Classification of proverbs and allusions in the general philosophy questions of the College Entrance Examination (1)

1. The heaven and earth are in harmony, and all things arise spontaneously. All things in the universe exist naturally and are not dominated by human will. This shows that nature exists objectively.

2. Think about it every day and dream about it at night. Explain that consciousness is a reflection of matter. Another example is that some of the myths, religious rumors, and scientific fantasies we often hear are also reflections of objective things. However, some are distorted reflections, and some are illusory or exaggerated reflections.

3. A clever woman cannot make a meal without rice. It shows that matter comes first and consciousness comes after. Without matter, there would be no consciousness reflecting matter. It fully embodies the principle that matter determines consciousness.

4. Cover your ears and steal the bell. It goes against the principle that matter determines consciousness. Trying to replace objective reality with subjective desires. Another example is "painting cakes to satisfy hunger", "looking at plum blossoms to quench thirst", "Zheng people buying shoes", "cutting feet to fit shoes", etc. also belong to this meaning.

5. Viewed horizontally, it looks like a ridge and a peak on the side, with different heights near and far. It shows that whether the consciousness is correct or not is directly related to a person's stance, viewpoint, and method of looking at the problem. Another example is, "The father-in-law said the public is right, the mother-in-law said the mother-in-law is right", etc. This is also the truth.

6. The benevolent sees benevolence, and the wise see wisdom. Explaining the same thing, due to different personal knowledge structures, the views will be different. For example, a painting called "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" was viewed by the painter from an aesthetic perspective, by the economist from the perspective of economic development, and by the historian from the perspective of social history.

7. Where there is a will, there is a way. It shows that consciousness has a counter-effect on matter. Correct consciousness will promote the development of things; on the contrary, it will hinder the development of things. Another example is "fullness brings losses, modesty benefits", "man can conquer nature", "things depend on man-made things", "ingenuity", etc. are also the same.

8. If the form exists, the spirit will exist; if the form disappears, the spirit will disappear. It shows that human body and spirit are unified and inseparable. Form exists and spirit exists, form thanks to spirit and disappears. This is a materialist point of view. Another example is, "All things come into existence when heaven and earth are united, and changes occur when yin and yang are connected." This means that all things in the universe are not created by God, but are the result of their own contradictory movements, which is also materialism.

9. There is nothing outside the heart. It means that matter exists in human consciousness, and there is nothing outside consciousness. This is the same idealism as "existence is perceived", "objects are a collection of ideas", "flowers will bloom when eyes are open, flowers will be silent when eyes are closed", etc.

10. Not only the superior, not only the book, but only the reality. This is the consistent leading thought of Comrade Chen Yun, which requires us to proceed from reality in all practical work, seek truth from facts, and oppose dogmatism, bookism, empiricism and superstitious slavery. In other words, we must adhere to materialism and oppose idealism.

11. Running water does not rot, and door hinges do not suffer from beetles. Explain that matter and motion are inseparable. Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter, and matter cannot be separated from movement; matter is the carrier of movement, and movement cannot be separated from matter.

12. Carve a boat to find a sword. It is looking at the problem from a static point of view, which violates the point of view that matter is moving and changing. Another example is "waiting for the rabbit" and so on.

13. One cannot step into the same river twice. It shows that objective things are constantly moving and changing. On the contrary, some people propose that "people cannot step into the same river even once", which goes to the extreme and denies relative stillness. It is a kind of agnosticism. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

14. Heaven’s behavior is constant, and it will not survive for mercy, nor will it perish for Jie. It means that there are certain laws in the changes in nature. It does not exist because Rao is a holy king, nor does it disappear because Jie is a tyrant. Another example is, "Swan geese leave the north of the Great Wall and move for more than ten thousand miles." "Eat rice from the south in winter and fly to the north in spring." It shows that the movement of living things follows the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest. "The changes of heaven and earth, cold and heat, wind and rain, floods, droughts, borers and locusts, all have their own laws." (Shen Kuo)

15. Pull the seedlings to encourage their growth. It shows that the biological growth process follows certain laws. If you try to replace objective laws with subjective will, you will inevitably be punished. Another example is "how bold people are, how productive the land is", "people's rationality legislates nature", etc. also fall into this category.

