Everyone must be familiar with this poem. The author of the poem is Liu Yongliu Sanbian, who was appointed by Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty to "compose lyrics according to the order". Let’s talk about how popular his lyrics were back then. It was said at that time that “anyone who has a well to drink from can sing Liu’s lyrics.” The general idea is that there are people singing his lyrics wherever there is a well. If it were put now, it would be a perfect square. dance. In the sixth year of Xianping (AD 1003), Liu Yong wrote the poem "Looking at the Sea Tide: Southeast Xingsheng" in Hangzhou, which was highly sought after by people at the time. But when it was sung in Hangzhou at that time, it was probably not in Mandarin. Everyone will question, isn’t this Mandarin the current Mandarin? Who doesn’t sing in Mandarin? In fact, it’s easy to understand. Think about it, there was no television or the Internet a thousand years ago. The promotion of Mandarin among the people could only rely on self-consciousness. The scope of dissemination was Bianjing and its surroundings. In addition, officials learned it out of political needs. At that time, Hangzhou was so far away from the capital, so it was normal for most people to not know Mandarin. Although Liu Ci is widely circulated, its pronunciation is true from all over the world. But push the time back a hundred years. By then, the people of Hangzhou will definitely be singing Liu Ci in Mandarin. So what is going on?
The Hangzhou dialect belongs to the Wu dialect Taihu dialect of Hangzhou. How big is the Wu dialect Taihu dialect? It generally includes northern Zhejiang Province, southern Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, and 67 counties and cities, with a population of more than 60 million. So how small is Hangzhou? Among the 10 districts under its jurisdiction, only five are West Lake, Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Gongshu and Jianggan. They cover an area of ??more than 600 square kilometers and have a population of one to two million. They only occupy Taihu Lake. about 5% of the population.
Looking at this map, Hangzhou is surrounded by Linshao Wuyu and other small areas, and it seems to be a small isolated island among them. Among the ten districts of Hangzhou, Binjiang, Xiaoshan, and Fuyang belong to the Linshao area, while Yuhang and Lin'an belong to the Tiaoxi area. The old saying that "ten miles have different sounds" is perfectly interpreted here.
The first reason why the Hangzhou dialect has become a Wu dialect film alone is related to the title of the ancient capital of Hangzhou. That's right, I'm talking about Zhao Gou. After the Jin army invaded, he fled to Lin'an Dingdu. A large number of northerners also moved southward. Most of them were northern clansmen, bureaucrats, wealthy merchants and gentry with their families. Most of them were "northerns" as well as the Forbidden Army soldiers stationed in Lin'an City. There were countless scholars and scholars. At that time, there was a saying that "most of the scholar-bureaucrats in the northwest were in Qiantang." Historical records record that from the Jianyan period of the Southern Song Dynasty to the Shaoxing period, in just 20 to 30 years, the population of residents flowing into Lin'an increased dramatically, with the largest population being those from Kaifeng at that time. The number of foreigners settling in Hangzhou has long exceeded the natives. Some scholars speculate that the ratio of local households to non-local households at that time was even 1:8.
The foreign population not only has an advantage in numbers, but also has a superior status politically. After these officials, gentry and wealthy families moved to Hangzhou, the usual host-guest phenomenon changed, replaced by strong political and economic dominance. Their settlement is within the ten city gates of Hangzhou. Although Lin'an is surrounded by other Wu-speaking areas, Mandarin is the dominant language in the city. Because of its authoritative status, the indigenous dialects evolved into Mandarin. This is why, as mentioned earlier, Liu Sanbian's lyrics were sung in Mandarin in Hangzhou a hundred years later.
In comparison, Shaoxing is another example. At that time, Shaoxing was the mausoleum of the Southern Song Dynasty royal family and the gathering place of the Zhao clan. The foreign population also exceeded the native population. But at this time, Shaoxing was neither a political center nor a disparate population ratio, so Shaoxing dialect was not affected by northern Mandarin and still maintained the original appearance of Wu dialect.
