Neil Alden Armstrong

(1930 ~) The first American astronaut to land on the moon.

Neil armstrong (neil armstrong? 1August 5, 930-) used to be an astronaut, test pilot and naval pilot of NASA, and was famous for being the first human to set foot on the moon when carrying out the first manned spacecraft Apollo 1 1. Neil armstrong's first space mission was 1966, the commander of Gemini 8. In this mission, he and David Scott completed the first docking of the spacecraft. Armstrong's second and last space mission was the famous Apollo 1 1 in July, 0969. In this "great leap of mankind", Armstrong and buzz aldrin walked on the surface of the moon for two and a half hours (Michael john collins flew around the moon in the command module).

Armstrong 1930 1930 was born in Ohio on August 5, 1930, the eldest son of his family. After that, he obtained a master's degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.

Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong worked as a pilot in the US Navy and participated in the Korean War. Since then, he has served as a test pilot of NACA high-speed aircraft. According to the records of Dryden Flight Research Center, he has flown more than 900 times on various planes. As a test pilot, Armstrong has conducted flight tests of F- 100 Super Saber and C, F-10/Voodoo and Lockheed F- 104a Star Fighters. Similarly, Bell X- 1B, Bell X-5, North America X- 15, F- 105 Thunderchief, F- 106 Delta Dart, B-47 Stratojet, KC-1.

outline

Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Pawnee, Ohio, USA. He studied hard since he was a child. His ideal is to be a pilot when he grows up. /kloc-began to receive flight training at the age of 0/4, and/kloc-obtained the pilot certificate at the age of 0/6, becoming the youngest pilot in the navy from 1949 to 1952. Armstrong studied aviation technology at Padu University after his service in July 1953. After graduation, he worked as a test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base. Later, he participated in the flight plan of X- 15 rocket plane, conducted six test flights, and the highest flight altitude reached 60,000 meters. 1962 In September, after strict selection, Armstrong became one of the first two astronauts recruited from civil pilots, and since then, he has formed an indissoluble bond with the aerospace industry.

From 65438 to 0947, he entered Purdue University in lafayette, Indiana to study aviation engineering and became a naval reserve flight officer. 1950 flew 78 combat missions in south Korea, was shot down once and won the air force medal three times.

1955, he joined NASA and became a non-military high-speed test pilot (he was one of the 12 pilots of the X- 15 cutting-edge research aircraft, which can fly at supersonic speed and reach a very high altitude. Eight of the 12 pilots, including Armstrong, flew over 80 kilometers (50 miles), which was once considered an indispensable achievement for future astronauts. 1September 7, 962, he was elected as one of the second batch of nine trained astronauts and the first non-military astronaut. Three years later, Armstrong became the pilot of Gemini 5 mission.

On March 1966, Armstrong made his first space flight as a pilot of Gemini 8. The flight lasted 65,438+00 hours, 465,438+0 minutes and 26 seconds, including the first docking with another spacecraft's Akina target rocket, which automatically navigated in orbit. He successfully separated the Aquinas rocket from his spaceship and plunged into the Pacific Ocean, which was the first time that an American spaceship visited crash landing. Later this year, he became a Gemini 1 1 pilot.

1968, "apollo 8" is ready to go. 1On July 6th, 969, Armstrong became the commander of Apollo 1 1. He flew to the moon with young astronauts Michael collins (1930-) and Buzz Eidelin (1930-). After reaching the moon, Collins stayed in orbit, and Armstrong boarded the surface of the moon on the Kitty Hawk lunar lander, avoiding the moon's ice gravel and landing smoothly on the calm sea. Armstrong and Eidelin spent 2 hours and 30 minutes on the surface of the moon, conducted scientific experiments, collected samples of rocks and soil, and left scientific equipment for the experiment and badges to commemorate their landing. They left the moon on July 2 1 and returned to earth on July 24.

1970 was awarded a master's degree in aeronautical engineering by the University of Southern California, and published the first moon landing. In July, he became the vice president of NASA Aviation Association. 197 1 year, working at the university of Cincinnati, Ohio, as a professor of aviation engineering. 1979, leaving the University of Cincinnati. 1985, working in the national aerospace commission.

Personal experience

one's early years

Neil armstrong, the eldest son of Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louis Engel, was born in WaPaccone Tower, Ohio 1930 on the morning of August 5th, 39. Stephen Armstrong is a civil servant of the Ohio government. His family moved many times in 14 and settled in 16. The Armstrong family finally returned to Pakenta, when neil armstrong had joined the Eagle Scout and later attended Bloom High School.

university

1947, Armstrong entered Purdue University. Two years later, he served in the navy for three years and continued his studies. He graduated in 1955. Later, he obtained a master's degree in aviation engineering from the University of Southern California. He is the second college student in his family. Although Armstrong was admitted to MIT, the only engineer he knew (a graduate of MIT) advised him not to go, thinking that it was best not to stay too far from home. Armstrong's grades at Purdue University were average, and his GPA was the highest in the semester after his service, with a four-year average of 4.8.