16. If you chop wood without following the pattern, you will die from exhaustion. Explain that the laws are objective, and the use of subjective initiative must be based on respecting the objective laws. Otherwise, success will not be achieved.

17. Hardships and hardships will bring you success.

It shows that respecting the laws and acting in accordance with the laws must give full play to people's subjective initiative, so that they can overcome difficulties and win victory under the guidance of the laws.

18. Act within your ability. It means that in actual work, we must proceed from reality, seek truth from facts, and do not do things that are beyond our ability but forced to do, so that the subjective will violate the objective.

19. Emancipate your mind and seek truth from facts. Emancipating the mind means that objective things are constantly changing and developing. To adapt to the changed situation, we must get rid of old ideas and superstitious blind obedience; seeking truth from facts means starting from objective reality, deducing laws from them, and acting in accordance with the laws. The two are unified. Without the spirit of seeking truth from facts, it is impossible to emancipate the mind; on the contrary, if the mind cannot adapt to the changed situation, there is no such thing as seeking truth from facts.

20. Opposites complement each other. It means that things themselves contain two aspects that are both opposite and unified, that is, contradiction. Another example is the same as "complementing each other".

21. A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise. It embodies the principle of contradictory identity. That is to say, the two contradictory parties are not only interdependent, but also transform into each other under certain conditions. For example, "humility makes people progress, pride makes people fall behind", "fullness brings harm, modesty benefits", "being prepared for danger in times of peace", etc. all contain the principle of identity of contradictions.

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22. Know yourself and the enemy, and you can fight a hundred battles without danger. It embodies the principle of universality of contradiction. We are required to think about problems and adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy when doing things. Another example is, "If you listen to both, you will be enlightened, but if you listen to one side, you will be dark."

23. If you attack one point, you will not be as good as the rest. It violates the principle of the universality of contradictions, looks at the problem from a one-sided point of view, makes one-point arguments, and denies the dichotomy. Another example is, "Can't see the forest for the trees" is equivalent to this category.

24. Prescribe the right medicine. In line with the principle of the particularity of contradictions, we are required to adhere to specific analysis of specific issues when observing and handling problems. Another example is "adapt to local conditions", "teach students in accordance with their aptitude", "tailor-made", "one key opens one lock" and "no fingerprints are exactly the same in the world, no two leaves are exactly the same", "nothing is different", etc. All contain this principle.

25. Play the piano to an ox. Metaphors do not differentiate between objects and treat different things in the same way, which violates the principle of the particularity of contradiction. Another example is "one's crown and one's back", "just follow the instructions", "one size fits all", and "one size fits all" fall into this category.

26. The finishing touch. It means that we should be good at focusing on key points and key points in our work. In line with the principle of the main contradiction. Another example is, "To capture the thief first, capture the king", "To lead the bull, you must lead the bull's nose", "To use the good sword to the edge" are equivalent to this principle.

27. Although lotus flowers are good, they still need green leaves to support them. It is a metaphor that in daily work, people should be good at grasping the main contradiction, but they cannot ignore the secondary contradictions, because the quality of handling the secondary contradictions directly affects the resolution of the main contradiction. Another example is "a hero has three gangs", "a fence has three stakes", etc. The same applies.

28. I picked up sesame seeds and lost the watermelon. It violates the principle of the relationship between primary and secondary contradictions. Regardless of the priority, the less important ones are caught and the important ones are lost. Another example is "grabbing eyebrows and beard", which also falls into this category.

29. One finger and nine fingers. Comrade Mao Zedong often used this to describe which of achievements and mistakes is important and which is secondary. We are required to be good at grasping the main aspects of contradictions. Because the nature of things is mainly determined by the dominant aspect of the contradiction, when observing and dealing with problems, we must distinguish between the mainstream and the tributaries, nine fingers and one finger.

30. Putting the cart before the horse. This is contrary to the principle of the relationship between the primary and secondary aspects of contradictions. It does not distinguish between the mainstream and the tributaries, and the primary and secondary are reversed. Another example is "taking advantage of the guest", "not worth the loss", "accommodating everything", "not distinguishing between good and bad", etc., also fall into this category.

