Chen Duxiu

Learning from thieves, China called people's language; Don't decline when you are old, as the British and Americans say: this is also one of the differences between East and West. Youth is like early spring, like the sunrise, like the germination of flowers, like the rebirth of a sword, and the most precious period of life is also. Youth is to society what fresh and lively cells are to the human body. Metabolism, decadence and defeat are always on the way of natural elimination, living vividly in time and space. Following the path of metabolism, people are healthy, full of rotten cells, and people die; Following the path of metabolism, the society will prosper, and the decadent elements will flood the society and the society will perish. If you allow yourself to speak, our country's society will prosper, and if you suppress its demise, there will be no room for others to speak. Once the decadent scum is eliminated by nature, Ya doesn't want to talk about their short life, hoping that they will be thoroughly remoulded. Those who want to make a speech just want to be fresh and lively, and young people who have ears to struggle consciously! Conscious people are aware of their fresh values and responsibilities, but they should not look down on themselves. Strugglers should strive for their intelligence, push out the decadent and defeated, treat them as enemies, be a scourge, don't be neighbors, and don't be infected by their germs. Oh! The youth of our country, the fruit can be said here. I look at the age of young people, but the body of old people is nine times out of ten; Nine times out of ten, young people have age or figure, while old people have brains. China's hair is smooth, straight waist and wide diaphragm, unlike young people; And the weapons that beat the thoughts involved in his mind are all birds of a feather with rotten losers. At first, it was not fresh and lively, but was assimilated by decadent scum. Those who are afraid of corruption and scum are too powerful to look back and dare not be blatant, and those who are stubborn and heartless. It is also impossible to fill the air of society with nothing but old decay and failure, and to seek fresh and vivid things to comfort our suffocating despair. The phenomenon of obeying the rules will lead to the death of people and society. If you want to save this disease, if you are a conscious and courageous young man, give full play to the inherent wisdom of the world and decide all kinds of ideas in the world, there is nothing you can do. -which fresh and lively is suitable for the struggle of this world, and which decadent can't keep your heart? -sharpen your knife and don't miss the woodcutter, cut the gordian knot quickly, and never think about breaking the rules. Self-taught people, society is a minority. Young! Some people take this as their responsibility. If the husband knows his own right and wrong, he can make a choice. I sincerely hope that Chen can examine it with peace of mind: (1) independence rather than slavery.

Waiting for a person has independent rights, no right to enslave others, and no obligation to be a slave. The slave cloud, in ancient times, lost its right to freedom because of its weakness. Since the theory of human rights and equality came into being, the name slave is unbearable for people with flesh and blood. Modern European history is called "liberation history": destroying the monarchy and seeking political liberation; Denying religious rights and seeking religious liberation; Both production and prosperity, seeking economic liberation; Women's participation in politics seeks the liberation of male power. The man who liberated the cloud was freed from the bondage of his husband and slaves, and he was also called to complete his independent and free personality. I have brothers and sisters, and I support myself. I have a tongue, I like myself and I don't like myself; I have brains and believe in myself; Never admit the transgressions of others, and never enslave others by being your own master: all actions, rights and beliefs are above your independent personality, and you must obey your own inherent wisdom and never blindly obey others. Otherwise, loyalty and filial piety are righteousness, and the virtue of slaves is also; ③ The great German philosopher Zizeher divided morality into two categories: independent and brave people called noble morality noble, and humble and obedient people called slaves ④ slave morality; Light punishment and thin tax make slaves happy; Praise merit, slave's article also; Thank you, Lord, for the glory of slaves; Monuments and graves are also memorials to slaves. Taking honor and disgrace as right and wrong, obeying others and not taking oneself as the standard, the independent and equal personality of individuals will be obliterated, and all their good and evil behaviors will not resort to their own will and learn lessons; Slave, who says that Lide's meritorious service is inappropriate, we must distinguish it first. Original 19 15 September 15 Youth MagazineNo. 1 VolumeNo. 1