Other nearby states and counties are also in a similar situation to Shaoxing. Only Hangzhou dialect is influenced by Mandarin and has undergone great changes in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The two sides have been integrated with each other for hundreds of years. It is conceivable that if it were not for the huge disparity in the number of people, if it were not for the privileged advantage in political status. The geographical scope of today's Hangzhou dialect will not be so small, and it may be very close to the surrounding Yuhang dialect. This shows that the drastic changes in politics and population during the Southern Song Dynasty had a profound impact on Hangzhou. It was precisely because of the Song Dynasty's migration to the south that Mandarin and Hangzhou dialect evolved and merged, becoming a Wu dialect with northern Mandarin color, which is the origin of the current Hangzhou dialect.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners Camp was stationed in the Hubin area of ??Hangzhou for more than 200 years. The Eight Banners Battalion was disbanded in the early years of the Republic of China, and more than 50,000 officials, soldiers and family members among them were dispersed among ordinary people. In order to integrate into the local area, people in these banner camps also began to learn Hangzhou dialect, and their own Beijing Mandarin influenced Hangzhou dialect. Such mutual penetration formed the characteristics of the current Hangzhou dialect. There is a legacy of Manchu in place names. There is a street in Hangzhou called "Hehanshang". The former street name was actually "Riverbank", which is obviously a Chinese pronunciation. The word "Han" is pronounced in Manchu, meaning riverside or riverside. This street was built along the canal. In those days, it was a bustling place with busy water transportation.
When Xu Zhimo once gave a speech in Suzhou, he said, "I would rather listen to people in Suzhou quarrel than listen to people in Hangzhou talking." Of course, this famous saying has evolved into many versions since then. Although it is said that "there are Suzhou and Hangzhou below", the tones of speech in the two places are completely different. If Suzhou dialect is Wu Nong's soft language, Hangzhou dialect is indeed solid and iron-clad (read Ang).
After the Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, everyone in the city spoke "Mandarin", so the pronunciation expression of Hangzhou dialect was mostly Wendu. To put it simply, Wendu is the written language. The so-called spoken language is this. mean.
Baidu refers to the early native pronunciation, which is quite different from Mandarin. I intuitively feel that if you read in Hangzhou dialect, there will basically be no confusion between Wen pronunciation and Bai pronunciation. Among the Wu dialects, there are many words that can be read in both white and white versions, but Hangzhou dialect is an exception. There are basically no dialects that can be read in white. This is a major feature of it. The evolution process may be as follows: after the Song Dynasty moved south, the local Bai pronunciation was very different from the Mandarin Chinese, and was gradually rejected. The pronunciation of Wen, which was similar to the northern Mandarin, gained dominance and replaced Baidu in the following hundreds of years. During the Republic of China, some scholars conducted a survey on Hangzhou dialect and found that there were almost no cultural differences in the local dialect. In terms of pronunciation, the pronunciation of Hangzhou dialect and Bai pronunciation of many words such as home, flower, street, jiao, jian, river, etc. are consistent. In other small areas of Wu dialect, the different characteristics of Wenbai reading are still maintained.
Compared with the surrounding Wu dialects, Hangzhou dialect is mainly similar to Mandarin in its vocabulary system. For example, in Hangzhou dialect, personal pronouns are expressed by "I, you, he", and plurals are added with "men", which is different from Mandarin. It's the same. But in Shanghainese dialect it is "I, Nong, Yi", and the plural is "Ala,?, Yi La". In Shaoxing dialect, it is "I, Nong, Yi", and the plural is "Ben, Nai, Ye". The Yuhang District of Hangzhou is "wo, er, yi", and the plural is "end, nai, qie". Personal pronouns are actually the most stable basic vocabulary in linguistics. From this, we can see the uniqueness of Hangzhou dialect. So to judge whether the other person is speaking Hangzhou dialect, just listen to how he says personal pronouns. In the use of many other words, Hangzhou dialect is also consistent with Mandarin. For example, when washing your face, in Wu dialect there are "chaomian" and "tiaomian". The word "daughter" is used as "nan". Although the pronunciation is different, the wording is the same. The negative word "no" is more commonly used in Wu dialect as "wu" or "wuge". Compared with the surrounding Wu dialects, Hangzhou dialect's vocabulary is more Mandarin-colored.
On the one hand, many Wu dialect words in Hangzhou dialect are covered by Northern dialect. On the other hand, the surrounding Wu dialects have surrounded Hangzhou dialect, causing the influence of Wu dialect to penetrate all the time. After the fusion of the two, they formed a vocabulary that is half Mandarin and half Wu dialect. For example, the word "face" in Mandarin is mostly used in the surrounding Wu-speaking areas, and "face" is used in Hangzhou dialect. This is obviously a combination of the two. The word "groom" is used as "groomman" in Hangzhou dialect, which is also influenced by the word "new man" in Wu dialect.