31. Pay attention to the typical and take into account the general. In line with the principle of the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory, we are required to be both comprehensive and good at grasping the key points and key points in our actual work. Another example is "make overall plans and make appropriate arrangements", "learn to play the piano", etc. are all the same.

32. Dead lips and cold teeth. It embodies the view that things are universally connected. Things influence and restrict each other within and between things, just like lips and teeth interdependent. Another example is "a fire at the city gate affects the fish in the pond", "the big river is full of water and the small river is full, but the small river is dry and the big river is dry", "the mantis stalks the cicada, and the oriole follows behind", etc., all belong to this principle.

33. Fishing when the lake is exhausted.

It goes against the idea that things are universally connected. Can't see the mutual influence and mutual restriction between things. We only care about immediate interests and ignore the long-term interests of the successive development of things. Another example is "killing chickens to get eggs", "destroying forests for farming", etc., which fall into this category. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

34. Those who do not plan for the overall situation cannot plan for one area. This means that the global and the local are interdependent and inseparable. The part cannot be separated from the whole, otherwise, it will lose the meaning of its existence. Therefore, when thinking about problems and doing things, we must focus on the overall situation and take the overall situation into consideration. Another example is, "When the country is prosperous, the family will prosper; when the country is destroyed, the family will perish." This is the same principle.

35. If you make one careless move, you will lose everything. This means that the overall situation and the local parts are inseparable. We must take into account the overall situation, and we must not ignore the impact of local connections on the whole. Otherwise, local failure often leads to global failure. Another example is, "A mouse ruined a pot of porridge" also means the same thing.

36. Know your destiny by looking at each other. It violates the objectivity of the connection and forcibly pulls two unrelated things together to create a "connection". Another example is "The magpie announces good news, the crow announces mourning", "The comet is an ominous light", etc., which fall into this category.

37. After three days of farewell, we were treated with admiration. This means that things change and develop. You cannot look at the people and things around you with a static eye. For example, "young people are to be feared", "latecomers come first" and Han Fei's "When the world changes, things will change, and when things change, prepare for changes", etc., all include the perspective of development.

38. Standing still. It goes against the perspective of development. You cannot see the changes and developments of things, but treat things from a static point of view. For example, "conservative", "adherent to the rules", "dare not take a step beyond the bounds" and Dong Zhongshu's "the great origin of Tao comes from heaven, and heaven does not change, so does Tao", etc., all belong to static viewpoints.

39. If you sow melons, you will reap melons; if you sow beans, you will reap beans. Explain an inevitable connection in the inheritance of things, that is, regularity. It reflects that internal factors are the basis for changes in things. Another example is the proverb "A dragon begets a dragon, a phoenix begets a phoenix, and a mouse gives birth to a son who can dig holes" also illustrates this truth.

40. Those who are close to vermilion are red, and those who are close to ink are black. It shows that the external environment has an important influence on the development of things, that is, external factors are the conditions for changes in things. Another example is, "The power of role models is infinite", "Famous teachers make great disciples", "Brothers' loyalty kills people", etc. all illustrate the role of external factors.

41. The master introduces the door, and learning skills lies in the individual. Explain that external factors work through internal factors. No matter how powerful the external factors are, they still work through internal factors. Otherwise, no matter how skilled the craftsman is, it will be difficult for him to carve something out of rotten wood.

42. A drop of water penetrates a stone. It embodies the principle of the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, that is, when the accumulation of quantity reaches a certain level, it will cause qualitative change. Another example is, "If you don't accumulate steps, you can't reach a thousand miles", "If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't build a river or a sea", "If you don't let go of a contract, you can carve it out in metal and stone", etc., all belong to the same principle.

43. Do not do evil because it is small, and do not do good because it is small. Explain that in the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, we must distinguish right from wrong, distinguish good from evil, and weigh the pros and cons. What is beneficial should be persevered to promote its qualitative change; what is harmful should be guarded against and slow down to prevent its transformation.

44. Enough is enough. Reflects the principle of moderation. Since things can only maintain their original properties within a certain range and limit, when we need to maintain the stability of the properties of things, we must control quantitative changes within certain limits. This is to grasp the size and adhere to moderation. . Another example is that "too much is not enough" and "everything must be reversed when it goes to the extreme" all refer to the need to adhere to the principle of moderation.

