Nietzsche, full name: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844—August 25, 19), a German philosopher, made extensive criticisms and discussions on religion, morality, modern culture, philosophy and science in his works. His writing style is unique, and he often uses aphorisms and paradoxes. Nietzsche has a great influence on the development of later generations' philosophy, especially in existentialism and postmodernism, which all respond to Nietzsche's philosophical thoughts in their own forms. Nietzsche left a profound influence on the philosophy of the 2th century, especially the European philosophy, although the Anglo-American countries which mainly focus on analytical philosophy did not pay attention to his works until the second half of the 2th century. One of Nietzsche's most important contributions lies in his attempt to expose the essence of the existing values of society. Nietzsche pointed out the role of human animal nature and desire in shaping human behavior, which also greatly influenced later psychologists such as sigmund freud and carl jung. The part of Austrian psychologist alfred adler's theory that attaches importance to psychological strength is also influenced by Nietzsche's theory of will to power. Nietzsche not only deeply influenced later existentialism, but also influenced deconstruction, postmodernism and hermeneutics. Nietzsche's "God is dead" became the central argument of existentialism: if there is no God, there is no inevitable value or moral law. And if there is no inevitable value or moral law, how should human beings deal with themselves? After the First World War, Nietzsche's thought began to be linked with Nazism and anti-Semitism, which was largely caused by her sister Elizabeth's tampering with his works. Elizabeth even took the initiative to cooperate with the Nazis and selectively explained Nietzsche's theory to justify the war and aggression against other races and countries, even though Nietzsche himself explicitly opposed anti-Semitism. Life information of Nietzsche: On October 15th, 1844, Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born into a family of rural priests in Loken village near Loken town, Saxony, Prussia. Nietzsche's birthday happened to be the birthday of Friedrich William IV, then King of Prussia. Nietzsche's father was a court teacher in William IV. He taught four princesses and won the trust of the king, so he was granted permission to name his son after the king. Later, the king appointed Nietzsche's father as a priest in Lucken town, where Nietzsche was born. Nietzsche's grandfather was a devout Christian and wrote theological works. His grandfather was a priest. Nietzsche was a silent child in his infancy, and he learned to say the first sentence at the age of two and a half. In July 1849, Nietzsche's father died of encephalomalacia. A few months later, my 2-year-old brother died. At that time, Nietzsche was only five years old, and the successive deaths of his relatives made this sensitive child appreciate the dark side of life prematurely, which cast his melancholy and introverted character. In the second year after his father's death, Nietzsche moved to Naumburg with his mother and sister, and grew up in a completely female family. Grandmother's indoctrination of her Polish aristocratic family history had a far-reaching influence on the formation of Nietzsche's aristocratic plot. At the age of 1, Nietzsche studied in Naumburg Liberal Arts Middle School and was very interested in literature and music. At the age of 14, I entered Pufuda Middle School. The courses in this school are all classical and the training is very strict. Many great men have been produced, such as Novalis, a poet and playwright, Schlegel, a linguist and a scholar who studies Shakespeare, and Fichte, the successor of Kant and the representative of great transcendentalism and moral philosophy. However, Nietzsche found it hard to accept this new life. He seldom played and was unwilling to get close to strangers. At this time, in addition to his rational development and amazing progress, music and poetry have become the sustenance of his emotional life. Nietzsche was taught by the best female pianist in Prussia when he was a child. When his mother hired this teacher for him, Nietzsche deeply felt that his future life could not be separated from such spiritual support. In 1861, at the age of 17, Nietzsche suffered from a serious illness and showed signs of health deterioration for the first time. He was sent home to recuperate. Accept the Christian ceremony in March. In 1864, Nietzsche and his friend Dusen entered Bonn University to study theology and classical linguistics, but after the first semester, they stopped studying theology. He