Confucius

Overview

Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), whose surname was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni, lived in Zou Yi (now Zou Yi) of the state of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province).

He is a famous thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient my country. According to legend, Confucius had three thousand disciples and seventy-two virtuous disciples. Confucius led his disciples to travel around the world for 14 years. Confucius was also an organizer of ancient documents. He revised "Poems" and "Books", finalized "Li" and "Music", prefaced "Book of Changes" and wrote "Spring and Autumn". Confucius' thoughts and theories had a profound impact on later generations.

Confucius’s life experience and his bumpy political career

Chronology of the great educator Confucius and his philosophical quotes

"The Biography of Confucius" (written by Cao Yaode, Song Junping and Yang Zuoren)

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Life experience of Confucius

According to research, the sixth generation ancestor of Confucius was named Kong Fujia , was a senior official of the Song Dynasty who served as a Grand Sima. He was killed in a civil strife in the palace. His son Mu Jin's father fled to Zou Yi of the Lu State to avoid the disaster. From then on, the Kong family settled in Zou Yi and became A native of Lu.

Confucius’s father’s name was Shu Liang He (Shu Liang was the courtesy name and He was his given name), and his mother’s name was Yan Zhengzai. Shu Lianghe was a famous warrior in the Lu State at that time. He had made two military exploits and served as a doctor in Zouyi. Uncle Liang He first married Shi's wife and had 9 daughters but no children. He also married a concubine and gave birth to a son, named Bernie, also known as Mengpi. Meng Pi had a problem with his feet, and his uncle Liang He was very dissatisfied, so he married Yan Zhengzai again. At that time, Shu Lianghe was 66 years old and Yan Zhengzai was less than 20 years old.

In 551 BC (the 22nd year of Lu Xianggong), Confucius was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). Because his parents once prayed to Niqiu Mountain for the birth of a son, he was named Qiu and given the courtesy name Zhongni. When Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang He died. The Confucius family became the world of the Shi family. As a result, Confucius' mother Yan Zhengzai had to move to Qufu with Confucius and Meng Pi, and life was difficult. When Confucius was 17 years old, his mother Yan Zheng died. When Confucius was 19 years old, he married the daughter of Qi Guan, a native of the Song Dynasty. A year later, Qi Guan gave birth to a son. Duke Zhao of Lu sent someone to send a carp to express his congratulations. Confucius felt very honored and named his son Li, with the courtesy name Boyu.

Confucius

In the 5,000-year history of China, the person who had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation was Confucius. Confucius was an educator, thinker, and half-politician, but he was first and foremost an intellectual of high moral character. He is upright, optimistic, and enterprising. He has been pursuing truth, goodness, and beauty throughout his life, and he has been pursuing an ideal society throughout his life. His success and failure are all related to his character. The strengths and weaknesses of his character have influenced Chinese people, especially China's intellectuals, for thousands of years.

When you are angry, you forget to eat, and when you are happy, you forget your worries.

When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "When you are angry, you forget to eat, and when you are happy, you forget your worries. You don't know that old age is coming." Confucius has led his disciples to travel around the world for nine years. They have gone through many hardships and not only failed to get appointed by the princes, but also almost died. However, Confucius did not lose heart. He remained optimistic and persisted in his ideals, even when he knew that he could not do it.

Be poor and happy

Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without justice is like a floating cloud to me." In Confucius' mind, doing justice is the highest value of life. When conflicts arise, he would rather suffer poverty than give up morality. However, his belief in living in poverty and enjoying the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. This is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " If you are rich and can be asked for, even if you are a man with a whip, I will do it. If you can't ask for it, just follow what I like."

I am never tired of learning and teaching people

Confucius is famous for his love of learning. , showed a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was famous at that time and was almost regarded as an omniscient sage. However, Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said: "The sage is my No, I am never tired of learning, and I am never tired of teaching." Confucius studied impermanence. He would worship anyone who had knowledge and something he didn't know as his teacher. Therefore, he said, "When three people walk together, they must be my teacher." .

