Painters of the Tang Dynasty:
Han Huang (723～787)
Painters of the Tang Dynasty in China. The word is too strong. A native of Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). He once served as the inspector Zuo Pushe and Tong Zhongshu's family Pingzhangshi, and was granted the title of Duke of Jin. He is a man of many talents, good at calligraphy and drums and harp. Painter Fa Lu Tanwei is good at painting figures, rural customs, horses, cattle, sheep, donkeys, etc. His works mostly reflect the life of literati and rural customs in the Tang Dynasty. Today there is "Five Cows Picture" handed down from generation to generation
Zhang Xuan,
a native of Jingzhao (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), whose birth and death years are unknown. Artistic activities were mainly concentrated in the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of the Tang Dynasty (713-755). Zhang Xuan was worshiped in the inner court and served as a painter in Jixian Academy, serving as a court painter. He is famous for his painting of aristocratic ladies and saddle horses in palaces and gardens. In the history of painting, he is often mentioned together with Zhou Fang, another lady painter who followed him later. Records on the history of painting in the Tang and Song Dynasties record dozens of works by Zhang Xuan, many of which have been copied by many painters. However, none of the original works by Zhang Xuan have survived today.
Zhou Fang,
A painter of the Tang Dynasty in China. The courtesy name is Jingxuan and also the courtesy name is Zhonglang. A native of Jingzhao (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province). The year of birth and death is unknown. Born into a noble family. The earliest recorded activity of Zhou Fang was when he served as the chief historian of Yuezhou (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province) during the Dali reign of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty (766-779). The last activity recorded was when Dezong Zhenyuan (785-804) was ordered to paint Zhangjing temple murals.
Gu Hongzhong (approximately 910--980 AD)
Active in the Southern Tang Dynasty, he was the later master of the Southern Tang Painting Academy and an imperial edict. He is good at painting and can only see figures. He is a master of "eye recognition and mental memory". The painting style follows the tradition of ladies in the Tang Dynasty, and creates the modeling characteristics of the delicate and beautiful images of the Five Dynasties. His only work handed down to the world is "Han Xizai's Night Banquet", but it remains in the world with the style of "a single painting that overwhelms the Five Dynasties". Shining with the eternal light of art.
Wu Daozi (around 686-760)
A painter of the Tang Dynasty in China. Later, his name was changed to Daoxuan, and he was honored as Wu Sheng. He was from Yangzhai (now Yu County, Henan Province). Young and lonely, life is poor. In his early years, he worked as a folk painter. He was still young and lacked the beauty of painting. During the Shenlong period (705-707), Wei Sili, the Duke of Xiaoyao, was appointed as a minor official. During the Jinglong period (707-710), he served as county captain of Yanzhou Xiaqiu (now Ziyang County, Shandong Province), but soon resigned. After that, he wandered around the eastern capital of Luoyang, where he studied calligraphy under Zhang Xu and He Zhizhang, and later specialized in painting and engaged in mural production in temples. During the Kaiyuan period (713-741), he was summoned by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to paint for the court. He served successively as a minister, a doctor of internal medicine, and as an official to Ning Wangyou. He was ordered to paint some historical paintings or political portraits (such as "Golden Bridge Picture"). At the same time, he often painted murals in Chang'an and Luoyang, which attracted many viewers and made him famous. During the Tianbao period (742-756), he returned from a trip to Shu under an imperial edict and painted more than 300 miles of beautiful scenery along the Jialing River in the Datong Hall. Xuanzong admired this and said: "Li Sixun's achievements in several months and Wu Daozi's achievements in one day are both extremely wonderful." After 758, his deeds are unknown.
Yan Liben
Yan Liben: (601-673) a native of Yongzhou in the Tang Dynasty. The son of Sui Dynasty painter Yan Bi and the younger brother of Yan Lide. Taizong was the Minister of the Ministry of Justice at that time. In the early years of Xianqing, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Works on behalf of his brother. In the first year of Zongzhang, he became the Prime Minister of You. He is good at calligraphy and painting, and his most exquisite appearance is similar. He once painted "Mountain and Chariot Picture" and so on. The subjects of his paintings are quite wide, such as religious figures, carriages and horses, and landscapes. He is especially good at painting portraits. The representative work "Pictures of Emperors of the Past Dynasties" is one of the important works in classical painting. The palace maids in the painting have curved eyebrows and plump cheeks, and look as if they were alive. The use of ink has bones; the coloring is unique and methodical. The description method is full of changes, some are thick and some are thin, some are loose and some are tight, and the brushwork is also more delicate and expressive than Gu Kaizhi's.
Painter of the Song Dynasty
Zhang Zeduan
A famous painter of the Song Dynasty. The word is right. A native of Dongwu (now Zhucheng, Shandong). He once served in the Royal Hanlin Painting Academy of the Northern Song Dynasty. He loved reading since childhood and also studied painting. He is good at "boundary painting", especially painting boats and carriages, streets, city walls and bridges, all of which are unique in style. His representative works include "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", "A Picture of Smoke, Rain, Wind and Snow" and "A Picture of West Lake Competition", etc.