When Armstrong was in college, he met Janet Elizabeth Sharon, a home economics student. Armstrong was engaged to her when he was a test pilot. 1On October 28th, they got married in Wilmette Congregational Church, Illinois. After being assigned to Edwards Air Force Base, Armstrong lived in the single dormitory of the base, and Janet lived in Sim District near Los Angeles. A semester later, they moved to Antelope Valley. Janet never finished her degree, which she always regretted.

Armstrong and Janet have three children: Eric, Karen and Mark. 196 1 June, a malignant tumor was found in the brain stem of Karen, the only daughter. X-ray therapy suppressed the tumor, but her language ability and walking ability were completely lost. 1October 28th, Armstrong's wedding anniversary, Karen died of pneumonia.

Korean war

1949 65438+1On October 26th, Armstrong was drafted into the army and trained in Sacola Naval Air Station for one and a half years. He graduated on August 1950. Armstrong was first sent to the flight base in San Diego Bay, and two months later was assigned to VF-5 1 Falcon Squadron. 195165438+1On October 5th, Armstrong first flew the F9F Leopard jet. On June 7, Armstrong landed on the aircraft carrier Essex (CV-9) for the first time. In the same week, he was promoted to second lieutenant. At the end of the month, Essex was overhauled to take off and land VF-5 1 squadron fighters and was sent to North Korea to carry out ground attack missions.

On August 29th, Armstrong was sent to Jin Ce for investigation. Five days later, his plane was hit, but he finally flew back to his area. Due to the serious damage to the wing of the plane, Armstrong had to eject to escape and was taken back to the base by his comrades after landing in Pohang. His plane, 125 122 F9F-2, is missing. Armstrong carried out 78 missions in North Korea, and the flight time reached 12 1 hour, of which more than one third was 1952+ 1 month. Because of his performance in North Korea, he won the Flying Medal, the Gold Star Medal and the Korean Service Medal. Armstrong left the navy on August 23rd 1952 and served as a captain in the naval reserve. He left the reserve on October 20th 1960/kloc-0.

test pilot

After graduating from Purdue University, Armstrong decided to become a test pilot. He applied to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, but there were no places at that time. He was assigned to Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, and the test flight officially started in February 1955. Five months later, Armstrong went to Edward Air Force Base. On his first day at Edward Air Force Base, Armstrong was scheduled to fly. His previous task was to fly a modified bomber and drop a tracker.

1On August 5, 957, Armstrong flew the supersonic plane for the first time: X- 1B, flying altitude18300m. The landing gear was damaged during landing, and similar damage occurred many times before due to design problems [12]. 1960 12.30, Armstrong flew the X-5 for the first time, and then flew it six times. On his first flight, he reached an altitude of 14900 meters and a Mach number of 1.75. 1960165438+10 month, selected as the pilot advisory group of the X-20 power multiplier. The design idea of the X-20 is to become a fighter that can be used in space. 1962 March 15 He was selected as one of the six flight engineers in this project.

Armstrong flew X- 15 seven times before and after, flew X- 15-3 to a height of about 63,000 m, and flew X- 15- 1 to a speed of Mach 5.74 (66 15km/h). By the time he left the flight research center, he had flown more than 50 models and the flight time reached 2450 hours.

Selection and early training of astronauts

Armstrong did not become an astronaut because of a decisive moment. Four to five months after NASA began to select the second batch of astronauts, he became more and more excited about the future of the Apollo program, hoping for new challenges.

It was many years later that Armstrong's application arrived a week later than the deadline of June 1962. Dick Day, Armstrong's colleague at Edward Base, was already working in the Manned Aviation Center when he found a late application. He sneaked this document into other application forms when no one was looking. In June, Armstrong received a health check-up at Brooks Air Force Base, which many astronauts thought was painful and useless.

On March 3rd, Deke Slayton, director of the mission member's office, called Armstrong and asked him if he was interested in becoming one of the nine new astronauts. Armstrong agreed without hesitation. The astronaut's choice was not announced until three days later, although it was reported in the newspaper several months ago that he would be chosen as the "first civilian astronaut".

About family

"If I can, I will say I love my wife. I am sorry that our marriage has become the biggest price for my success. "

On June 8th, 65438, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) presented a rock brought back from the moon by neil armstrong, the first man on the moon, as part of the "Exploration Ambassador" award. However, Armstrong immediately decided to send it to the Cincinnati Museum Center in the United States for permanent display in the museum.