Walking on a straight path

Confucius was upright by nature and advocated walking on a straight path. He once said: "When it comes to people, who will criticize me and who will praise me? If I have praise, I will be praised." It’s time to try. It’s because of the people that the three generations have followed the straight path.” “Historical Records” records that when Confucius was in his thirties, he asked Laozi for courtesy. When he was leaving, Laozi said: “It is good to be close to the dead if you are wise. Those who argue with others are those who endanger one's own body by being eloquent, and those who bring evil to others. Those who are the sons of others should not be self-reliant, and those who are ministers should not be self-respected." This is Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius, and also pointed out some of Confucius's ideas. The problem is that he looks at the problem too deeply, speaks too sharply, and hurts some high-status people, which will bring great danger to himself.

Be kind to others

Confucius founded a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is the evil of being an adult", "Be generous to yourself and blame others", etc. are all his principles of life. Confucius said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was established; when I was forty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny of heaven; when I was sixty, my ears were obedient; when I was seventy, I followed my heart's desires and did not exceed the rules." This is Confucius's view of his life. Summary of stages.

A bumpy political career

Confucius was keen on politics throughout his life. He had a passion for serving the country and had his own political opinions. However, the supreme ruler always treated him in a distant and distant manner. Keep a respectful distance. He only really participated in politics for more than four years. During these four years, he did a lot of things and his position was promoted very quickly. But in the end they parted ways because of different political views from those in power. At this time, he was in his 50s. Forced by the situation, he left the state of Lu and began what later generations called a political lobbying tour around the world. During 14 years, he traveled here and there, encountered danger many times, and almost died. Although he was welcomed back by the state of Lu, Confucius was not used by Lu in the end.

Confucius wanted to pursue an official career since he was in his 20s, so he paid great attention to world affairs. He often thought about various issues in governing the country and often expressed some opinions. By the age of 30, he had Some fame. In the 20th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, Duke Jin of Qi summoned Confucius when he visited Lu and discussed with him the issue of Duke Mu of Qin's dominance. Confucius got to know Duke Jin of Qi. In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, civil strife broke out in the State of Lu. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to the State of Qi. Confucius also left the State of Lu. When he arrived in the State of Qi, he was appreciated and treated favorably by Duke Jin of Qi. He even prepared to grant Confucius the fields in the Nixi area, but He was stopped by doctor Yan Ying. In the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong's reign, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius heard about it and asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can't be used." Confucius had to flee back to Lu in panic. In the State of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed Prime Minister of the Central Capital in the 9th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu. , Confucius was 51 years old at this time. Confucius governed Zhongdu for one year and made outstanding achievements. He was promoted to the rank of Little Sikong, and soon he was promoted to the rank of Great Sikou, taking charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister. The Lu State was in great rule. In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius tried to weaken the three Huan clans (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family). They were called Sanhuan because they were the three grandsons of Duke Huan of Lu. The political power of the Lu state at that time was actually in their hands. , and some retainers of Sanhuan controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees) and took measures to destroy the three capitals (that is, demolishing the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, the action of falling into Sandu was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed. In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the State of Qi sent 80 beauties to the State of Lu. The Ji Huan family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored government affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon the State of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, they were sent as usual. The meat sacrifices were not given to Confucius when they were given to the officials, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. In this year, Confucius 55 years old.

Confucius brought his disciples to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much and gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but he did not give him any official position and did not let him participate in political affairs. . Confucius lived in the state of Wei for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Duke Ling of Wei, Duke Ling of Wei became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius took his disciples to leave the state of Wei and planned to go to the state of Chen. . When passing by Kuangcheng, he was besieged for 5 days due to a misunderstanding. He fled Kuangcheng and arrived at Pudi, where he encountered a rebellion by the aristocrat Gongshu of the Wei Kingdom and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to the state of Wei. Duke Linggong of Wei was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally. After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return.

In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei and went to Chen through Cao, Song and Zheng. He lived in Chen for three years. Wu attacked Chen and the war was in chaos, so Confucius left with his disciples. , the people of Chu heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, and sent people to meet Confucius. The officials of the states of Chen and Cai knew that Confucius had objections to what they were doing, and were afraid that Confucius would be reused in the Chu state, which would be detrimental to them, so they sent laborers to surround Confucius' master and disciples in the middle of the road. The village had no store at its back, and all the food he had brought was eaten up. He was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. At the age of 68, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery. (Note: Due to contradictions in the quoted information, the events described in the above two paragraphs may be incorrect in sequence and time. Please correct me if you know)

Great Educator

< p> Confucius spent more than half of his life engaged in educational work of preaching, teaching, and solving doubts. He created effective education and teaching methods; summarized and advocated a set of correct learning principles; formed a relatively complete teaching content system; proposed a series of far-reaching educational ideas; and established a good example of teacher ethics.