Wen Tong (1018-1079), whose courtesy name is Yuke, and who calls himself Mr. Xiaoxiao, was born in Zizhou (now Yanting, Sichuan). He was a famous painter and a representative of the growing "literati painting" trend at that time. He likes to paint water, stone, pine, and bamboo, especially ink bamboo. He advocates that bamboo painters should first form a complete and vivid image of bamboo in their minds, and then draw and draw it in one go. In the Chinese idiom, "have a confident mind". The words are Su Shi's summary of his painting theory. He created the bamboo leaf painting method of using thick ink to paint the leaf surface and light ink to paint the leaf back, which had a great influence on later generations. Among his handed down paintings are "Ink Bamboo Pictures", now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan. Wen Tong was Su Shi's cousin. The two had a very close relationship, and they often discussed and compared the skills of poetry, calligraphy and painting together. In terms of painting, Su Shi was also a student of Wen Tong. Many of Su Shi's important insights in artistic theory were inspired by Wen Tong's painting achievements.
Fan Kuan
A native of Huayuan (now Yaoxian County), Shaanxi Province. The date of birth and death is unknown. Painter of the Northern Song Dynasty. His name is Zhongzheng and his courtesy name is Zhongli. Because of his gentle temperament, people call him Fan Kuan. He lived in the early Northern Song Dynasty and was one of the three famous landscape painters of the Northern Song Dynasty. Li Cheng studied painting for the first time, and followed Jing Hao's example. Later, he felt that "it is better to learn from nature than to be a teacher." Because he moved to Zhongnan Mountain and Taihua Mountain, he created his own style of scenery without using complicated ornaments, and became a leader of the northern painting school with Li. represent.
Fan Kuan's works depict the real mountains and rivers in the Guan-Shaanxi area. He emphasizes learning from nature and emphasizing originality, rather than being restricted to a certain school. He often traveled around Zhongnan Mountain and Taihua Mountain, and had a profound feeling and description of the scenery of Guan and Shaanxi. Records say that he was good at expressing the scenery of the four seasons, travel and "unspeakable scenery of wind, moon, clouds and clouds", "all of which depict the steepness of Qin and Long, with large pictures and overwhelming mountains." The characteristics of the painting method are that "the top of the mountain is suitable for dense forests" and "the water edge is used for abrupt boulders", and he likes to use the "dip-chapping" method. Together with Guan Tong and Li Chengcheng, they became the three main schools of northern landscape painting between the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, and had a great influence on later generations. Existing works include "Travel in Streams and Mountains", "Snowy Scenery in Cold Forest" and other pictures.
Huang Tingjian (1045～1105)
Poet and calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty. His courtesy name was Lu Zhi, his nickname was Valley Taoist, and he was also called Fu Weng. A native of Fenning, Hongzhou (now Xiushui, Jiangxi Province). In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Jinshi, Xiao Shulang was appointed as the reviewer of "Shen Zong Shi Lu", and he was moved to Zuo Lang. Later, he was demoted because his records were untrue. Huang Tingjian was one of the four scholars of the Su family and the founder of the Jiangxi School of Poetry. He was as famous as Su Shi during his lifetime. Known as Su Huang in the world. In terms of creation, Huang Tingjian adheres to the principle that "the most difficult thing is to write words by yourself. Lao Du writes poems, and retreats to write compositions. Every word has no origin." . "Lengzhai Night Talk" contains Huang Tingjian's method of "reborn and reborn", which was imitated by the Jiangxi Poetry School and had a great influence in the Song Dynasty. The so-called turning stone into gold by turning the ancient sayings into gold means changing the description based on the poetic meaning of the predecessors, innovating with the old and bringing forth the new, "taking decay as magic". However, "reborn and reborn" does not appear in Gu's works, and it may not be an important idea in his poetry creation. He has famous sayings that "it is most taboo to follow other people's articles" and "to become true to one's own family". He is determined to be "independent" in poetry. "Gateway" finally stands on its own with its unique poetic style. He has 1500 to 600 poems in existence, which are rich in content and unique in style. For example, representative poems that express the suffering of the people and concern about current affairs include "Sigh of the Refugees", "Ciyun Yin'an", "Ciyun Traveling to Jingshu Hearing the Good News on the Tao River", " Ci Yunzi originated from Jixi disease" and so on. In addition, lyrical poems such as describing scenes, sending memories, expressing feelings, giving answers, and inscribing paintings embodies the unique personality of Huang Shi. The ancient poems "Inscribed on Bamboo and Stone Herding Cows" and "Ci Yun Zizhan Ji Meishan King Xuanyi" have novel meaning and extraordinary writing power. The seven-character rhyme