[Precautions] ① Well: Encourage. ② oilstone. ③ Nietzsche (1844-1900): German philosopher, one of the representatives of voluntarism. 1869 Professor of Linguistics, university of basel, Switzerland. 1879 resigned due to illness, specializing in writing. Schizophrenia in later years. His major works include The Birth of Tragedy, Zarathustra, and The Will to Power. ④ Noble morality and slave morality: also translated as "master morality or master morality". Nietzsche's language. People think that people have strong and weak points, and accordingly there is a difference between aristocratic morality and slave morality. ⑤ Lide made meritorious deeds: In the twenty-four years of "Zuo Zhuan", Uncle Sun Bao said that he was a fairy: "Taide, then made meritorious deeds, and then made a statement. Although it has not been abolished for a long time, this is called immortality. " "Virtue and merit" are two of them. "Virtue" refers to virtue and "merit" refers to career. [Appreciation] This is a preface written by Chen Duxiu for New Youth. The first volume of the magazine is called Youth Magazine, and the second volume is changed to New Youth, which everyone is used to. New Youth is the most famous publication in modern China, which has a far-reaching impact on promoting new culture and educating and cultivating a generation of young people. Its purpose is to advocate democracy and science, which is revealed in the article "Warning Youth". Chen Duxiu put forward six meanings: "independence rather than slavery", "progress rather than conservatism", "enterprising rather than closed to the outside world", "utility rather than falsehood" and "science rather than falsehood", hoping people would think calmly. Because of its rich content, I choose Shouyi here for some analysis. Chen Duxiu was an evolutionist in 19 19. He regards "metabolism" as the core of his understanding of evolution, and hopes that young people will consciously understand the value of new things and clarify the responsibility of breaking with the "decadent" old things. "Conscious people should be conscious of their fresh values and responsibilities" and at the same time "push out decadent and failed people as enemies". However, the situation of young people today is not satisfactory: "Young people have their age or body, and old people have their brain nerves in nine cases out of ten." The physical age is young, but the psychological age is old. Most young people have been "assimilated by decadent and failed elements". Chen Duxiu hopes that some "young people who are conscious and brave in struggle" will give full play to their talents and wisdom, and fight against "Chen's decadence and defeat" and cut the gordian knot. In the struggle, Chen Duxiu hoped that young people would establish an independent, progressive, enterprising and pragmatic outlook on life, and the first task was to establish an "independent personality". "No obligation to be a slave" is the premise of establishing this personality. Treat yourself as a slave and treat yourself as an obligation, which is what Liang Qichao called "spiritual slave". Liang Qichao believes that the slave state caused by external forces is not terrible, but the mental state of being a slave. He said in Xinmin Shuo that "humiliation is greater than the slave in the heart" and that "those who want to be truly free must start with the slave in the heart". 190 1 year, the national newspaper had an article on the people, in which the description of "heart slave" was very vivid: "the official is the most expensive, and there is no slave at all; However, the more expensive the official in China is, the lower it is. " When officials travel, "Beowulf, it's not to be feared to get in the way with his followers", but "seeing Shangguan before is like * * *, seeing Shangguan after is like a servant, fearful as a tiger, and respectful as a ghost", so that "even Shangguan's servants and Shangguan's chickens and dogs are respectful and dare not brush less". Above Shangguan, there is Shangguan. "When I acceded to the throne, I went up to the governor and ministers, and the number of people kneeling down to please decreased a lot." People are high and low, enslaved by others, but enslaved by others. Step by step, you must not be immune. People at lower levels are dependent on others for survival. This is a portrayal of the dependent personality in ancient authoritarian society. In modern times, this kind of inferiority still exists in the national character, and its core is the mental slavery mentality. To get rid of the "slave" mentality, we must start with fighting for rights. Chen Duxiu focused on the theory of natural human rights to realize the liberation of personality. He said that since the rise of western natural human rights theory, with the goals of "seeking political liberation", "seeking religious liberation", "seeking economic liberation" and "seeking women's liberation", new things such as "eliminating monarchical power", "denying religious power", "sharing production prosperity" and "women's participation in politics" have emerged. He gave a definition of liberation: "A man who liberates the cloud is freed from the bondage of his husband and slaves, and he is called a free and independent personality." Getting rid of "ideological slaves" is the main content of constructing independent personality. Personality is a concept frequently used in people's daily life, and it is also a term full of differences and difficult to unify. So far, there are more than one definition of 100 in academic circles. Generally speaking, there are four meanings: (1) the impression of a person in the eyes of others; (2) the role a person plays in life; (3) the sum of several qualities of a person; (4) personal dignity. In my opinion, personality refers to the code of conduct formed by people in a certain culture to adjust the relationship between people and nature, people and society, and people (including themselves), as well as the spiritual quality expressed by actual behavior. Any cultural system has its own personality, that is, personality paradigm. Once the personality paradigm is finalized, it has its relative independence and has an effect on the cultural system. Corresponding to agricultural culture is dependent personality, and consistent with industrial culture is independent personality. Chen Duxiu enthusiastically appealed for independent personality: "I have brothers and sisters to support myself; I have a tongue, I like myself and I don't like myself; I have brains and believe in myself; Never admit the sins of others, and never dominate me or enslave others; Guy thinks he is independent and above his personality. All actions, all rights and all beliefs can only be obeyed by his own inherent intelligence, and there is no reason to blindly obey others. "Be able to stand on your own feet, hold your own opinions, not be manipulated by others, have your own beliefs, and not enslave others. Your behavior, rights and beliefs are all determined by your intelligence, which is an independent personality. On the contrary, "loyalty, filial piety and righteousness are also slave virtues." "Slave morality" is Nietzsche's term. Chen Duxiu pointed out: "The German philosopher Nietzsche has two kinds of morality: the independent and brave is called aristocratic morality, and the humble and obedient is called slave morality. "During the May 4th Movement, Nietzsche's philosophy attracted much attention and was regarded as the latest trend of western academic theory by knowledgeable scholars. Nietzsche charmed Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Fu Sinian, Guo Moruo, Lu Xun and others with his beautiful writing and intuitive insight. They introduced and praised Nietzsche's philosophy to varying degrees. Nietzsche regards the essence of life as will, but it is not the pursuit of truth or survival, but the will to expand oneself, pursue power, possess and enslave others. " Reevaluate all values "is his famous saying. In ethics, Nietzsche regards the will to power as the standard of moral evaluation, and thinks that everything that can enhance the sense of power is good. People have strong and weak points, and the corresponding morality is also different from aristocratic morality and slave morality. The former advocates the development of power will, self-esteem, self-improvement and creativity, and is not subject to any constraints. Slave morality advocates cowardice, obedience, forgiveness, self-control and altruism. Nietzsche despised the weak, which was in line with the popular theory of evolution and the concept of personality liberation at that time. Although Chen Duxiu didn't introduce Nietzsche, Nietzsche's idea of "re-evaluating all values" had already penetrated into his mind. 19 16 In February, he proposed to young people that, like Nietzsche, "it is the purpose of life to advocate respecting personal will, giving full play to personal genius, becoming a great artist and a great career, and being called superman above ordinary people"; Any morality is deceptive "(the true meaning of life). At the same time, Chen Duxiu pointed out: "Without an independent person, the theory of three cardinal guides and five permanent members is also." The moral terms of the golden rule, such as loyalty and filial piety, derived from the three cardinal principles, that is, the monarch is the minister, the father is the son, and the husband is the wife, are not the master morality of pushing oneself and others, but the slave morality of people. (19 16) Chen Duxiu criticized the mentality of "decadent defeat" and "dealing with slaves" by using Nietzsche's noble morality and slave morality, aiming at feudal ethics. He strongly appealed for independent personality: "If you obey others and don't take yourself as the standard, your independent and equal personality will disappear."