Confucius' educational activities can be roughly divided into three stages:

The first stage lasted about 7 or 8 years from the beginning of the school to before going to Qi to seek an official position. At this stage, he did not have many disciples, but he was successful in running the school and had a great reputation in society. During this period, among Confucius' students were Yan Lu (father of Yan Hui), who was only 6 years younger than him, and Zi Lu, who was only 9 years younger than him. Zilu accompanied Confucius almost all his life.

The second stage: from the age of 37 (the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong, 515 BC) when he returned to Lu from Qi to the age of 55 (the 13th year of Lu Dinggong, 497 BC) and traveled around before the nations. This stage is expected to last for 18 years. During these 18 years, although Confucius spent more than 4 years as an official and in politics, he did not stop teaching disciples. This stage is the stage of great development of Confucius’ education. His educational experience is getting richer and richer, his education level is getting higher and higher, his reputation is getting bigger and bigger, and he has more and more disciples. In addition to students from the state of Lu, his students also included scholars from Qi, Chu, Wei, Jin, Qin, Chen, Wu, Song and other countries. Confucius's prestige has been established. Some of his famous disciples, such as Yan Hui, Zigong, Ran Qiu, Zhong Gong, etc., mostly entered Confucius during this period. Some of these disciples later followed him to travel around the world, and some entered politics.

The third stage: From the age of 68 (the eleventh year of Duke Ai of Lu. 484 BC) when he returned to Lu after traveling around the country to his death, it lasted for 5 years. At this time, although Ji Kangzi sent people to welcome him back to the state of Lu, Duke Ai of Lu and the Ji family did not appoint him in the end. Although he has the status of a doctor and sometimes expresses some political opinions, no one listens to his opinions. He concentrated his energy on education and compilation of ancient literature and classics. During this period, he also had many students, and trained many talented disciples such as Zixia, Ziyou, Zizhang, and Zeng Shen. Most of these people later engaged in education. It played an important role in the formation and development of the Confucian school and the spread of Confucius' thoughts. During the fourteen years that Confucius traveled around the world, he never stopped educational activities. He lived in Weiguo and Chenguo for several years and did not engage in politics. His disciples were by his side, and it was impossible not to have academic discussions between teachers and students. He took his disciples to travel around various countries, which broadened the horizons of these students and tempered their will. This can be said to be a special educational activity. Confucius was engaged in education throughout his life. It is said that he had 3,000 disciples and 72 virtuous disciples. Among them, Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, and Zhong Gong were outstanding in virtue; Zaiwo and Zigong, who were outstanding in handling political affairs, were outstanding in language. Those with strong abilities include Ran You and Zi Lu; those who are familiar with ancient literature include Zi You and Zi Xia. Many of Confucius's disciples made great achievements and played an important role in the politics of the time, especially the spread of Confucius' thoughts, and the formation and development of Confucianism.

Throughout Confucius's life, part of his influence on his students was through words, through studying ancient documents and teaching various skills, and more and more profoundly, through teaching by example. His diligence and studiousness, his pursuit of truth, ideals and perfect personality, his integrity, kindness, humility and courtesy, his loyalty to the country and concern for the people have deeply infected his students and future generations. people. Strictly demanding oneself and setting an example are not only Confucius' noble teacher ethics, but also an educational principle put forward by Confucius. Confucius loved education, loved students, and was tireless in teaching others. He could treat students equally, achieve mutual learning through teaching, strictly demand himself, and lead by example. Confucius was a great master with noble moral ethics.

Students respect their teachers very much. When someone slanders Confucius. Students stood up to defend Confucius and defend his noble personality. "Uncle Sun Wu destroyed Zhongni. Zigong said: 'There is nothing to think about! Zhongni cannot be destroyed. The sages of others are like hills, but they can still be surpassed; Zhongni is like the sun and moon, and they can't be surpassed. People. Even if you want to extinguish yourself, why would you harm the sun and the moon? It is often seen that you don’t know how to measure it.” Some of Confucius's disciples stayed with him almost all his life, and their emotions were deeper than that of father, son and brothers.