poem "Deng Kuai Pavilion" is free and easy and magnanimous, "Send to the Yellow Emperor" is full of emotions, "Climb the Yueyang Tower in the Rain and Look at Junshan Mountain" imitates the beautiful scenery of the south of the Yangtze River, and "Qingming" expresses the emotions of worldly affairs and life, etc. The poetic style is far-reaching and profound. Rich, indeed a masterpiece. His unique poetic personality is also reflected in his profound poetic conception, meticulous composition, unprovoked and unexpected knots, refined syntax, turning stone into gold, and the following words are strange warnings. Such as "Peach and plum spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of rain in the rivers and lakes, lights", "Fish swim in the net of enlightenment, birds singing into the Zen flavor" and so on. Huang Tingjian developed the obsessive sentences and rhymes occasionally used by Han Yu and Du Fu. He used abnormal tones and changes in syntax to strengthen the steepness and uprightness of the poems, such as "When the wine boat and fishing nets return, the flowers fall in the old stream a pole deep", "Shi Wu "I love it so much that I don't want to send an ox to sharpen its horns. The horns of oxen are acceptable, but fighting with oxen will destroy my bamboo." It can be said to be "a wonderful and healthy energy that brushes the mind." Valley's poetic methods of avoiding the familiar and renovating the unexpected have corrected the mature, graceful and elegant style of the late Tang Dynasty and Xikun, forming the main tone of the poems that are thin, hard, steep, old, simple and majestic. Fang Dongshu called it "his English writing is unique, his poems are outstanding, and he is unique in his own way." However, due to the excessive pursuit of strangeness, it will inevitably have the disadvantage of being obscure and blunt.
Ju Ran
A painter and monk from the Southern Tang and Northern Song Dynasties in China. His original name is unknown, and his birth and death dates are unknown. He was a native of Zhongling (now Nanchang, Jiangsu Province), or Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province). In his early years, he became a monk in Kaiyuan Temple in Jiangning. After the Southern Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, his master Li Yu came to Kaifeng and lived in Kaibao Temple. He is good at landscapes and learned from Dong Yuan. He specializes in painting landscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. He paints mountains and mountains. The tops of the mountains are mostly made of alum heads. There are many pebbles at the foot of the forest, and they are covered with sparse vines. Thin paths and dangerous bridges and thatched huts are placed to create a sense of wildness and tranquility. Deeply loved by literati. He painted mountains and rocks with long hemp cloth and elegant brushwork. He was the direct descendant of Dong Yuan's painting style, and was also called Dong Ju. He had a great influence on the development of landscape paintings in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and even in modern times. There are "Picture of Pine Wind in Ten Thousand Valleys", "Picture of Asking Questions in Qiu Mountain" and "Picture of Dwelling in the Mountains" handed down from generation to generation.
Guo Xi
Chinese Northern Song Dynasty painter and painting theorist. The name is Chunfu. His birth and death dates are unknown, but he was active during the Shenzong period of the Song Dynasty. A native of Wenxian County, Heyang (now Wenxian County, Henan Province). He was good at landscape painting. He studied by himself at first, and later studied under Li Cheng. He was inspired and his brushwork improved greatly. He dedicated his paintings to the court and was highly appreciated by Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty Zhao Xu. He was taught art in the academy and was later promoted to wait for imperial edicts. Responsible for examining painters, appraising paintings in the palace, etc. Painting landscapes pays attention to the in-depth understanding of life, and can truly, meticulously and subtly express the characteristics of different regions, seasons and climates. It can understand the "differences between near and far, shallow and deep, four seasons, morning and evening, wind, rain and light and dark", creating extremely rich, beautiful and moving paintings. In addition, he is also good at shadow sculpture. He uses clay to create relief-style landscapes on the walls, which is unique and interesting. Guo Xi's "Early Spring Picture", "Spring Snow Picture on Guanshan Mountain", "Picture of Flat Rocks in the Distance", "Picture of Deep Valley", "Picture of Ancient Trees on Remote Mountains", etc. have been handed down from generation to generation. Among them, "Early Spring Picture" successfully shows the detailed seasonal changes of winter turning to spring, the earth recovering, and all things awakening. Guo Xi also made great achievements in painting theory, and his theory is reflected in his book "Linquan Gaozhi". His son, Guo Si, was also good at painting. He was good at pommel horses and landscapes.
Jiang Kui (about 1155 ~ about 1221)
A writer and musician in the Southern Song Dynasty in China. His courtesy name is Yaozhang, and he is known as Taoist Baishi. A native of Poyang, Raozhou (now Boyang, Jiangxi). Lifelong commoner.