often listens to his classmates talk. Some people repeat the formulas of Hegel, Fichte and Schelling without faith and passion. Those great systems have lost the power to inspire people. There is also a group of people who like empirical science and read materialistic papers by vogt and Buchner. None of these attracted Nietzsche. He was a poet who needed something passionate, extraordinary and mysterious. He was no longer satisfied with the clarity and calmness of the scientific world. In 1865, his beloved classical linguistics teacher F. W. Ritschls went to the University of Leipzig to teach, and Nietzsche also went there. Although Nietzsche was young at that time, he had already begun philosophical meditation. During his stay in Leipzig, he accidentally bought Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation in an old bookstall. He was ecstatic, went to bed at 2 am and got up at 6 am every day, immersed in this book, and his heart was full of neurotic excitement. In the autumn of 1867, Nietzsche did a one-year military service in Naumburg, which ended prematurely because of his riding injury. In the autumn of 1868, Nietzsche met Wagner, the music master he had admired for a long time, at his sister's home in Leipzig, and they talked for a long time about their favorite Schopenhauer philosophy. In the following years, Wagner and his wife became Nietzsche's mentor and friend in art and reason, and a substitute for a family. In February 1869, at the age of 25, Nietzsche was hired as a professor of classical linguistics in university of basel. The next decade was a relatively happy period in Nietzsche's life. In Basel, he made many friends, old and young, such as Jacob Burkhardt, a famous Swiss historian of culture and art. In April 1869, Nietzsche obtained Swiss nationality and became a Swiss from then on. On May 17th, 1869, Nietzsche first visited Wagner in Tripp, a suburb of Lucerne, Switzerland. On the 28th of the same month, he delivered his inaugural speech in university of basel, entitled Homer and Classical Linguistics. At that time, the doors of all the nobles in Basel were open to him, and he became the elite of Basel academic circles and the new favorite of local upper class. In 187, Nietzsche was hired as a full professor. Soon came the news that Germany and France were at war, and Nietzsche volunteered to go to the front. When passing through Frankfurt, he saw a group of cavalry with neat military appearance marching through the city. In 1872, he published his first monograph, The Birth of Tragedy. This is an outstanding artistic work, full of romance and wonderful imagination; This is also a naive philosophical work, full of anti-trend breath. But in this philosophical work, the main philosophical thoughts of his life have been formed. The theme of Nietzsche's philosophy is the meaning of life, and his answer to this question is to save life by art and give it an aesthetic meaning. Nietzsche didn't stop there. He resolutely attacked David Strauss, the most respected model, in order to attack the vulgar arrogance and stupid complacency of the Germans: "Stendhal once warned that as soon as I came into the world, I would fight." After the publication of the first books "The Birth of Tragedy" and "Thinking Out of Time", it attracted enthusiastic applause and was rejected by linguists led by Wilamowitz. The professor's reputation has also been greatly damaged. From 1873 to 1876, Nietzsche published four long articles, which were collected as an untimely investigation. The theme of the book is still cultural criticism. The first article, David Strauss, a Confessor and Writer, takes Strauss as an example and criticizes mediocre scholars. It is worth noting that the book publicly attacked Prussia's hegemonism for the first time, pointing out that although the Franco-Prussian War ended in Germany's victory, its sinister consequence was the decline of German culture and "the failure or even cancellation of the German spirit for the benefit of the" German Empire ". Since then, Nietzsche has always criticized power politics based on the interests of culture, and claimed to be "the last anti-political German" when Germany fell into nationalist political fanaticism. The second article, On the Advantages and Disadvantages of History for Life, points out that life is sick because of the heavy burden of history, and calls for the liberation of life and the creation of a new culture. The third article, Schopenhauer as an educator, criticized philosophy for being divorced from life, and asked Schopenhauer to follow his example and sincerely explore the problems of life. The fourth article, Wagner in Bellay, focuses on criticizing modern art. This article nominally defends Wagner's