1In July, 1969, the American "Apollo 1 1" spacecraft sent three astronauts to the moon, and Armstrong was the first to step down the gangway, and immediately delivered that famous speech: "This is only a small step for individuals, but it is a huge leap for mankind." However, Armstrong, the first man to land on the moon in human history, was also tired of fame. He lost a lot because of landing on the moon. His friends and colleagues have different views on him. He has no time to be with his family. His wife of 38 years 1994 divorced him.

1September 7, 962, Armstrong was selected as the second batch of nine trained astronauts, and he was also the first non-military astronaut. 1966, as the commander of Gemini 8, carrying out the first space mission. At that time, the capsule was out of control, and he almost died in space, but in the end he successfully completed the task of docking the spacecraft.

Two years later, Armstrong "fell to the ground" from a height of 30 meters when simulating a mission to the moon. If this happens in practice, he will die. After this failure, Armstrong returned to the office and worked as a civil servant for some time. However, 38-year-old Armstrong finally stood out and became the commander of Apollo 1 1. 1In July 1969, he flew to the moon by Apollo 1 1. Armstrong still clearly remembers the powerful impulse of Apollo 1 1 when it was launched: "It feels like a train running on inferior rails, constantly shaking and very noisy."

196 1 year, American president Kennedy proposed to send astronauts to the moon and return safely. The United States spent $24 billion and 400,000 manpower on this moon landing program. Armstrong said that at that time, he and two other colleagues, michaeljohn collins and buzz aldrin, were carrying the hope of the whole country. "We want to do our best and hope that nothing will go wrong."

Four days later, Armstrong and buzz aldrin took control of the lunar module and tried to land on the moon. However, the automatic system of the lunar module almost killed them. "Our autopilot took us to a huge crater, about the size of a football field, with steep slopes and car-sized boulders, which was not my expected landing site." Armstrong decisively shut down the autopilot system and manually controlled the lunar module to land around a safer place, but this process consumed their precious fuel.

At that time, nearly 654.38 billion people around the world watched their moon landing on TV. After waiting, they heard the famous saying: "Houston, this is the Jinghai base. The' Eagle' successfully landed. " In this way, Armstrong stepped out of the "Eagle" lunar module and left his foot on the surface of the moon, leaving that famous footprint and becoming the first person to land on the moon in human history.

"I was not chosen as the first person (to set foot on the moon). I was only elected as the flight commander. It was the special environment that made me the first man to land on the moon. It was not artificially arranged in advance. " Armstrong later said.

On the surface of the moon, Armstrong and Aldrin spent less than a day testing the gravity of the moon and completed a series of experiments, but it was enough to make them superstars on earth. To commemorate his achievements, a lunar crater near his landing site was also named "Armstrong".

Fame: unbearable weight

After returning to the earth, it is followed by various reputations and auras that cannot be shaken off. However, Armstrong did not prepare himself psychologically for his fame, and thought that fame was a burden that he could not cope with and gradually bore. What impressed him most was that friends and colleagues around him treated him in a completely different way from the past.

Gradually, Armstrong became more and more withdrawn. His two-year-old daughter died of a brain tumor. At first, it didn't seem to have much influence on Armstrong, but gradually, the sequelae appeared, and the father would look at his daughter's past photos in a daze.

Soon after, Armstrong became the vice chairman of the Aviation Association of NASA. Then Armstrong retired from NASA on 197 1 and became a professor at the School of Aeronautical Engineering of the University of Cincinnati until 1979. Armstrong even bought an overgrown farm in a remote village and began his semi-seclusion life. He said with emotion, "How long will it take before others regard me as an astronaut?"

Armstrong was once suggested to go out for a walk and relax, but the stubborn American only said this sentence and blocked everyone's mouth: "I have even been to the moon." What else attracts me? "

Because of the need of work, Armstrong is very busy and needs to travel frequently, so he doesn't have much time to spend with his family and rarely participates in the growth and education of his two sons. After he came back from the moon, his life changed dramatically, and his wife Janet began to get tired of such days. At the end of 1989, Janet left him a note at the dinner table asking for a divorce. 1994, Armstrong and his wife Janet, who had lived together for 38 years, formally divorced. Armstrong recalled the scene and cried, "I want to keep her, but what can I say in that scene?" Our marriage, like a failed flight, collapsed silently ... if possible, I also want to say that I love my wife. I'm sorry that our marriage has become the biggest price for my success. "

Armstrong remarried several years ago. In his later years, he preferred to "live in the present" and often indulged in flying in a glider.