He traveled between Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and made friends with poets and lyricists Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, Xin Qiji and others. Jiang Kui is versatile, good at calligraphy and proficient in music. Gongshi is particularly famous for its lyrics. He is known as the sage among Ci poets and is divided into the Southern Song Dynasty Ci circles with Xin Qiji and Wu Wenying. His poems are rich in content, including chanting about current events, remembering old travels, describing journeys, nostalgic for lovers, chanting about objects and expressing feelings, etc., such as "Yangzhou Slow" "Huaizuo Famous Capital", "Exploring Spring Slow" "Fading Grass and Sad Smoke", "The Pavilion's Resentment" "Gradually Blows Out" and two famous poems about plum blossoms, "Secret Fragrance" and "Sparse Shadow". Jiang Ci's poems are elegant and unrestrained, with a high and broad style, plain and distant, simple and elegant. With his cold and vigorous writing power, he created the Fengya Ci School, that is, the Metrical School, which also influenced Shi Dazu and Wu Wenying. He has 17 poems written by Gongchi and accompanied by scores, which are precious materials for studying poetry and music in the Song Dynasty. The qin music "Ancient Resentment" is a collection of lyrics and music with fingering instructions and can be played.
Li Gonglin (1040～1106)
Chinese Northern Song Dynasty painter. His courtesy name was Boshi, and his name was Longmian Jushi. A native of Shucheng (now Shucheng, Anhui). He once served as the provincial deletion official under Zhongshu's family, the imperial censor, and the court minister. Later, he resigned due to illness and lived in seclusion at Longmian Villa in Tongcheng. Li Gonglin was erudite and talented, rich in diction, and had a Jian'an style; his calligraphy was endowed with the charm of the Jin and Song dynasties; his family had a rich collection of calligraphy and painting ancient utensils, and he was good at connoisseurship. He was a well-educated literati painter. He is good at Taoist interpretations, figures, pommel and horses, palaces, landscapes, flowers and birds, etc., and is also good at copying. He initially studied painting with Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei, Zhang Sengyao and Wu Daozi, and later studied extensively with famous painters of all ages. He learned from the ancients and thought he had it himself. He developed and improved the past line drawings (drafts) into an independent art form with high generalization and expressive power - line drawing. He attaches great importance to the observation and experience of objective objects, and the characters he paints can successfully express the characteristics of different regions, nationalities, and classes, and each has his or her own appearance and outstanding personality. Painting Taoist figures, depicting Guanyin and Vimalakīrti as human girls and real literati and officials, further secularized religious paintings. There are "Five Horses Picture", "Linwei Yanmu Herding Picture", "Vimalakīrti Statue" (biography), "Uncoupled Picture" (biography), etc. handed down from generation to generation.
Huang Gongwang (1269～1354) was a painter of the Yuan Dynasty. The courtesy name is Zijiu, the nickname is Yifeng, the great idiot Taoist, etc. A righteous man from Changshu. His real surname was Lu, and his given name was Jian. Because his parents died when he was young, he was adopted as an adopted son by the Huang family of Yongjia who lived in the hills of Changshu, so he changed his name. He was smart since he was a child, and later became proficient in calligraphy and painting, and was good at prose music. He once served as Xu Yan, the official visiting envoy in western Zhejiang, and Zhang Lu, the political official in Pingzhang, Zhongshu Province. He was once falsely accused and imprisoned. He joined the Quanzhen Sect and traveled to Hangzhou, Songjiang, Suzhou and other places to sell divination. In his later years, he spent time in Yushan and Fuchun, where he devoted himself to landscape painting and sketching. He created a method of using light crimson colors and became his own style. His paintings are highly praised by the world. Later generations called him, Wu Zhen, Ni Zan, and Wang Meng, the "Four Yuan Schools", ranking first among them. He is the author of the painting theory "Landscape Writing" and so on.
Painter of the Yuan Dynasty:
Wang Meng (?～1385)
Painter of the Yuan Dynasty in China. His courtesy name is Shuming, his nickname is Huangheshan Qiao and Xiangguang layman. A native of Wuxing (now Huzhou, Zhejiang). The grandson of Zhao Meng, who once served as a minor official, abandoned his official position in the late Yuan Dynasty to avoid chaos and lived in seclusion in Huanghe Mountain. In the early Ming Dynasty, he was appointed magistrate of Tai'an. He was imprisoned for the Hu Weiyong case and later died in prison. He is good at poetry, calligraphy, and painting, and is good at landscape painting. In his early years, he learned from Zhao Mengfu, and later he interacted with Huang Gongwang and Ni Zan. He studied Dong Yuan and Ju Ran deeply, and he was able to learn from nature and form his own personal style. He uses official calligraphy and cursive brushwork to paint the landscapes. He makes good use of dry brush and dry ink to paint the mountains and rocks. He also uses a rope to remove the cracks and a small ax to chop the cracks. The composition is dense and full, with more than ten layers of rocks and dozens of trees. Complex but not crowded, numerous but not chaotic, with rich layers and a strong sense of space, it successfully expresses the moistness of the Jiangnan landscape. The artistic conception is lush and beautiful, and the pictures are rich and colorful. There are "Residence in Qingbian Picture", "Reading in Spring Mountain", "Residence in Summer Mountain", "Reclusion in High Mountain in Summer", "Migration to Gezhichuan Picture" and so on.