music and regards it as the antithesis of modern art, but in fact, it has already included criticism of Wagner. The article was written between 1875 and 1876. Before that, Nietzsche's inner feelings had been estranged from Wagner. In January 1878, Wagner sent Nietzsche a script of parsifal, which realized the theme of Christianity. Nietzsche didn't reply a word. In May, Nietzsche sent the book "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" (the schoolbag contains obvious criticism of Wagner) to Wagner and his wife. From then on, there is no longer any contact with each other. In 1879, Nietzsche resigned from his teaching post in university of basel, and began a ten-year roaming career, which also entered the golden age of creation. In 1883, he completed the first and second parts of Zarathustra, the third part in 1884 and the last part in 1885. Nietzsche expounded the famous idea of "eternal samsara of identity" in this book. This is one of his two main ideological systems. Another idea of "the will to power" died halfway because of his physical and mental collapse. The famous "Superman" ideal and "Last Man" image were first put forward in this book. From 1886 to 1887, Nietzsche collected the proverbs, aphorisms and phrases he wrote when he was wandering around the world, and formed two collections: The Other Side of Good and Evil (1886) and the Genealogy of Morality (1887). In these two collections, Nietzsche hopes to destroy the old morality and pave the way for Superman, but some of his reasons are difficult to establish. In addition, the system of ethics expounded in these two collections also leaves an impression-full of stimulating exaggeration. On the eve of Nietzsche's madness, Wagner Incident, Idol's Dusk, Anti-Christian, Look at that man and Nietzsche's Refutation of Wagner were completed in one go. They are unconventional and profound. But at the same time, these books also have unheard-of aggression and eye-popping self-boasting. In his later years, in 1889, Nietzsche, who had not been understood for a long time, could not stand the loneliness for a long time, and finally lost his mind by clinging to the neck of a horse being abused by a groom in the streets of Turin. A few days later, his friend Oviebeck came to Turin and took him back to Berlin. Nietzsche entered the last decade of his life. He first lived in the mental hospital of Jena University. In May 189, his mother took him to Nanpu's home to take care of him. In April 1897, due to the death of his mother, Nietzsche moved to the home of Elizabeth Voorst Nietzsche, Weimar's sister. In Nietzsche's life, his family has always been his warm haven. As the only male in this family, five female members of the family have always been around him, caring for him in every way, caring for him carefully and trying to satisfy all his wishes. However, for the lofty ideal in his heart, Nietzsche resolutely abandoned all this, wandering in this stormy world like an ascetic, starving and meditating. On August 25th, 19, Nietzsche died of pneumonia, and his sister Elizabeth buried him alongside his father's grave. His friend Gast made a eulogy at the funeral: "May your sacred name be revealed by all future generations." Nietzsche's famous saying: 1) Since I am tired of pursuing, I have learned to find it at once; Since a headwind hit, I have been able to resist the wind from all directions and sail. 2) Many things have been abandoned by me, so they are regarded as arrogant by the gentlemen; If you drink heavily from an overflowing glass, you will inevitably spill a lot of fine wine, so don't doubt the quality of the wine. 3) Where there is rule, there are people; Where there are masses, there is a need for servility; Where there is servility, there are few independent individuals; Moreover, this rare individual still has the group intuition and conscience against the individual. 4) People either never dream or have interesting dreams; People must also learn to be sober: either they will never be sober or they will be funny. 5) People who despise themselves respect themselves as contemptuous people. 6) People who are the same and common always have an advantage, while people who are more outstanding, more elegant, more unique and difficult to understand tend to be independent; They often die of accidents in loneliness and rarely survive. 7) The closer we get to the origin of things, the more boring things become for us. 8) Never forget. The higher we fly, the smaller our image in the eyes of those who can't fly. 9) To the lonely. If we can't respect the honor of others when we are alone as we do when we are in public, then we are not a gentleman. 1) Life is a mirror, and the first thing we dream of is to identify ourselves from it.