminism, existential feminism, radical feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, contemporary socialist feminism, lesbian theory, post-colonial feminism and ecological feminism.

Question 8: Radical Feminism Feminism School Radical feminism was born in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and its main birthplaces were new york and Boston. It developed from the male new left camp. At that time, some progressive women who participated in the civil rights movement were treated badly in the movement. They are regarded as inferior, waiters and sexual objects by gay men and cannot win the right to speak. As a result, they abandoned the new left and became independent in anger and disillusionment. They use the word "root", mainly taking its etymological meaning "root". They believe that the oppression of women is a branch of oppression of all other races, economies, politics, etc. On the one hand, the word "radical" refers to a more fundamental revolutionary position than the new left, on the other hand, it implies a broader and deeper progressive nature than liberal feminism. The focus of radical feminism: advocating that the oppression suffered by women is the oldest and deepest form of exploitation and the basis of all oppression, trying to find out the way for women to get rid of oppression. Most of the topics he talked about are closely related to women, including gender roles, love, marriage, family, childbearing, motherhood, pornography, * * *, and even women's body and mind, which directly touches women's body and mind everywhere and makes women's most * * * voices. Radical feminists who retreated from the male-dominated movement found that patriarchy, or male chauvinism, was the root of women's oppression. Jermaine was the first person to see this. Germaine Greer. In the book The Eunuch by Jermaine, Germaine Greer expounded her basic viewpoint: a woman is a passive sexual being because she is * * * by a man. Greer attacked the stereotype that women are subject to the "eternal femininity" of society. She emphasized female sexual liberation; Some people think that women should develop their sexual ability and show it in their whole personality. She also provided the main way to get rid of it, that is, to replace coercion and compulsive behavior with the principle of happiness. Encourage women to bravely try new and free rules of sexual life and rise up against them, because women are the most oppressed class. Kate. In her classic book Sex Politics, Xiaomi loudly said that "sex is politics" and used the word "male chauvinism" to refer to the fact that women in many parts of the world were controlled, which later became the standard vocabulary of feminist works. Xiaomi pointed out that patriarchy exaggerates the physiological differences between men and women to ensure that men are in a dominant position and women are in a subordinate position. Society allows women to accept their inferior position through the process of gender role stereotyping. The main pillar of patriarchal clan system is what Xiaomi called "sex politics". Mary? Mary Daley's book Gynecology draws a map for the journey of radical feminism. This book is divided into three stages: the first stage reviews the patriarchal clan system. In the second stage, the "abuse ceremony" was introduced in detail, such as the Indian widow's self-immolation and martyrdom, China's foot binding, Africa's * * * excision and oral suture, the witch's burning in Europe, and even the popular contraceptive drugs. Daley believes that these ceremonies are all proved by male scholars in value-neutral language and conceptual writing, but they are not exposed. Therefore, patriarchy is an extension and continuation of the abuse ceremony. The third stage: it is suggested that women should quit all patriarchal systems and go through a "process of cognition, action and self-orientation" to create a new environment for identifying with women, which is the formation of "female ecology". In the early 1970s, gender differences were regarded by radical feminists as the main source of female oppression. Since the mid-1970s, the concept of androgyny has been excluded, which has led to the development of the female-centered concept. Women's differences (the characteristics that women are different from men) are no longer regarded as the source of women's oppression, but the source of women's strength and the seeds of liberation, which is also an opportunity for social change. Embrace androgyny: Early radical feminists saw that the root of female oppression was the gender system, so they tried to think about ways to get rid of it. One is to eliminate gender differences, that is, to make cultural efforts towards androgyny; One is not * * * with men, that is, rejecting or changing the heterosexual system and adopting gender separatism. Lesbian feminism is the most thorough way. Psychologist Sandra? Bem (Sandra B. > >;