Wu Zhen (1280～1354)
Chinese Yuan Dynasty painter. The courtesy name is Zhonggui, and his nicknames are Meihua Taoist, Meisha Mi, etc. A native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang. He was well versed in the classics and history, and dabbled in Buddhism and Taoism. He was not an official all his life and entertained himself with poetry, calligraphy and painting. He is good at cursive calligraphy and learned from Huai Su and Yang Ningshi. His "Picture of Fishing on the Autumn River" is elegant and unique. Good at landscape and bamboo. Dong Yuan, a master of landscape painting, has great changes. His works mostly depict fishermen and seclusion themes. He uses long hemp cloth to paint mountains and rocks, and renders them with ink. The thick ink is dotted with moss, and the ink color is moist and full of changes. The artistic conception is deep and the style is deep and majestic. The ink bamboo is taken from French Wen Tong, Gao Kegong, thick ink and bare pen, strong and calm, powerful and heroic, and unique style. Wu Zhen's landscape paintings had a great influence on the paintings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and were listed as the four masters of Yuan Dynasty in the history of painting. There are volumes such as "Two junipers leveling into the distance", "Fisherman's Picture", "Autumn River Fishing Hidden Picture" and "Bamboo Manual" handed down from generation to generation. His poems and essays were compiled by later generations into "Mei Daoren's Remaining Ink" and "Meihua An Manuscript".
Ni Zan (1301～1374)
A painter and poet in the Yuan Dynasty of China. The original name was Jue, with the surname Yuanzhen, the nickname Yunlin, and other nicknames Huanxiasheng, Jingmanmin, etc. A native of Meili Jituo Village, Wuxi, Changzhou (now Meili Town, Wuxi, Jiangsu). He was born into a wealthy man in the south of the Yangtze River and believed in Taoism. In order to avoid war in the late Yuan Dynasty, he dispersed all his family assets and retreated to the five lakes and three lakes to devote himself to calligraphy and painting. He has a withdrawn and arrogant temperament, and has a mysophobia, so the world calls him Ni Biao. He is good at landscapes, bamboos, stones, dead wood, etc. His landscape paintings were developed after learning from Dong Yuan, Jing Hao, Guan Tong and Li Cheng. His painting techniques are sparse and simple, and his style is innocent and quiet. The works mostly depict the landscapes around Taihu Lake. The compositions are flat and distant, and the scenery is minimalist. Most of the paintings are sparse forests and sloping banks, with shallow water and distant zeniths. Use the pen to change the center to the side, fold and crack the mountains and rocks, use the dry brush to dry the ink, the elegant and beautiful pines, the artistic conception is desolate, cold and empty, and the style is desolate and elegant.
The ink bamboo is refreshing and beautiful. On painting, he advocated the expression of subjective feelings and believed that paintings should express the author's "easy spirit" without seeking physical resemblance. He said, "As for the so-called painters, they only use careless brushstrokes and do not seek resemblance in form, just to entertain themselves." His painting practice and theoretical views had a great influence on the literati painters of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and he enjoyed a high reputation. In the history of painting, he, together with Huang Gongwang, Wu Zhen and Wang Meng, is known as one of the four Yuan painters. He is good at calligraphy and regular script. He is ancient and elegant, and has the style of the people of Wei and Jin Dynasties. There are "Pictures of Bamboo Dwelling in the Water", "Picture of Rong Xi Zhai", "Picture of Autumn at Fishing Village", "Picture of Yushan Forest Valley", "Picture of Cold Pines in a Secluded Stream", "Picture of Beautiful Trees in Autumn Pavilion", "Picture of Strange Rocks and Coils". , "Bamboo Branch Picture" and other works handed down from generation to generation.
Wang Yi (about 1333~?)
A painter of the Yuan Dynasty in China. The word "Thinking of Goodness", the word "Crazy" will definitely lead to birth. His ancestral home is Muzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang Province), and he later lived in Hangzhou. Many talents, good at painting, especially portraits, he learned from Gu Kui. The portraits painted have both form and spirit, and can express the characters' personality characteristics. The author of "Secrets of Portraits", which is divided into color painting methods, ancient portraiture techniques, and the nine-square grid method for retracting and unfolding, summarizes his personal creative experience and advocates that when painting portraits, one should observe the shape and color of the subject while they are screaming, chatting, and laughing, and keep it in mind. After closing your eyes and recalling, you can fully express the appearance and temperament of the painted object. There is "Little Portrait of Yang Zhuxi" (Ni Zan added turquoise background) handed down from generation to generation.
Wang Mian (1287～1359)
Chinese Yuan Dynasty painter and poet. Zi Yuanzhang, No. Zhuishishanong, Meihua House Owner, etc. A native of Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Born in a farmer's family, he herded cattle when he was a child. After working, he studied and studied painting. When he was young, he was passionate about fame. However, he failed many times. Then he gave up his official career and wandered around the country. He is good at bamboo, stone and seal carving, and is especially good at ink plum blossoms. He learned from monk Zhongren and Yang Wujiu and developed it. The dots are all done with ink and wash to capture the charm and character of plum blossoms. There are "Dark Plum Blossom Pictures" and "Nanzhi Early Spring Pictures" handed down from generation to generation, and he wrote "Plum Plum Blossoms" to elaborate on the theory of plum painting. He is also good at poetry, mostly expressing the sufferings of people's lives and exposing the corruption and arrogance of the powerful, as well as pursuing nobleness and not following the current customs. Author of 4 volumes of "Zhuzhai Poetry Collection", with 1 additional volume.
Tang Di (1296～1364)
Chinese Yuan Dynasty painter. The courtesy name is Zihua, and his late name is Dunzhai. Wuxing (now a native of Huzhou, Zhejiang). He once dedicated his paintings to the court and served as Zhaomo of Jiaxing Road, Yin of Xiuning County, and Magistrate of Wujiang Prefecture. Good at landscapes, he studied painting with Zhao Mengxi, and also learned from Li Cheng and Guo Xi, which made some changes. The works are based on scenes of farmers, fishermen and other activities, giving them a sense of life. The painting depicts a forest of rocks and frost, with undulating peaks and mountains. The brushwork is vigorous and concise, smooth and light. The figures in the painting are detailed and vivid in form. There are "Pictures of Returning to Fishing in Shuangpu", "Pictures of Fishing in Snow Ganges", "Pictures of Floating Land and Warm Green", "Pictures of Drinking in the Shade", etc. handed down from generation to generation.
Cao Zhibai (1272～1355)
Chinese Yuan Dynasty painter. His courtesy name was Youxuan, his nickname was Yunxi, and he was known as Mr. Zhensu. He was a native of Huating (now Songjiang, Shanghai). He once served as a lecturer in Kunshan, but later resigned and lived in seclusion, reading scriptures and being fond of Taoism. He belongs to a wealthy family in the south of the Yangtze River. The manor is spacious, luxurious and quiet. He likes to associate with literati and celebrities, and his family has a wealth of collections. He is good at landscapes and learned from Li Cheng and Guo Xi. The mountains and rocks are soft and fine, with little exaggeration. His brushwork was graceful in his early years, but green and simple in his later years. His style is clear and simple. There are "Cold Forest Picture", "Sparse Forest Picture and Youxiu Picture", "Pearl Peaks and Snow Ji Picture" etc. handed down from generation to generation.
Ming Dynasty Painter:
Lanying (1585～)
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter. His courtesy name was Uncle Tian, ??his nickname was Diesou, his later nickname was Shitoutuo, and he was also nicknamed Dongguo Laonong. A native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He makes a living by painting. Good at landscape painting, he first learned from Huang Gongwang, and later from Guo Xi, Li Tang, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui, Shen Zhou and Mi Fu, etc. He has profound skills. He has traveled all over the country. His paintings may be light crimson, with refreshing and sparse brushwork, broad momentum, and green and elegant painting style; or they may be green, using the boneless method, using stone colors to describe mountains, rocks and trees without outlining, and the colors are rich and eye-catching. He can also paint flowers and write as a part-time job, which is quite interesting. Lan Ying had a great influence in the late Ming Dynasty and had many disciples. He was the founder of the Wulin School, and some people also called him the leader of the Zhejiang School. There are "Autumn Mountain Mangrove Picture", "Jianggao Ancient Picture", "White Cloud Mangrove Picture" and so on. Zi Lanmeng and Lan Shen are also good at painting.
Dai Jin (1388～1462)
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter. Founder of Zhejiang School. The courtesy name is Wenjin, and his nickname is Jing'an, a native of Yuquan Mountain. A native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Born into a family of painters, he worked as an apprentice in gold and silver jewelry when he was young. Later, he changed to painting. He worked hard and improved his painting skills. During the Xuande period, he served the court. He was jealous of his superb painting skills and was dismissed. Later, he wandered around the world and made a living selling paintings. He is good at landscapes, figures, flowers and birds. The landscape paintings are based on the Song and Yuan Dynasties. His brushwork is firm and square, and his ink is dripping and smooth. He developed the tradition of Ma Yuan and Xia Gui. The figure painter followed the traditions of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was good at meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork. The fine brushwork uses iron lines and orchid leaves, and the freehand brushwork is derived from Ma Yuan, and the pen and ink are simple. Flower and bird paintings are meticulous, freehand, boneless and long. Dai Jin's paintings had a great influence at that time and had many followers. They were known as the Zhejiang School and became the mainstream of the painting circles in the early Ming Dynasty. There are "Spring Mountains Accumulating Green Pictures", "Returning to the Boat after Storm", "Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage", "Portrait of Bodhidharma and Huineng Sixth Generation", "Nanping Gathering Pictures", "Returning to the Fields to Celebrate Birthday", and "Kwai Stone Butterfly Pictures". ", "Three Herons Picture" and so on are handed down from generation to generation. His son Daiquan, his daughter Dai Shi, and his son-in-law Wang Shixiang were all good at painting and could pass on his methods.