After Confucius died, he was buried on the shore of Surabaya in the north of Qufu City. His disciples treated Confucius with the same etiquette as their father and mourned him for three years. Zigong built a hut in front of Confucius's tomb and guarded Confucius's tomb for six years. He was the pioneer in establishing private schools in Chinese history and the first professional teacher. He was sincerely respected by his disciples.

Chronology of Confucius

1 year old: 551 BC (the 22nd year of Lu Xianggong)

Confucius was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now Shandong Province) Southeast of Qufu City). Because his parents once prayed to Niqiu Mountain for the birth of a son, he was named Qiu and given the courtesy name Zhongni. There are two records about the birth date of Confucius, which are one year apart. This is from "Historical Records: Confucius' Family".

3 years old: 549 BC (the 24th year of Lu Xianggong)

His father, uncle Liang He, died and was buried in Fangshan (25 miles east of today's Qufu). Yan Zheng, the mother of Confucius, moved to Queli in Qufu with her son and lived a difficult life.

5 years old: 547 BC (the 26th year of Lu Xianggong)

Qin Shang, a disciple of Confucius, named Buci, a native of Lu.

6 years old: 546 BC (the 27th year of Lu Xianggong)

His younger brother was born in Zeng Dian, Braille Xi, the father of Zeng Shen.

7 years old: 545 BC (the 28th year of Lu Xianggong)

Disciple Yan Yaosheng, also known as Wu Yao, named Ji Lu, the father of Yan Yuan.

8 years old: 544 BC (the 29th year of Lu Xianggong)

Disciple Ran Gengsheng, courtesy name Boniu, a native of Lu.

10 years old: 542 BC (the thirty-first year of Lu Xianggong)

Disciple Zhong Yousheng, courtesy name Zilu, a native of Bian.

This was the year of Lu When Duke Xiang died, his son Xi succeeded him as Duke Zhao.

12 years old: 540 BC (the second year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

Disciple Qi Diao Kaisheng, named Ziruo, Cai.

15 years old: 537 BC (the fifth year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

As he grew older, Confucius realized that he had to work hard to learn the skills of life and life, so he said: "I am determined to learn when I am ten years old" ("The Analects of Confucius: Politics")

16 years old, 536 BC (the sixth year of Lu Zhaogong)

Zheng Zhu Xingding. .

Disciple Min Shusheng, named Ziqian, a native of Lu

17 years old: 535 BC (the sixth year of Lu Zhaogong)

Confucius' mother Yan.

That year, Confucius went to a banquet with a nobleman, but was turned away by Ji's retainer Yang Hu.

19 years old: B.C. In 533 (the ninth year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

Confucius married the daughter of Qi Guan, a native of Song Dynasty

At the age of 20: 532 BC (the tenth year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

Qi Guan gave birth to a son. It is said that Duke Zhao of Lu gave Confucius a carp at this time, so he named his son Li, with the courtesy name Boyu.

In this year, Confucius became an official. , managing the warehouse.

21 years old: 531 BC (the eleventh year of Lu Zhaogong)

In that year, Confucius changed his job to farming and managing livestock. Confucius said: "My young master is also humble. , so many people can do despicable things." ("The Analects of Confucius·Zihan") This "despicable thing" should include "commissioning officials" and "taking over fields".

27 years old: 525 BC (Lu Zhaogong) Seventeenth year]

When Tanzi came to Lu, Confucius asked Tanzi about the ancient official system of Tan.

Confucius opened a private school around this time.

30 years old: 522 BC (the twentieth year of Lu Zhaogong)

It has been more than 15 years since he was determined to learn at the age of fifteen. Confucius has established himself in society through hard work, so it is said that "at thirty ". ("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng")

That was the year when Duke Jinggong of Qi and Yan Ying came to visit the State of Lu. Duke Jinggong of Qi met with Confucius and discussed with Confucius how Duke Mu of Qin came to dominate.

Disciples Yan Hui, Ran Yong, Ran Qiu, Shang Qu, and Liang Yisheng were all born in the Lu state; Hui was named Yuan, Yong was named Zhonggong, Qiu was named Ziyou, and Qu was named Zimu. >

31 years old: 521 BC (the 21st year of Lu Zhaogong)

Disciples Wuma Shi, Gao Chai, and Mi Buqi were born together. Shi was named Ziqi, and Chai was born in the state of Chen. , from the state of Qi; Zi Jian, with the courtesy name Buqi, was from the state of Lu

32 years old: 520 BC (the 22nd year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

His disciple Duanmu gave him the name Zi. Gong, a native of Wei.

