1600 years, the official war laid the foundation of the edo shogunate. 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu set up a shogunate in Edo, and established a unified and centralized Tokugawa era, known as Tokugawa shogunate or Edo shogunate in history, and began to rule for more than 260 years. At that time, although the emperor enjoyed high prestige and was nominally the supreme ruler of the country, he had no real power, and the real power was in the hands of the shogun. The general is also the largest feudal Lord, directly managing a quarter of the country's land and many important cities. The rest of the region was divided into more than 200 "princes", large and small. The leader of the vassal enjoys the hereditary sovereignty of the vassal, but he must obey the general. Both the general and Daming have their own retainers, that is, warriors. A samurai gets fiefs and rice from a general or name, but he must be loyal to the general or name. These warriors are generally professional soldiers and have the privilege of wearing swords. They formed the foundation of the Tokugawa era, thus forming a feudal rule system composed of shogunate and vassal, that is, the Mufan system. In order to cultivate the samurai as a pillar ideologically, the Tokugawa shogunate vigorously preached that the samurai should have the spirit of "Bushido" of loyalty and courage, and let the samurai work for it and work for it.

16 16, the second generation general Hideyoshi Tokugawa took further measures to ban religion. The main contents are as follows: first, to further ban Catholicism, especially to completely eradicate Catholicism among farmers; Second, all foreign ships are not allowed to trade in Daming, but only in Kazuo and Heping; Third, China ships are not bound by this provision. At the same time, the control of Athena Chu's ship trade has been strengthened, and it is forbidden for famous western countries to own large ships with a load of more than 500 stones. Athena Chu certificates are only issued to a few businessmen in Kyoto who are closely related to the generals. Even so, some famous western businessmen are still doing business with western businessmen in private in order to strengthen their economic strength and acquire advanced weapons, which makes the shogunate very uneasy.

1623, the shogunate banned Spanish ships from coming to Japan. Then, from February of 1633 to July of 1639, the Tokugawa shogunate issued the so-called "ban on sales" five times in a row. The main contents are as follows: first, Japanese ships are prohibited from going to sea for trade and Japanese people are prohibited from communicating with overseas, and stowaways are sentenced to death; Second, the missionary activities of Catholicism are prohibited, and missionaries who sneaked into Japan are prosecuted and arrested to prevent the spread of Catholicism in Japan; Third, foreign ships arriving in Japan are closely monitored, and trade activities are also strictly controlled by the shogunate. In this way, Japan's "lock-in system" was finally established.

1639, the shogunate ordered the severance of trade with Portugal. Prior to this, British businessmen automatically withdrew from Japan on 1623 because they failed in the competition with the Dutch. Holland, a Protestant country, did not carry out missionary activities in Japan and was praised by the shogunate. Moreover, Dutch businessmen once supported the shogunate to suppress the peasant uprising. Therefore, the shogunate chartered trade activities with the Netherlands. In addition, China and North Korea, two traditional foreign trade countries of Japan, can still trade with Japan. However, the trade activities of the Netherlands and China with North Korea and Japan are also strictly controlled, and they can only trade in Nagasaki. Because Nagasaki is the territory directly under the shogunate, it is easy to control, and the shogunate does not want the country to enjoy the great benefits of foreign trade and develop. Since then, Japan has become a closed-door country, which has become an important feature of Japan in the Tokugawa era. Tokugawa shogunate implements the hierarchical system of shogunate. In order to consolidate the order in the Tokugawa era, the Tokugawa shogunate implemented a strict feudal hierarchy. (It is suggested to display the feudal hierarchy map in the teaching materials in various forms, so as to guide students to intuitively understand the essence and ruling class of Tokugawa era, analyze the hierarchy of agriculture, industry and commerce, and explore the reasons for the slow development of feudal economy implied in the hierarchy and the rulers' policies towards industry and commerce. ) Generals, famous generals and samurai account for 10% of Japan's national population and belong to the ruling class. Industry and commerce account for 10% of the population and are discriminated against by the ruling class. "Farmers" account for about 80% of the national population, and they are the main groups who are oppressed and exploited. They not only have to pay the rent, but also undertake all kinds of chores and labor. The bottom of society is "Dalits". The boundaries at all levels are strict, hereditary, non-intermarriage, and there are differences in food, clothing, housing and transportation.