Chen Hongshou (1599～1652)
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter. The courtesy name is Zhanghou and the nickname is Laolian. A native of Zhuji (now Zhuji, Zhejiang
).
He had an aloof and stubborn temperament. He was a supervisor during the Chongzhen period and was called to serve in the inner court, but he refused. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Qing soldiers entered eastern Zhejiang and became a monk, with the names Hui Chi and Lao Chi. He is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting. He is good at figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, bamboo and stone, etc., and is famous for his meticulous figures. His characters were initially inspired by Lan Ying and Li Gonglin, but they can also change and develop. The figures in the paintings have majestic torsos and fine and round lines on their clothes. In their later years, their images may be exaggerated, or they may be abnormal and weird, with outstanding personalities. The paintings of flowers and birds are detailed, the colors are bright and colorful, and they are full of decorative flavor. He can also paint freehand flowers in ink and wash, which is hearty and refreshing. He is also good at creating illustrations for literary works, which can express the spiritual temperament of the original characters. His painting techniques are concise, his colors are calm and subtle, and his style is noble and ancient. He is well-known in the painting circles of the late Ming Dynasty. Together with Cui Zizhong in the north, he is also known as Nanchen and Beicui. There are woodcut illustrations such as "Lotus and Mandarin Ducks", "Sheng'an Hairpin Flowers", "Baby Playing", "Nine Songs", "Water Margin Leaves", "The Romance of the West Chamber" and "Bogu Leaves". He is the author of "Baolun Tang Collection", "Avoiding Chaotic Grass", "Xie Yi Xiang Jie", etc.
Wen Zhengming (1470～1559)
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter, calligrapher and writer. He was first named Bi, later given the name Xing, changed to Zhengzhong, and was given the name Hengshan Jushi. A native of Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Born in a family of officials, he studied poetry, calligraphy and painting in his early years, and studied under Wu Kuan, Li Yingzhen, and Shen Zhou. After middle age, he was recommended to the Ministry of Civil Affairs as a tribute student, and was awarded the Imperial Academy to await imperial edicts. Four years later, he resigned and returned to his hometown, where he devoted himself to poetry, calligraphy and painting. Entertainment. He is good at painting landscapes, figures, flowers, orchids and bamboos, and is especially famous for his landscapes. His landscape masters followed the example of Shen Zhou, Dong Yuan, Zhao Mengxi, Wang Meng and Wu Zhen. He mostly painted Wuzhong landscapes, mainly expressing the life themes of literati. In the early years, the work was mainly about fine workmanship. After middle age, the works were both thick and fine, but the fine brushwork was the main feature. The scenery in his paintings is peaceful and tranquil, the composition is layered, the brushwork is elegant and subtle, vigorous and graceful, naive and clumsy, and full of bookishness, which reflects the aesthetic taste of the literati. The characters are modeled after Li Gonglin, with delicate and delicate brushwork and an elegant and ancient style. Flowers, birds, orchids and bamboos, the brushwork is vigorous and elegant. His calligraphy is good at seal script, official script, regular script, running script, cursive script and other calligraphy styles, especially Jingxing and regular script. He draws on famous calligraphy styles from the Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, and his writing style is vigorous and elegant. Together with Zhu Yunming and Wang Chong, they are collectively known as the Three Wuzhong Families. Wen Zhengming's paintings include "The Mountains of the Yanjiang River", "The Lady of Xiangjun", "Linxie Cooking Tea", "Huishan Tea Party", "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River", "The Cold Spring of Ancient Trees", "Zhenshang" "Zhai Picture", "Xiqiao Cezhang Picture", "Old Wood Sparse Blanket Picture", "Spring Deep Tree Picture" and so on have been handed down from generation to generation. The calligraphy includes "Shang Wu Yu Chi Slip", "Zhen Shang Zhai Inscription and Preface", "Nanchuang Ji" ", "Five Kinds of Poetry Manuscripts", "Xiyuan Poems" and other volumes have been handed down from generation to generation.