45. A single spark can start a prairie fire. It shows that although new things are relatively weak at first, they conform to the development laws of objective things and have strong vitality and broad development prospects, so they will eventually defeat old things. Another example is, "Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of spring trees grow in front of the diseased tree." It also metaphors that new things are invincible.

46. There is no way out in the mountains and rivers, but there is another village with dark flowers and bright flowers. It embodies the principle of unifying the progress and twists and turns of the development of things. The general trend of the development of things is forward, and the road of development is tortuous, with twists and turns in progress, and progress amidst twists and turns. This requires us to think of possible difficulties when things go well; to see the light and build the confidence to overcome difficulties when things are going badly. Another example is, "There are dangers in science, but you can overcome them through hard work." This principle is also included.

47. The blind man touches the elephant. Metaphor only understands the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not understand the essence of things.

Phenomenon and essence are different. Phenomenon is the surface characteristics and external connections of things, which is one-sided, changeable, and can be directly perceived by human sense organs; while essence is the relatively stable internal connections of things, the fundamental nature of things, which can only be determined by human rationality. Thinking to grasp.

48. Nothing changes but the same origin. It means that phenomenon and essence are closely related and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is still an expression of its essence.

49. Make a sound in the east and attack in the west. The phenomena of things are different from true to false. "Sounding to the east" is an illusion, and "attacking to the west" is the truth. Its essence is to confuse the enemy and preserve oneself. Another example is "play hard to catch", "encircle Wei and rescue Zhao", "dance the sword in Xiangzhuang", "build the plank road in the open and cross the Chencang secretly", etc., all belong to this principle.

50. Buy a casket and return a pearl. It is said that in ancient times, a man saw a beautiful box containing pearls, so he bought the box at a high price, but returned the precious pearls to the seller. The metaphor only looks at the phenomenon, not the essence. Another example is that "I don't know the true face of Mount Lu, just because I am in this mountain" is the same reason.

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51. To know people, you must know their hearts. It is a metaphor that perceptual knowledge needs to rise to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things. Only by rising to rational knowledge can we understand the inner nature of things.

52. A blind man rides a blind horse. It is a metaphor that practice without correct theoretical guidance is a kind of blind practice. Because a correct theory reflects the nature and laws of objective things, it has a guiding role in practice. Another example is, "Without revolutionary theory, there will be no revolutionary movement." This is the truth.

53. Practice makes perfect. It means that only by accumulating a large amount of perceptual material can it be possible to rise to rational understanding. In order to possess a large amount of reliable perceptual data, we must go deep into reality and practice repeatedly, and avoid "looking at the flowers from a quick glance" or "taking a quick glance at the water".

54. The brows furrowed, and the plan came to mind. It is a metaphor that perceptual materials can only rise to rational understanding after being processed by the human brain. Since the perceptual materials that people obtain are often a mixture of fine and rough, with true and false coexisting, separated from each other, and the outside and inside cannot be distinguished, it needs to go through an analysis and synthesis process of "removing the rough and selecting the essence, removing the false and retaining the true, moving from one to that, and from the outside to the inside" before it can be formed. Rational understanding. Another example is, "To come up with more wisdom", "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", etc., all belong to this meaning.

55. Learning to walk in Handan. It is a metaphor for not using your brain and blindly imitating others, but the result is self-defeating and making a joke. This story tells us that to understand things, we must not only "know it well", but also be good at using our brains and thinking actively, otherwise it will be impossible to form a correct understanding. Another example is "Dongshi Xiaoqian" and "Swallowing jujube wholeheartedly" belong to this category.

56. Draw inferences from one instance and learn ten from what you hear. It means that if people want to acquire new knowledge, they must master the thinking method of reasoning. Because only by learning to reason (including deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning) can we grasp the regularity of things, so that people's knowledge can be continuously expanded and deepened. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

57. If you live to old age, you will not be able to bear it. It is a metaphor that the objective world is constantly changing, and people's practice and understanding also change and develop accordingly. The viewpoint of stopping and doing nothing is inconsistent with objective reality.