The Tokugawa shogunate practiced a closed-door policy. Before the Tokugawa era, Japanese foreign trade was relatively developed, and merchant ships sailed to China, Korea and Southeast Asian countries. /kloc-in the second half of the 6th century, western businessmen and missionaries began to emigrate to Japan, and European colonial forces led by missionaries quickly penetrated into Japan, and the number of Catholics in China soared from 300,000 to 700,000. Some vassal countries have strengthened their economic and military strength through trade with western countries. After the Tokugawa shogunate was established, in order to consolidate the rule and prevent external forces from invading Japan, it began to implement a closed-door policy. Since 1633, the "lock-up order" has been issued many times, that is, the country is locked up leniently. Japanese are forbidden to trade with foreign countries, Japanese are forbidden to communicate with overseas countries, and foreign businessmen and missionaries are expelled. They only trade with China, North Korea, the Netherlands and other countries, and only in Nagasaki. Foreign commercial activities are strictly controlled. At the same time, the shogunate also stipulated that the Japanese were not allowed to go abroad, nor were they allowed to return to China, and even prohibited from making ships suitable for ocean. Implement a policy of restricting industry and commerce. Closing the country to the outside world itself has seriously restricted commercial activities, and at the same time, it has adopted a discriminatory attitude towards industrialists and businessmen, strictly restricted the scale of handicraft workshops, monopolized commodities, set up checkpoints, and arbitrarily confiscated the property of industrialists and businessmen. It has seriously hindered the development of industry and commerce and the emergence of capitalist mode of production. At the end of the shogunate, the prestige of the shogunate was hit by the deteriorating financial situation from shogunate to samurai. The shogunate is based on the countryside, but because of dissatisfaction with feudal oppression and exploitation, riots often occur, which is called being slapped. Coupled with foreign demands for trade, although the shogunate tried to accommodate, the general trend shook the whole shogunate system, and male vassals (mainly Changzhou and Samoa) rallied to crusade, eventually forcing the shogunate to the road of extinction.

First, although strict hierarchy maintained feudal rule, it also intensified social contradictions. Second, the long-term closed-door policy caused the backwardness of modern Japan. Third, the emergence and development of the budding capitalism impacted the feudal natural economy. After Tokugawa established the Tokugawa era, a unified market was formed throughout the country, the burden on farmers was relatively reduced, and the enthusiasm for production was improved. Therefore, the rapid development of agricultural production and the development of agricultural production led to the rapid development of rural handicrafts and gradually separated from agriculture, and new handicraft centers and commercial centers were also formed. The development of commodity agriculture and handicraft industry caused the disintegration of rural natural economy.

/kloc-in the first half of the 0/8th century, the germination of capitalism and the emergence of new modes of production fundamentally shook the foundation of the Tokugawa era. This paragraph is a difficult point for students to understand. It is suggested that the teacher stop here and don't add a lot of textbooks. Fourth, social contradictions have become increasingly acute. In order to solve the financial difficulties, feudal lords exploited farmers, greatly increased land rent and increased various taxes. Farmers can't stand heavy exploitation and oppression, and businessmen are also dissatisfied with strict restrictions and plunder. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the status of the middle and lower samurai classes deteriorated. Forced by their livelihood, they had to break through the shackles of feudal hierarchy and regulations and become teachers, doctors, or engaged in commerce and handicrafts, and some even devoted themselves to being adopted sons of businessmen. The privileges and interests of samurai were challenged, and the idea of resisting the Tokugawa era gradually developed. Da Yanping 1837 Black Wolf Uprising directly led to the beginning of shaking the ruling foundation of Japanese feudal society. 1853, American navy general Perry led his fleet into edo bay twice, forcing Japan to open its ports for trade (known as the black ship incident in history). The Tokugawa shogunate succumbed to the military pressure of the great powers and successively signed many unequal treaties and agreements with the western powers, thus betraying a great deal of national sovereignty and national interests. A large number of farmers and craftsmen went bankrupt because of the influx of foreign goods, and the Japanese people were doubly oppressed and exploited, making their situation even more painful.

The shogunate became the object of social crusade, and the Japanese feudal camp split. Some middle and lower samurai put forward the slogan of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries, assassinated the shogunate authorities who advocated the founding of the country and attacked foreigners. Due to the restrictions and repression of the shogunate and western powers, it was declared a failure. People began to realize that if they want to be really rich and strong, they must overthrow the Tokugawa era, so the ending movement began.

1865 12, Changzhou vassal group Takayama Shinzuo led the "Raiders" with farmers as the main body to defeat the conservatives and seize the vassal regime. Subsequently, Saigō Takamori, Kubo Junyi and others, Samoan sects, also took control of the vassal power. Soon, these two forces formed the curtain-dropping alliance and became the core of the nationwide curtain-dropping movement. On the one hand, they carried out political and economic reforms to arouse the enthusiasm of farmers, businessmen and middle and lower class soldiers; On the other hand, arm yourself militarily, purchase a large number of western advanced weapons and compete with the shogunate army.

1867 65438+1October 30th (65438+February 25th in Qing Dynasty), Emperor Xiaoming, who suppressed the anti-curtain faction, died, and Emperor Meiji, who was below 15, ascended the throne, and the court situation began to develop in favor of the anti-curtain faction.

1867 10, Samoan, Changzhou and Anyi people held a secret meeting in Kyoto and decided to arm the rebellion in the name of the young Meiji Emperor. On the one hand, they expanded their power, on the other hand, they secretly contacted the emperor and prepared to launch a palace coup to oust General Tokugawa.

1868 65438+1On October 3rd, vassals in the southwest surrounded the imperial palace and relieved the Tokugawa shogunate from guarding the harem. They surrounded the young Meiji Emperor, held a command meeting, and announced that "the imperial power was restored to the ancients", and the power was completely in the hands of the Emperor. Emperor Meiji immediately issued an imperial edict, decided to establish a new central government headed by him, and appointed reformers such as Saigō Takamori and Kubojun to take charge of state affairs and launch Chen Wu War.