Among them, Shaoxing dialect has a greater influence on Hangzhou. There is an old saying that radish is grown in Hangzhou and Shaoxing. Many people in Hangzhou look up their family trees and find out that there may be ancestors from Shaoxing three generations ago. The reason for this is the wars in modern history. The first time was in 1861, when the Taiping Army besieged the city for two months. The locals suffered numerous casualties, resulting in a significant population reduction that was in urgent need of replacement. This is where Shaoxing immigrated to Hangzhou. The second time was during the Anti-Japanese War. The Japanese invaders often bombed and raided the Shaoxing area. The people suffered from the war. In order to escape the war, many people came to Hangzhou to seek life.
Because of this, Hangzhou dialect was influenced by Shaoxing dialect, which also caused some changes in the pronunciation of Wenbai. For example, for the word "shuo" in Hangzhou dialect, the old school pronounced it with the sound suo, but now it is mostly pronounced with the sound wuo, which is consistent with the Shaoxing dialect. Another example is the word "big". In Hangzhou dialect, there is a fixed pronunciation of "da", "everyone", "coat". There are also people who read do, big guys (people with strong bodies) and big feet (thighs). There are also two pronunciations that can be used, big brother and big boss. In Shaoxing dialect, all big characters are pronounced with do sound. These are clear examples.
Many friends know that Hangzhou people like to use "er", and it has many uses. The word "er" plus other roots form a large number of words. This is a major feature resulting from the integration and evolution of the "Mandarin" of the Southern Song Dynasty. It is also a difference from the surrounding Wu dialect. However, its usage is very different from the northern dialect.
In terms of pronunciation, "er" in Hangzhou dialect is an independent syllable, while "er" in northern dialect is a retroflex sound attached to the root of the word. For example, "child", then it is xiao hai er in Hangzhou dialect and xiao hair in northern dialect. Here "er" is pronounced softly. The "er" in Hangzhou dialect is used as an independent syllable, so it sounds stiff to northerners, and the surrounding Wu dialect area feels it is out of place. Take Xiaoshan, which is across the river, for example. In Hangzhou, when people say stool (stool), there is no "er" in Xiaoshan dialect, but only "stool". In terms of word meaning, "er" in northern dialect is blurred, and removing the suffix will not affect it. There are words similar to this in Hangzhou dialect, such as "Old Man", "Hua'er", "Yu'er", and "Bao'er". There is also something different from this. If you hear people in Hangzhou say "they are playing tussles", it shows that they are mostly joking. But if you say "they are fighting," you are fighting. If you say a child is crying, you will think of the child crying when he was beaten, scolded, or hurt. But saying that a child is "crying" means the exact opposite. Basically, it means that the child is acting shamelessly.
Going back a thousand years, the pronunciation of "er" in Chinese has also developed from "erwei" to "erhua". The word "er" in Tang and Song poetry has independent syllables, both in its original meaning and as a suffix of "er", unlike the current "er" sound in northern dialects. It can be seen that there is no doubt that "er" in the Southern Song Dynasty is an independent syllable. Historical materials such as "Mengliang Lu" and "Old Martial Arts", which reflect the life of Qian and Tang Dynasties during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, record many affixes in Hangzhou dialect at that time. Words such as cage, shrimp, sachet, starling, cake, hat, plate, basin, can, etc.
These words, which have been around for hundreds of years, are still circulated orally among Hangzhou people, which shows that the "er" in the Hangzhou dialect of the urban class has a long history. In the Ming Dynasty, vernacular novels emerged, such as "Water Margin", "Jin Ping Mei", "Journey to the West", etc., which recorded many scenes of the market at that time, and also contained a large number of suffixes. Comparing the historical materials of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was found that the two words overlapped each other, and these words were generally consistent in structure and semantics. This can be inferred that the suffix words in the novels of the Ming Dynasty were inherited from the Song and Yuan Dynasties and followed the modern Hangzhou dialect.
In the years of change, due to special historical reasons and geographical conditions, the Hangzhou dialect has also undergone subtle changes in its evolution due to the integration and constraints of the north and the south. Although Hangzhou dialect does only account for a small part of Wu dialect, it is also a very rich part. The cultural factors he accumulated in the language are like the slowly unfolding picture scroll of "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", rising and falling in this thousand-year long river of history.
Finally, I borrow Xu Wenchang’s wonderful couplet to conclude: