This is done by manpower.

Building the pyramids requires very careful planning. The first and most important thing is to choose a stable place. According to the religious reasons of ancient Egypt, it is usually chosen on the west bank of the Nile, because the west side of the sunset is what they think is the town of death. In addition, it should be close to the river bank, because the stones needed to build the pyramids will be transported by ships and the Nile. The stone used as the foundation must also be very strong, without cracks, and it must be large to be stable. Then, this place is usually horizontal and planned to face north, so that the four corners will face east, west, north and south accurately. But how did the ancient Egyptians do it without a compass? They should be based on the orientation of the stars, and of course they also use merkhet as an aid to help them calculate. Of course, there is no record of the construction of the pyramids. It tells us how the ancient Egyptians built them. The only record was written by Herodotus, a Greek historian, two thousand years after the completion of the pyramids, but most scholars think it is not credible. He claimed that the pyramids were built by100000 workers in 20 years. According to the research of archaeologists and scientists, it will take at least 30 years and many workers' labor to complete such a huge project. Usually, 65,438+10,000 workers work together at one time and rotate once every three months to do this extremely hard and dangerous work. Some of the stones used to build the pyramids were purchased locally, and some were collected from the west bank of the Nile or Aswin, and then transported to the construction site by boat. From the river bank to the construction site, workers need labor and tree trunks laid on the ground to slowly drag them to the construction site. The pyramids must be built layer by layer.

How did Pharaoh die?

Pharaoh is a title, like an emperor. Not a specific person, so I can't answer, every Pharaoh died in different ways, including illness, old age, being killed and so on.

I assume you're asking Pharaoh's spell? That's Tutankhamun.

Combining some historical records and unearthed murals, we can generally know that Tutankhamun was very young when he ascended the throne, and he could only take power with Ayi, an old minister. 19 died suddenly. Next, the old minister Ayi succeeded to the throne.

There is no record of Tutankhamun's death in history. Although archaeologists found traces of head injury when examining his mummy, he was partially cured before his death. This may be an accidental injury, but the possibility of assassination is not ruled out, because according to the X-ray photos, there is a black spot under the back of his head, indicating that he may have chronic trauma caused by a heavy blow to the back of his head. And his successor tried to erase the historical records, so history rarely recorded him before his grave was dug up.

According to the Sunday Times on the 26th, the mystery of the mysterious death of the young Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the most enduring mystery in archaeology, has finally been solved. Last week, archaeologists conducted a further and more detailed examination of Tutankhamun's mummy, overturning the previous academic conclusion that Tutankhamun died.

Since the discovery of Tutankhamun's mausoleum 83 years ago, there have been various speculations about the death of this young Egyptian Pharaoh. Researchers believe that he may have been killed by his compatriot Ayi, who succeeded to the throne, because of the struggle for inheritance. Because the medical examination and X-ray examination of Tutankhamun in the 1960s showed that his skull was fractured, Ayi was always suspected to be the murderer. However, a further and more detailed examination of Tutankhamun's mummy last week found that the initial suspicion was wrong and Ayi was not the murderer.

The latest research shows that Tutankhamun died of murder. The murderer is the closest person to him: Ai. Ai is Tutankhamun's closest attendant and the young boy's minister. He is a priest of the God sun gear. But then I believed in the old religion: Amon. Finally, he murdered Tutankhamun and used the queen's desire for children to force her to marry him. When the queen became Pharaoh, he became a relative of the royal family and had the right to inherit. Finally, he killed the queen and inherited the status of Pharaoh. (After the murder: Lao Wang was disabled and fell ill. This kind of patient will die with a light blow on the back of the head.

If you're asking about mummification, look here:

Mummies, or mummies. Ancient Egyptians buried corpses with antiseptic spices, which dried up over the years and formed mummies. The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, the soul would not die, but would still cling to the corpse or statue. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, they were all mummified as a hope and deep memory of the deceased.

Mummy originally meant asphalt, referring to a dry and uncorrupted corpse. Egypt has found the largest number of mummies, the earliest time and the most complicated technology. When the Egyptians made mummies, they first took out part of the brain marrow from the nostrils of the dead body with iron hooks and injected some drugs into the brain for cleaning. Then use a sharp stone knife to cut a hole in the side abdomen, take out the internal organs completely, clean the abdomen, fill it with coconut milk wine and mashed spices, and sew it as it is. After this step is completed, the body is put into baking soda powder for 70 days, then it is washed, wrapped with linen bandage from head to toe, and coated with gum commonly used in Egypt instead of ordinary glue, and then the body is handed over to relatives, who put it in a special humanoid wooden box and keep it in the tomb, standing upright against the wall.

This expensive method of disposing of corpses is generally suitable for pharaohs, dignitaries and the rich. It is much easier for the poor to make mummies. Wash the abdomen with laxatives, then soak the body in soda powder for 70 days, take it out, let the wind blow dry and bury it in a dry sand dune.

The ancient Egyptians, rich or poor, were mummified after their death. This is because the ancient Egyptians believed that people were composed of body and soul, and even in the world of the underworld, the dead still needed their own bodies. A corpse is not a "useless corpse". As long as the body is well preserved, it can always be used. The soul is gradually lost with the gradual destruction of the body, and the complete destruction of the body means the complete disappearance of the soul. As long as the body is preserved and the soul has a place to live, the dead can be reincarnated.

The specific manufacturing process and method are as follows:

If someone dies, his body is first sent to a place called the "clothing department": it is dedicated to purifying the body. After the body was washed with soda water, it was sent to a place called "Babet" (meaning pure land) or "Per-Napier" (meaning beautiful house) to complete the filling of spices. So mummies are being made.

Herodotus left us detailed information about this.

First, apply melted turpentine to your face to protect your facial image and prevent it from drying too fast.

Second, brain pulp processing. The craftsman inserted the chisel into the left nostril, crushed the ethmoid bone, and then used tools to rotate in the brain, destroying the brain marrow. Insert a very small long-handled spoon into the brain from the nostril, dig out the brains, and finally put some drugs and spices into the empty skull. Brain marrow is generally not preserved.

Third, take out the internal organs. The stomach, intestine, liver and lung were taken out through the left incision in the abdomen. Then use palm oil as cleaning solution to clean the chest and abdomen. Sometimes these organs are neatly wrapped in turpentine balls and put into the mummy's abdomen, and sometimes they are put into a small jar with a lid and then put into the abdomen. Small pots are becoming more and more complicated from the ancient kingdom to the new kingdom.

At first, there were some simple pot covers, but in the Middle Kingdom, there were pot covers with heads. In the early18th century, the lid of the jar was guarded by the "son of Horace". However, it was forbidden to take out the heart in ancient Egypt. They regard the heart as a symbol of wisdom and try their best to keep it in the body. In the book of the dead in the New Kingdom, there are three people on duty who take turns guarding the heart.

Fourth, dehydration. This is an important drying process. The craftsmen first wrapped the soaked alkali and other temporary fillers in cloth, and then soaked them in dry soaked alkali powder for about 40 days. After the water is drained, they take out the stuffing inside and put crushed myrrh, cinnamon, soaked alkali, sawdust and so on in cloth bags. Finally, they carefully stitched the incision and pasted a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians missed the strong healing and protection of this skin.

Fifth, cosmetic surgery. In order to keep the mummy's skin soft, it was selectively coated with a mixture of milk, wine, spices, beeswax, turpentine and asphalt to beautify the skin. Mummy's eyes are full of linen and stones, which are very vivid. The mummy was finally coated with turpentine to prevent moisture, and the makeup artist also sprinkled a layer of carmine on the mummy's cheeks, wearing a braided wig, clothes and the best jewelry.

Sixth, the bag. Egyptians thought it was dangerous to be buried, so prayers were accompanied during the whole process (usually 15 days). Every time the hand that bandages the body moves, it is accompanied by solemn prayers or magic spells, and protective strips are placed between linen bandages. They attach great importance to keeping it in their hearts. Amulets are generally made of scarab-shaped or heart-shaped green stones with the words "Preserve the heart of the deceased so that it will not produce anything harmful to its owner". Other amulets were placed near the mummy's body or wrapped in linen.

Seventh, the mummy greeted his card. The time is usually 70 days. After that, Anubis secretly returned the mummy to his family for burial.

What is the "Pharaoh's spell"?

On the tomb of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun, there is an epitaph: "Anyone who interferes with the peace of the Pharaoh will die on his head."

For decades, after the hype of various movies and novels, the "Pharaoh's curse" became more and more fantastic, which not only scared off grave robbers, but also worried many archaeologists and tourists. Recently, despite the threat of incantations, Egyptian archaeologists conducted a comprehensive examination of Pharaoh's body with high-tech equipment, thus uncovering the mystery of the death of the young Pharaoh in ancient Egypt 3,300 years ago.

Tutankhamun was an Egyptian Pharaoh in 18 BC. He ruled Egypt from 1336 BC to 1327 BC. Tutankhamun is not the most outstanding Pharaoh in ancient Egyptian history, but he is the most famous Egyptian Pharaoh today. Since 1922, when British archaeologists howard carter and Count carnarvon discovered the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the dazzling array of funerary objects in the tomb, the world-famous golden colossus and the creepy curse of Pharaoh have aroused great interest of the world, but people are most concerned about the young Pharaoh himself. Tutankhamun, 19 years old, died suddenly and mysteriously. He died too early, was buried in a hurry, and was injured in the back of his head ... People believe that there must be some big secret behind his untimely death. ...

Since champollion deciphered the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt, the pyramids, the secrets in the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, have become another secret that needs to be solved in ancient Egypt. From the end of 19, a large number of archaeologists from western countries came to Egypt one after another, hoping to unlock the secrets of the pyramids. However, after decades, people still have nothing.

So who was the first to open the tomb of the Pharaoh in ancient Egypt and let the secrets under the pyramid show to people?

1922165438+1On the afternoon of October 26th, in the steep underground passage at the foot of a pyramid in the Valley of the Kings of Egypt, two serious-looking people stood. They are British archaeologists howard carter and Lord carnarvon. Howard carter has been trying to find this tomb for decades. Lord carnarvon spent a lot of money in the next eight years to support Carter in uncovering the secrets of the Egyptian king's tomb.

Now facing them is the tomb door of an ancient Egyptian Pharaoh, which has been closed for more than 3 thousand years.

Carter carefully cut a corner of the tomb door, and carnarvon opened his eyes behind him to look inside. With the expansion of the hole, the atmosphere is getting more and more tense. Carter raised his flashlight with trembling hands and looked inside. He didn't speak for a long time. After a while, Carnaveen couldn't hold back, and finally asked in a hoarse voice, "Did you see anything?" Carter turned around, his eyes shining, and stammered, "I saw a miracle, a great miracle!" " "

Lord carnarvon took the flashlight handed by Carter, looked inside and was surprised-

Before his eyes, a pile of gilded chariots appeared faintly, decorated with huge gilded beds of lions and monsters, a single statue of the king, and countless boxes and cages.

This is the most important event in the archaeological history that shocked the whole world more than 60 years ago-the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun, the young Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty in ancient Egypt. Tutankhamun ruled Egypt for nine years. 1350 BC, died mysteriously at the age of 18. He never imagined that after being buried for thousands of years, he became a "news person" that attracted worldwide attention!

Tutankhamun's tomb is located at the foot of the cliff where Pharaoh was buried. It consists of four burial chambers. The jewels scattered on the ground show that grave robbers once sneaked into the tomb. But I didn't take anything. Maybe the grave robbers ran away in fright. The tomb door was later resealed.

Tutankhamun's mausoleum is like a museum with a rich collection. There are more than 5,000 pieces of jewelry, handicrafts, furniture, clothes, cosmetics and various weapons in the tomb.

In the pink lobby, there are three gold beds carved into monsters around. Next to the bed are two life-size statues of black guards. They stand face to face, wearing golden skirts and holding hammers and spears. The room is full of precious treasures. Throne inlaid with precious stones, glittering ancient chariots, vases as white as jade, beautifully carved golden beds and chairs, various musical instruments and so on. In the tomb, people also found a bowl filled with putty, which was obviously used when sealing the tomb. I don't know which migrant worker left fingerprints on the paint, which is clearly visible so far.

The coffin room is guarded by two samurai statues. There are four golden shrines, a crystal coffin and three coffins. The inner coffin is made of pure gold, which reads the famous words of the young Pharaoh-"I saw it yesterday; I know tomorrow. "

Lying in the coffin, Tutankhamun carried a big golden giant. This mask is almost identical to his own appearance. X-ray inspection only found a scar on the mask and a scar on Lao Wang's face, with slightly different thickness. The young Pharaoh looked sad and quiet. There are necklaces made of rosary beads and flower-shaped carvings on the chest. Although the colors of cornflower, lily and lotus have peeled off, they are still discernible. Experts believe that this collar was given by the young Pharaoh before the coffin was closed. There is also a mural in the tomb, which shows the young and proud Pharaoh being taken to heaven by two gods.

The mummy of Pharaoh Khatankamon was wrapped in a thin cloth, covered with collars, amulets, rings, gold and silver bracelets and various gems. Among them, there are two short swords, one is gold, and the other is made of gold handle and iron blade. The latter is extremely rare, because the Egyptians just knew how to use iron.

It is unprecedented that so many precious cultural relics have been unearthed in an ancient tomb. It took 10 years to sort out these treasures and transfer them to the National Museum of Egypt in Cairo.

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb attracted journalists from all over the world. Visitors to the Uxeur excavation site, 450 miles south of Cairo, are in an endless stream. Until today, people's interest in this ancient tomb remains undiminished.

But things didn't end, because more than 20 people who participated in the excavation died in a short time, and the cause of death was unknown. So people say this is the "Pharaoh's curse".

It is said that several inscriptions of Pharaoh's curse have been found in this ancient tomb, one of which reads: "Anyone who interferes with Pharaoh's peace will die on his head."

The myth of "Pharaoh's curse" began with the death of Lord carnarvon. Lord carnarvon died of mosquito bites on April 6, 1923/KLOC-0. At that time, some superstitious people began to talk about it one after another, saying that it was retribution for ungodly people.

Then, a headline similar to "Revenge of Pharaoh" appeared in the newspaper, with the subtitle "Tutankhamun's curse killed another person" and so on. The report on the death of the 19 person wrote: "The 78-year-old Lord westbury committed suicide by jumping off the seventh floor of his London residence today. Lord westbury's son was the secretary of howard carter, an archaeologist who excavated Tutankhamun's tomb. He died suddenly in his room last June165438+1October, and was in good health before his death. The cause of death cannot be determined. "

Shortly after, Carter's partner, Mace, also died. The newspaper reported his death, but never mentioned Mace's long illness. While helping Carter, he insisted on working despite illness and resigned due to illness.

Paradoxically, a newspaper later reported that a man named Carter lived in the United States and his cause of death was unknown. He is the man who was recently driven away by Pharaoh. Carter himself had to come forward to refute rumors at this time. He said that the so-called "absurd reports" such as Tutankhamun's revenge were just a "word game". He said that some newspapers have always mentioned that it is dangerous to cross the threshold of ancient tombs. In fact, science has proved that this danger does not exist at all. He stressed that scientists have proved that there are no germs in the tomb, and the results of infection detection in the tomb also prove that the above report is irresponsible and absurd.

In order to correct the audio-visual, Professor George Stan Dolf, a German expert in Egyptology, published an article on the curse of the Pharaoh in 1933, and took pains to explore the sources of newspaper news and other similar reports. He said that Carter, who died in the United States, and the archaeologist Carter only had the same surname, but they were unrelated. He also found out that westbury and his son had no direct or indirect relationship with Tutankhamun's tomb, the migration of cultural relics in the tomb and Mu Yi of Tutankhamun. After enumerating a large number of facts, he clearly concluded that the "Pharaoh's curse" did not exist at all. There is nothing similar in ancient inscriptions.

Carter later published an article on this issue, writing: "As far as modern Egyptians are concerned, such a curse is totally unacceptable in their religious traditions. On the contrary, the Egyptians sincerely hope that we will express our best wishes to the deceased. "

Rumors about the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun have also subsided.