34 years old: 518 BC (the 24th year of Lu Zhaogong)

Meng Yizi and Nangong Jingshu learned etiquette from Confucius.

It is said that Confucius and Nangong Jingshu asked Laopin for courtesy and Changhong for pleasure.

35 years old: 517 BC (the twenty-fifth year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

Civil strife broke out in the state of Lu. "Historical Records Confucius' Family" says: "Zhao Gong led his troops to attack Pingzi (Ji). Pingzi, Meng Sun and Shusun's family attacked Zhao Gong. Zhao Gong's division was defeated and rushed to Qi." Confucius also arrived in Qi this year. country.

36 years old, 516 BC (the twenty-sixth year of Lu Zhaogong)

Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about government affairs, and Confucius said to him: "Jun, Jun, ministers, father, father, son. son". Confucius was appreciated by Qi Jinggong. Jinggong wanted to seal Confucius with the Nixi field, but Yanzi stopped him.

When Confucius heard the music of "Shao" in Qi, he was so drunk that he didn't know the taste of meat in March.

37 years old: 515 BC (the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong)

The Qi officials wanted to harm Confucius, so Confucius returned to Lu from Qi.

Ji Zha, the son of Wu Gong, hired Qi. His son died and was buried between Ying and Bo. Confucius went to watch his funeral.

His younger brothers were Yu Fanxu and Yuan Xiansheng. Xu's courtesy name was Zichi, a native of the Lu state; Xian's courtesy name was Zisi, a native of the Song Dynasty.

38 years old: 514 BC (the 28th year of Lu Zhaogong)

Xianzi (named Shu) of Jin and Wei was in power, and he promoted talents regardless of their relative or distance. Confucius believed that this was a righteous act, saying: "It is righteous to be near without losing relatives, and to be far away from others is righteous."

39 years old, 513 BC (the 29th year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

In the winter of that year, the Jin Dynasty cast the punishment cauldron, and Kong Yu had already said, "The Jin Dynasty has perished and lost its power."

40 years old: 512 BC (the 30th year of Lu Zhaogong)

After decades of training, I have a relatively clear understanding of various problems in life, so I say, "I will not be confused at 40."

Disciple Tantai destroyed Mingsheng. Mieming's courtesy name is Ziyu, a native of Lu.

41 years old: 511 BC (the thirty-first year of Lu Zhaogong)

His younger brother was Yu Chen Kangsheng. Kang, whose courtesy name is Ziqin, was born in the state of Chen.

42 years old: 510 BC (the 32nd year of Duke Zhao of Lu)

Duke Zhao died and became Duke Ding.

43 years old: 509 BC (the first year of Lu Ding)

His younger brother was born in Gongxi Chi. Deficit Hua, a native of Lu.

45 years old: 507 BC (the third year of Lu Dinggong)

Disciple Bu Shangsheng. Shang Zixia, a native of Weiguo.

46 years old: 506 BC (the fourth year of Lu Dinggong)

Disciple Yan Yansheng. Ziyou, named Yan, was born in the state of Wu.

47 years old: 505 BC (the fifth year of Lu Dinggong)

Disciples Zeng Shen and Yan Xingsheng. Shenzi Ziyu, a native of Lu. Xing Ziliu, a native of Lu.

48 years old: 504 BC (the sixth year of Duke Dinggong of Lu)

Ji's retainer Yang Hu became more and more powerful. Confucius called it "accompanying ministers to carry out the country's orders." (" "The Analects of Confucius·Ji's Family") "Historical Records·Confucius' Family" says: "Accompanying ministers are in charge of state affairs. ... Therefore, Confucius did not serve as an official, but retired to study "Poems", "Books", "Rites", and "Music", and his disciples Mi Zhong, from afar, no one is unworthy of his karma. "Yang Hu wanted to see Confucius, but Confucius didn't want to see Yang Hu. The two later met on the road. Yang Hu persuaded Confucius to become an official, but Confucius did not make a clear statement. This matter should be discussed in the fifth chapter of Lu Dinggong. Year or the sixth year of Lu Dinggong

49 years old: 503 BC (the seventh year of Lu Dinggong)

Disciple Zhuan Sun, whose name is Zi Zhang.