Get the necessary performance of astronauts

1955, he joined NASA and became a non-military high-speed test pilot. He has flown more than 900 times in various planes. As a test pilot, Armstrong carried out the flight test project of X- 15 cutting-edge research aircraft, and piloted the aircraft across the edge of the atmosphere at a speed of 4,000 miles per hour. This kind of plane can fly at supersonic speed and reach a very high altitude. Flying this kind of aircraft for more than 80 kilometers was once considered as an indispensable achievement for future astronauts.

1962, an unfortunate thing happened in Armstrong's family: his 2-year-old daughter Karen died of brain cancer. This was a heavy blow to Armstrong and even affected his work for a time. However, he soon returned to work, because in his view, "the best way in that situation is to work and try my best to keep everything as usual instead of disturbing what I am doing."

If someone asks you, "Do you know what animal flies highest?" Many people will definitely answer: "The eagle flies the highest." If someone tells you that eagles can fly to the moon, you will definitely think that this person has a brain problem.

1969 On July 20th, an American named Armstrong reported a message to all mankind that the eagle had flown to the moon. Everyone who heard the news at that time knew that there was nothing wrong with his brain, and the reported news was indeed true.

Of course, Armstrong is not talking about an ordinary eagle, but the American "Apollo 1 1" moon landing spacecraft. More than a billion people on earth watched Armstrong slowly get off the spaceship and carefully put his feet on the surface of the moon through live television. "This small step is a small step for a person; But for all mankind, this is a huge step! " Armstrong's famous saying became a great declaration of human conquest of the moon.

As the first space eagle to fly to the moon, Armstrong deserves to be a hero of all mankind.

Neil armstrong, 1930 was born in a small town in Ohio. Little Neil has been fascinated by flying since he was a child. /kloc-I started flying lessons at the age of 0/5, and the tuition fees were earned by my own work. Because of her excellent academic performance,/kloc-got a driver's license as an intern pilot at the age of 0/6. At that time, he didn't even get his driver's license. In Chinese, little Neil learned to run before he learned to walk.

1947 After graduating from high school, Armstrong won a scholarship from the US Navy and entered the famous Purdue University. 1949 Little Neil was drafted into the army and officially became a pilot of the US Navy. In the next ten years, Armstrong flew more than 200 planes, including gliders, helicopters and jets. The most famous model is the X 15 ultra-high-speed rocket plane, with a speed of 6,500 kilometers per hour ... During this period, Armstrong successfully completed the postgraduate course of the University of Southern California after work and obtained a master's degree in aviation engineering.

1962, Armstrong was selected by NASA and became the second batch of American astronauts. 1March, 966 16, Armstrong, as the commander of the spacecraft, piloted Gemini 8 spacecraft with Scott to dock with a satellite in space. After the successful docking, the spacecraft suddenly began to rotate. Armstrong flew the spaceship off the satellite, but it still somersaulted in space. Armstrong started one of the 16 jet thrusters, and the spacecraft was still spinning. They started the second propeller again, and after 30 minutes, the spacecraft finally stabilized. According to the instructions of the ground center, they terminated their mission and successfully flew back to the ground and landed in the designated waters of the western Pacific.

1July, 969 16, Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins piloted Apollo 1 1 spacecraft, and started the first feat of human conquest of the moon. On July 2 1 day, they arrived at the scheduled landing site of the moon "Jinghai" and will land soon. Suddenly, they found a crater the size of a football field under the spaceship, which was full of stones of all sizes. If they land forcibly, their lunar module will probably be smashed by these stones. If they continue to fly forward, there will be little fuel left. Armstrong's ability to deal with emergencies has been brought into play again. He immediately took emergency measures to change the spacecraft to manual driving. After flying for about 20 seconds, he found a relatively flat place 6 kilometers away. His heart rate has risen from 77 beats per minute to 156 due to high tension.

The lunar module finally landed safely on the lunar surface. Armstrong immediately reported to the earth: "Houston, we reported on the' Jinghai' on the moon that the eagle had landed!"

After several hours of preparation, Armstrong was the first to walk out of the lunar module and left the first human footprint on the surface of the moon with his special rubber shoes.

Armstrong and Aldrin began to work intensively, putting some scientific instruments on the surface of the moon, including cosmic ray counters, seismographs and laser reflectors. They took many photos and collected some moon soil and rock samples. After staying on the surface of the moon for more than three hours, they returned to the lunar module.

On July 25th, the three of them successfully returned to Earth, completing their first feat of conquering other planets.

197 1 year, Armstrong retired from NASA and became a professor of aviation engineering at the University of Cincinnati. 198 1 retired from the university of Cincinnati and became the president of aviation computer technology company. 1993, Space Eagle was selected by relevant departments and entered the American Astronaut Hall of Fame.

well-known saying

"I have even been to the moon. What other places on earth attract me? "

"For a person, this is just a small step. But for mankind, this is a huge step. " . This is one small step for man and one giant step for mankind. )