58. If you don’t enter the tiger’s den, you won’t get the tiger’s cubs. Metaphorical practice is the source of knowledge. Human knowledge is obtained through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiments. Without practice, knowledge becomes water without a source and a tree without roots. Another example is, "Truth is priceless and can be found through practice."

59. When the book is used, it will be less regretful. It means that practice is the driving force for the development of knowledge. People will discover the deficiencies of their knowledge only in practice, thus motivating themselves to continuously pursue knowledge, expand their horizons, and deepen their understanding. As Engels said: "Once society has technical needs, this need will push science forward more than ten universities." Another example is, "Eat for a while, you will gain wisdom" and "Failure is success. The same principle applies to "the mother of learning", "learning and then realizing the deficiencies", etc.

60. Apply what you learn. It means that practice is the purpose of understanding. The fundamental purpose of people's understanding is not to explain the world, but to change the world. Therefore, the approach of "sitting around and talking on paper" is not advisable.

61. Facts speak louder than words.

It means that practice is the only criterion for testing whether the understanding is correct or not. Only practice can connect knowledge with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether knowledge conforms to objective reality. Another example is, "It doesn't count until it's done." "A horse's power can be seen from a distance, but a person's heart can be seen over time." This is the same principle.

62. Everyone is a saint. It means that the people are the main body of practice and the creators of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also spiritual wealth. The idea that "heroes make things happen" is groundless. Another example is that "three cobblers are worth one Zhuge Liang", which also means the same truth.

63. Come to the source of living water. It is a metaphor that the practical activities of the people are the source of human spiritual wealth and the source of various artistic activities. Without the lively materials provided by the people in practice, any creation will become a pool of stagnant water.

64. What you get on paper will eventually make you realize it, but you will definitely know that you have to do it in detail. It means that while humbly learning indirect experience and studying seriously, you must actively participate in social practice. Because indirect experience is indeed valuable, but it can only be digested, applied, tested and developed in practice. Another example is, "Read thousands of books and travel thousands of miles", which also emphasizes handling the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience.

65. A wild goose that loses its flock will never be able to move forward. It means that personal practice must be combined with the practice of the masses. If a person wants to make a difference and achieve something, he must take the path of integrating with the people, otherwise, nothing will be accomplished.

66. After all the hardship comes happiness. It means that only in practice, if a person is not afraid of hardship or tiredness and dares to fight against difficulties, can he achieve brilliant achievements. As Marx said, "There is no smooth road in science. Only those who are not afraid of hard work on the rugged path can hope to reach the glorious summit." Another example is Pu Songling's self-motivating couplet when he landed: "Those who are determined can achieve things. If the cauldron sinks the boat, one hundred and two Qin Pass will eventually belong to Chu; if you work hard, God will not let you down; if you lie on the salary and taste the courage, three thousand Yue Jia can swallow Wu." The same principle applies.

67. The two qi of yin and yang are full of worry, and there is nothing outside and no gap. The image of the sky and the shape of the earth are all within their scope (Wang Fuzhi). The universe is a material entity composed of vitality, and there is no other spiritual world outside the material world. Laws are inherent in objective things themselves, which affirms the material unity of the world. Another example: "Qi is the basis of reason." "Qi" is a material entity that changes day by day. "Li" (spirit) cannot exist without "Qi".

68. "The heart is the organ of thinking" (Mencius), "The heart is the king of form and the master of gods" (Xunzi), "All human memories are in the brain." The most common point among the three is that people's thinking activities must have a certain foundation of material organs.

69. Flowers planted intentionally will not bloom, but willows planted unintentionally will provide shade. It shows that all objective things exist independently without relying on human consciousness, and things and their laws of motion are objective.

70. To know is to know, and to know is not to know, which is knowledge. Say what you know and admit what you don't understand. This is a wise attitude. This famous saying tells us that we should grasp ourselves as objective things, proceed from our own reality, and understand ourselves correctly.

71. Go into the mountains and ask the woodcutter, go into the water and ask the fishermen. The woodcutter is familiar with the conditions in the mountains, and the fishermen know the habits of the water, so they should "go into the mountains to ask about the woodcutter, and into the water to ask about the fishermen." This proverb shows that people should start from reality when thinking about problems and doing things.