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50 years old: 502 BC (the eighth year of Lu Dinggong)

Claimed to be "knowing destiny at fifty" ("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng")

Gongshan Buxi used Fei to rebel against the Ji family and summoned Confucius. Confucius wanted to go, but was blocked by Zi Lu.

51 years old: 501 BC (the ninth year of Lu Dinggong)

Confucius was the governor of Zhongdu, and he governed Zhongdu for one year, with outstanding political achievements.

His disciples Ran Lu, Cao Qian, Bo Qian, Yan Gao, and Shu Zhonghui were born. Zilu, born in the state of Lu: Zixun, born in the state of Cai: Zixi, born in the state of Lu; Zijiao, born in the state of Lu: named Ziqi, born in the state of Lu.

52 years old: BC. In 500 (the tenth year of Lu Dinggong), Confucius was promoted from Zhongdu to Xiao Sikong, and later to Da Sikou, and served as prime minister. In the summer, Confucius met Qi Hou in Jiagu with Dinggong. Lu Junhui was vigilant and prepared in Jiagu, so not only did Qi's plot to kidnap Dinggong fail, but he also forced Qi to agree to return the land of Yun, Hao, Guiyin and other lands that had been occupied by Lu.

< p> 53 years old: 499 BC (the eleventh year of Lu Dinggong)

Confucius was the Sikou of Lu, and the Lu State was in great power

54 years old: 498 BC (Lu Dinggong). In the twelfth year of Gong Dynasty), Confucius was a Lu Sikou. In order to weaken the Three Huans, he took measures to defeat the three capitals. In order to weaken the power of his retainers, the Shusun family and the Jisun family supported Confucius's idea. This action was resisted by Meng Sun's retainer Gong Lian Chufu, who secretly supported Gong Lian Chufu's move to fall to Sandu.

Disciple Gongsun Longsheng, named Long Zishi. Chinese.

55 years old: In the spring of 497 BC (the 13th year of Lu Dinggong), the state of Qi sent 80 beauties to the state of Lu to accept the female singer. The king and his ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored the government for many days. Confucius and the Ji family were at odds. Confucius left the state of Lu and went to the state of Wei.

In October, Confucius left the state of Wei and went to the state of Chen. Passing through Kuangdi, he was besieged. Then he passed through Pudi, where he encountered the rebellion of Gongshu, and Confucius and his disciples were besieged again.

At the age of 56, in the 10th year of Lu Dinggong's reign. Four years)

Confucius was summoned by Nanzi, the wife of Wei Linggong, in the state of Wei. Zilu was extremely dissatisfied with Confucius' meeting with Nanzi and criticized Confucius.

When Confucius heard the news that Zheng Guozi had given birth, he was very sad and praised Zichan as "an ancient love".

57 years old: 495 BC (the fifteenth year of Lu Dinggong)

Confucius went to defend Julu. In the fifth month of summer, Duke Ding of Lu died, and Duke Ai of Lu died.

58 years old: 494 BC (the first year of Lu Ai)

When Confucius lived in Lu, envoys from the state of Wu hired Lu and asked Confucius about the "special car with joints".

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59 years old: 493 BC (the second year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius went from Lu to Wei. Duke Lin of Wei asked Confucius about Chen (formation), but Confucius politely rejected Duke Lin of Wei. Confucius could not live in Wei State, so he went to Wei State and went to Song State. Sima Huan of Song Dynasty hated Confucius and threatened to harm Confucius.

60 Age: 492 BC (the third year of Lu Aigong)

Confucius said that he was "sixty years old and his ears were obedient".

Confucius passed through Zheng to the state of Chen, and was separated from his disciples in the capital of Zheng. He waited alone at the east gate for his disciples to come and look for him. He was laughed at and called "a tired dog like a bereaved dog".

Confucius smiled happily and said: "Yes, yes!"

61 years old: 491 BC (the fourth year of Lu Aigong)

Confucius left Chen for Cai.

62 years old: 490 BC (the fifth year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius came from Cai to Ye Gong. Ye Gong asked Confucius about politics and discussed moral issues related to integrity with Confucius.