Tang Yin (1470～1523)
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter and writer. His courtesy name is Ziwei and Bohu, his nickname is Liuru Jushi, and he is the master of Taohua Nunnery. He claims to be the most talented man in the south of the Yangtze River. A native of Wuxian County (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province). Born in a merchant family, he studied hard when he was young. When he was young, he was selected to be the emperor of Tianfu. Later, he went to Beijing to take the imperial examination. He was implicated in a fraud case and was imprisoned. After he was released from prison, he went to the court of Ning Wang Zhu Chenhao. However, he found out that Zhu had the intention of treason, so he escaped. Return to Suzhou. From then on, he abandoned his official career and devoted himself to calligraphy and painting. His behavior was indulgent and his temperament was wild and unruly. He is good at landscapes, figures, flowers and birds. He studied landscape painting with Zhou Chen in his early years. Later, he learned from Li Tang and Liu Songnian and made some changes. The mountains and ridges in his paintings are chopping with small axes. They are majestic and steep, with delicate brushwork and sparse layout. The style is elegant and handsome. Most of the figure paintings are of ladies and historical stories, which are inherited from the tradition of the Tang Dynasty. They have clear and thin lines, bright and elegant colors, graceful postures and accurate shapes. They are also freehand figures with simple and comprehensive brushwork, which is full of interest. His flower and bird paintings are good at freehand ink painting, free and easy, and elegant in style. In addition to painting, Tang Yin is also good at calligraphy, adopting the method of Zhao Mengxi, and his calligraphy style is unique and handsome. There are "Riding a Donkey Thinking of Returning", "Mountain Road Sound of Pines", "Shi Ming", "Wang Shu Palace Prostitutes", "Li Duanduan's Settlement", "Autumn Wind Fan", "Withered Cha and Birds". Wait for the paintings to be handed down to the world.
Shen Zhou (1427～1509)
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter. His courtesy name was Qinan, his nicknames were Shitian and Bai Shiweng, and he was a native of Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province). He was not an official all his life, but he was a generous man. He was famous for his poetry, calligraphy and painting. He was born into a scholarly family. His great-grandfather was friendly with Wang Meng. Both his father and uncle were literati painters. He studied painting since childhood and was good at landscapes, flowers and birds, and figures. He was most famous for his landscapes. In his early years, he was taught landscape painting by Du Qiong and Liu Jue. He mainly learned from Wang Meng. After middle age, he transferred to Huang Gongwang and other artists in the Song Dynasty. His works began to be large-scale, with strong brushwork and strong bones. In his later years, he became obsessed with Wuzhen. His brushwork was simple, vigorous and vigorous, graceful and majestic, and his artistic conception was quiet and remote. At the same time, he emphasized the organic combination of poetry, calligraphy and painting, which enriched and developed the taste of literati paintings. His works mostly depict Jiangnan landscapes, focusing on learning from nature. The images of flowers and birds are realistic, the brushwork is concise and thick, and the painting style is simple. Shen Zhou's paintings had a great influence during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He created the Wu School of painting and was listed as one of the four Ming schools by later generations. There are "Lushan High Picture", "Imitation of Dong Ju's Landscape", "Dongzhuang Picture" and "Cangzhou Interesting Picture" handed down from generation to generation. He is the author of "Guest News" (lost), "Ishida Collection", etc.
Qiu Ying
Chinese Ming Dynasty painter. A native of Taicang, Jiangsu. One theory is that he was born in the 7th year of Hongzhi (1494) and died in the 40th year of Jiajing (1561) or before the twelfth lunar month in the 31st year of Jiajing; the other is that he was born in the 18th year of Chenghua (1482) and died in the 38th year of Jiajing (1482). 1559). Lives in Suzhou. He came from a humble background and started out as a lacquer worker. Later, he changed to study painting. He first studied under Zhou Chen and made friends with literati painters such as Wen Zhengming, Zhu Yunming, and Tang Yin, which played a great role in improving his literary and artistic accomplishment and painting skills.
He also painted at the collector Xiang Yuanbian's house. He looked through Xiang's collection of famous calligraphy and paintings from all dynasties, copied them, studied them with great concentration, and eventually became a famous master of his generation. Qiu Ying is good at painting figures, landscapes, animals, and boundaries. He is also good at copying, all with superb skills. His landscape paintings followed the example of Zhao Boju and Zhao Bosu, and he created green landscapes with outlines of mountains and rocks, finely textured dyes, rich and elegant colors, and grand and complex realms. Figure paintings are divided into two types: thin and thick. The former is based on the Tang and Song Dynasties, with smooth, round, thin lines, accurate shapes, bright and elegant colors; the latter is learned from Ma Yuan, Du Jin, and Wu Wei, and has strong brushwork Strong, simple in shape, bold and free in style. Qiu Ying entered the painting scene of "Blowing the Flute and Attracting the Phoenix" as a painter. After hard study, he worked hard to improve his cultural quality. His paintings not only have the advantages of professional painters' exquisite skills and accurate shapes, but also have the elegance and elegance of literati painters. They are truly Achieving both elegance and popular appreciation, he, Shen Zhou, Wen Zhengming, and Tang Yin were collectively referred to as the Four Ming Schools by later generations, and they were regarded as representatives of the Wu School. There are "Taoyuan Wonderland Picture", "Sword Pavilion Picture", "Lianxi Fishing Hidden Picture", "Copying Xiao Zhaozhong Xing Ruiying Picture", "Character Story Picture", "Qiuyuan Hunting and Riding Picture", "Youjun Book Fan Picture" , "The Picture of Sleeping with the Qin Under the Willows" and "The Picture of Playing the Flute to Attract the Phoenix" are handed down from generation to generation.