Gay in English
Gay tóng zhì, English comrades, Russian Товарищ (pronunciation Dawarish)
[Edit this paragraph] Gay terms
During the Chinese Revolution, the Eighth Route Army liked to say so-and-so comrade. It is still very common to say comrade. However, the meaning of saying comrade is different in some situations. For example, gay is a term in a bar, and among colleagues, gay men are gay and women are gay. Gay is normal, but it has different meanings when used in certain situations.
[Edit this paragraph] The original meaning of comrade
"Comrade" originally refers to like-minded people
In ancient my country, "comrade" was associated with teachers, elders, and monarchs. The meanings of these words are the same, and they are all terms of address between friends. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiuming explained the word "comrade" in "Guoyu·Jinyu IV": "Those who share the same virtues are of the same mind, and those who are of the same mind are comrades." "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Liu Tao Biography" said: "The friends we make , must be Comrade. "
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the term "comrade" came from the Soviet Union, which means people who have a communist aspiration, which is "realizing communism."
In China, gay is also widely used as a term of greeting between strangers, similar to "master". For example, "Hello, comrade, how can I get to the front door?" But young people nowadays rarely use it.
The origin of the name "comrade"
It turns out that in ancient my country, "comrade" had the same meaning as sir, elder, jun, etc., and they were all terms of address between friends. . During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiuming explained the word "comrade" in "Guoyu·Jinyu IV": "Those who share the same virtues are of the same mind, and those who are of the same mind are comrades." "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Liu Tao Biography" said: "The friends we make , must also be Comrade.”
In modern times, “Comrade” has become a term used among members of political parties. During the bourgeois democratic revolution, revolutionaries already called each other "comrade" among themselves. Dr. Sun Yat-sen published "A Letter to Comrades at Home and Abroad" and a "Letter to Comrades in Nanyang" in 1918. Those members of the Tongmenghui who were bent on overthrowing the Manchu dynasty also called each other "comrade", which sounded not only appropriate but also tragic. Sun Yat-sen also called in his famous "Prime Minister's Testament": "The revolution has not yet succeeded, comrades still have to work hard."
In 1920, Mao Zedong, Luo Xuezan and others also began to quote the word "comrade" in their correspondence. word. In 1921, the "First Congress" Party Program of the Communist Party of China stipulated: "Anyone who recognizes the party's program and policies and is willing to become a loyal party member can be admitted after being introduced by a party member, regardless of gender or nationality. Become a party member and become our comrade." This is the first time that the Communist Party of China used the word "comrade" in an official document and gave it a new meaning.
After 1923, there were more and more mutual calls of "comrade" within the Chinese Communist Party and with foreign communist parties and workers' organizations. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the title "comrade" became a term of affection and respect for each other among people of all ethnic groups across the country. Comrade Mao Zedong also specifically instructed everyone to call each other "comrade" in 1959. On December 14, 1965, the Central Committee issued a special notice requiring all members of the party to be addressed as "comrade." At this point, the title "comrade" is no longer just a title, but a way to carry forward the party's fine traditions and overcome and resist the decadent habits and bureaucratic style of the old society.
In December 1978, the communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee once again pointed out: "The Plenary Session reiterated Comrade Mao Zedong's consistent proposition that all members of the party should refer to each other as comrades and not by official titles."
[Edit this paragraph] The origin of comrade
The origin of the word "comrade"
Tong means being able to talk about the same opinions, ambition, consisting of people and hearts. The meaning of "comrade" It is to die for a close friend, and the heart is born to be a beauty!
In ancient my country, the meaning of the word "comrade" was very different from today. It was used as two words: same, and That is the same, consistent; ambition, that is, ambition. Zuo Qiuming, a historian of the Spring and Autumn Period, has a very famous saying: "With the same virtue, we have the same heart, and if we have the same heart, we have the same heart." This means: if the moral character is the same, the heart is the same, and if the heart is the same, the ambition is the same. It can be seen that here, the meaning of "comrade" is "the same ambition", which is very different from the current use as a noun.
In modern times, "comrade" has become a term used among members of political parties. During the period of China's bourgeois democratic revolution, revolutionaries called each other comrades. In 1920, Mao Zedong, Luo Xuezan and others also began to quote the word "comrade" in their correspondence.
In 1921, the Communist Party of China was founded, and the "First" party program stipulated: Anyone who recognizes the party's program and policies and is willing to become a loyal party member will be accepted as a party member and become our comrade. "This is the earliest use of the word "comrade" by our party in official documents. It also gives a new meaning to the word "comrade", indicating a new type of relationship among party members under the great goal of fighting for communism. Relationship.
In 1989, Hong Konger Lin Yihua named the first gay film festival he planned as the "Hong Kong Gay and Lesbian Film Festival", which may be the beginning of this meaning.
(At the latest) From then on, in Chinese-speaking areas outside mainland China, such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, etc., the word "gay" gradually evolved into another name for homosexuals. When used, it is not used as a title like "comrade so-and-so", but "so-and-so is a comrade" or "so-and-so joins a gay group". This usage was first used among the gay community, and later its influence gradually expanded. All sectors of society in the above-mentioned areas adopted this usage. For example, the Civil Affairs Bureau of the Taipei City Government wrote in the "Handbook for Understanding Gays 2001 Edition": "The mayor loves gays. ".
Lin Yihua himself once said that the word "gay" he hopes to use to replace homosexuality is associated with Sun Yat-sen's famous saying "The revolution has not yet succeeded, comrades still have to work hard." On the one hand, Lin hopes to point out that continued efforts are still needed, and on the other hand, he hopes to shift the focus of discussion from sexual orientation to gender issues. Since then, many people who pay attention to various gender issues hope to use the word gay to connect, include and represent more people. At present, the word gay is not limited to homosexuals, but has expanded to include the four major groups commonly known as LGBT in the world, that is, men. Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender. For example, the novel Rainbow Butterfly published in Taiwan in 2004 has the subtitle "The Mental Journey of a Transgender Gay". And after this meaning, the word "straight man" appears.
After entering mainland China in recent years, since the vast majority of young people no longer use the word "gay", this meaning has caught up with them. Although this new meaning is also known and used by more and more people in mainland China, the official media and documents of the People's Republic of China basically do not accept this extended meaning.
[Edit this paragraph] Assessment and identification of homosexuality
Sexual orientation can change over time. Assessment should be cautious, and the standards include the following aspects:
(1) sexual attraction
(2) sexual behavior
(3) Sexual fantasies
(4) Emotional preference
(5) Social preference
(6) Self-identification < /p>
(7) Homo/hetero life-style, etc. sexual orientation.
(8) Sudden changes in love and loss of love increase the incidence of same-sex relationships.