On the way to Yehui Cai, Confucius met the hermit

63 years old: 489 BC (the sixth year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius and his disciples were in Chen Cai. During this time, he was trapped and without food, and many of his disciples fell ill due to hunger and hunger. They were later rescued by the Chu people.

Returning to the defense from Chu, he encountered a hermit on the way.

64 years old. 488 BC (the seventh year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius was in Wei. He advocated that in order to govern the country of Wei, one must first correct his name. 65 years old: 487 BC (the eighth year of Duke Ai of Lu).

Confucius was in Wei. In that year, Wu defeated Lu. Confucius's disciple Youruo participated in the battle and made meritorious service. 66 years old: 486 BC (the ninth year of Duke Ai of Lu).

Confucius was in Wei

67 years old: 485 BC (the tenth year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius was in Wei

Confucius’ wife Qi Guan.

68 years old: 484 BC (the eleventh year of Duke Ai of Lu)

In that year, the Qi army attacked Lu. Confucius' disciple Ran Youshuai fought with the Qi army and won. . Ji Kangzi asked Ran where his commanding talent came from. Ran You replied, "I learned it from Confucius." Ji Kangzi sent people to welcome Confucius to Guilu. This is the end.

Ji Kangzi wanted to practice "Tian Fu", but Confucius objected. Confucius said to Ran You: "A gentleman's behavior is based on etiquette. Give generously, do things accordingly, and follow them." Thin. If this is the case, a hill is enough."

69 years old: 483 BC (the twelfth year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius still wanted to be in politics, but he was not used. Confucius continued Engaged in education and document compilation.

Confucius’ son Kong Li died at the age of 70: 482 BC (the 13th year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Confucius. He said that "when he was seventy, he should follow his heart's desires and never go beyond the rules." Confucius was very sad when Yan Hui died.

71 years old: 481 BC (the fourteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Yes. In the spring of that year, Lin was hunted. Kong Liao thought this was not a good sign, so he stopped compiling the "Spring and Autumn Annals". Seeing Duke Ai of Lu and San Huan, he asked the State of Lu to send troops to attack Chen Huan, but received no support.

72 years old: 480 BC (the fifteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu)

Kong Yuwen. The Weiguo coup had a premonition that Zilu's life was in danger. Confucius was very sad.

73 years old: 479 BC (the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu)

April. Confucius fell ill and died without recovery. Buried in the north of Lucheng. Duke Ai of Lu said: "If the heavens do not support me, I will not leave an old man behind, leaving only one person to be in power, and I feel guilty for being alone. What a pity! My father! I have no self-discipline." Many disciples guarded his tomb for three years, and Zigong guarded his tomb for six years. Hundreds of disciples and Lu people came home from the tomb, so they were named Kongli. Confucius' former residence was converted into a temple, and Confucius was worshiped by people.

Attitude towards life

Be so angry that you forget to eat, you are so happy that you forget your worries, and you don’t know that old age is coming...

Eat sparingly, drink water, bend your arms and rest your head on it, and enjoy it. Being rich and noble without justice is like a floating cloud to me.

Xianzai, come back! A basket of food and a ladle of drink, in a back alley, people can't bear to worry about it. Even if I return, I will not change my joy. Xianzai, come back!

A scholar who aspires to the Tao but is ashamed of those who wear bad clothes and eat badly is not enough to discuss it.

Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don’t follow the right path, they won’t get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if you don't follow the right path, you won't get rid of them.

If you are rich and can be sought after, even if you are a man with a whip, I will do it. If you can't ask for it, do as I like.

Isn’t it great to have friends from far away?

Think of righteousness when you see benefit, and give orders when you see danger.

Cultivation of oneself to bring respect... Cultivation of oneself to bring peace to others... Cultivation of oneself to bring peace to the people.

You can support an orphan six feet away, you can send a life a hundred miles away, and you can't take it away during a big festival.

A man with lofty ideals and benevolence will not harm his benevolence by seeking life, but will kill himself to achieve benevolence.

The king died due to illness and his name was not known.

Those who are upright are upright and righteous. Observe words and colors, and consider the following people.

A gentleman is arrogant but not arrogant, and a villain is arrogant but not arrogant.

It is easy for a gentleman to say (pleasant) but difficult to say (pleasant). Saying (pleasant) is not done in the right way, not saying (pleasant).

A gentleman's official duties are to act righteously.

Zi said Yu Chan. "There are four principles of a gentleman: he behaves respectfully towards himself, he is respectful in his conduct, he benefits the people when he supports them, and he makes people righteous."

A gentleman is harmonious but different, and a villain is similar but not the same. and.

A gentleman is reserved and does not fight, and he is a group but not a party.

A gentleman is not careful in comparing himself with others, and a villain is not careful in comparing himself with others.

A gentleman is magnanimous, but a villain is always worried.

The benevolent do not worry, the wise do not be confused, the brave do not fear.

Acting with interests in mind leads to more resentment.

If you seek benevolence and gain benevolence, there is no need to complain.

If quality is better than literature, then the country will be wild; if literature is better than quality, then history will be achieved. Be gentle and polite, then be a gentleman.

A gentleman seeks the road, not food,... A gentleman worries about the road, not poverty.

How can I be ignorant of the French language? Change it to expensive. How can Xun say nothing to him? Make it valuable. If I say it but don’t explain it, and therefore don’t change it, then I’m done with it.

Seeing the good is like exploring the soup.

A gentleman respects the virtuous and tolerates others, praises the good but is reserved.

It is not enough to be a scholar just because you care about your home!

Motto of life

If you don’t learn etiquette, you can’t stand up.

Do to others what you don’t want others to do.

If you want to establish yourself, you can establish others; if you want to achieve yourself, you can achieve others.

If you are generous to yourself but do not blame others, you will be far from resentful.

When you see a virtuous person, you think about them all; when you see a virtuous person, you reflect on yourself.

When three people walk together, they must have a teacher. Choose the good ones and follow them, and choose the bad ones and change them.

I examine myself three times every day: Am I being unfaithful to others? Have you ever left a letter with a friend? Are you not used to it?

Be respectful when you live, be respectful when working, and be loyal to others.

A gentleman is respectful and courteous, and he is respectful and courteous to others. He is a brother in the world.

He is loyal in words and respectful in actions, even in a barbaric country. If you are not faithful in words and respectful in deeds, how can you do it even if you live in the state?

He who behaves his own way with shame, and who can be used in all directions without dishonoring the emperor's orders, can be called a scholar.

Confucius said: "He who can do the five things is benevolent in the world." Please ask. Said: "Gong, generosity, trust, sensitivity, and benefit. Being respectful means not insulting, being lenient means winning people, being trustworthy means being able to do whatever you want, being sensitive means being successful, and being merciful means being able to win over others."

A gentleman takes righteousness as a pledge, conducts it with propriety, develops it as a grandson, and fulfills it with faith. What a gentleman!

To make mistakes without correcting them is to make mistakes!

If it is passed, it will be changed in a hurry.

Don’t express your anger and don’t make mistakes.

The three armies can seize the commander, but an ordinary man cannot seize the will!

If a person has no long-term worries, he must have immediate worries.

No haste, no small gain. If you want haste, you will not achieve anything; if you see small gains, you will not achieve great things.

Scholars must be ambitious and have a long way to go. Isn’t it important to think of benevolence as one’s own responsibility? Isn't it just too far to die before oneself?

If you don’t uphold your virtues and don’t believe deeply, how can you live or die?

When making friends, keep your word.

Use literature to make friends, and friends to help people.

Three friends will benefit you, and three friends will harm you. Friends who are straight, friends who are understanding, and friends who are knowledgeable are beneficial. If you have friends, you will be brave. If you are friendly, you will be gentle. If you have friends, you will be sycophantic, which is a loss.

A gentleman wants to be slow in words but quick in deeds.

A gentleman who has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, who is sensitive to things but careful in his words, is Taoist and upright, and he can be said to be eager to learn.

Smooth words and bad morals.

Clever words and charming words are fresh and benevolent.

Strongness, perseverance, woodiness, indifference and benevolence.

Those who are virtuous must educate themselves in words, but those who are eloquent do not need to cultivate virtue.

Listen to what they say and watch what they do.

You don’t use your words to lift people up, and you don’t use people to trash your words.

The ancients couldn’t say anything, and they couldn’t catch it in shame.

A gentleman’s name must be something to be said, and his words must be actionable. A gentleman is nothing more than scrupulous about his words.

It can be said