3 [Political Democracy in Song Dynasty]
Zhao Kuangyin is proud of the warlord regime and is well aware of its harm to the people of the whole country. Song Taizu's right to quench his thirst by drinking poison drew lessons from the warlord regime in the Tang Dynasty [in essence, the country was torn apart]. Strengthening centralization and promoting the reunification of the motherland is a far-sighted strategy. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin not only did not kill meritorious ministers, but also stipulated by law that the emperor could not whip ministers in court in the future. Don't abuse your officials. The liegeman shall not kill anything except rebellion. Song Taizu handed down the "oath card" of "Don't kill the scholar-officials and the letter-writers" and "If the descendants swear this, the sky will fall". Emperors of all previous dynasties strictly carried out this ancestral training. Even Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, who killed Yue Fei because of the war, only killed him three times. This is extremely rare in other dynasties. The rulers of the Song Dynasty attached great importance to learning lessons from China's past history. Sima Guang compiled the famous History as a Mirror. Marked by the establishment of political participation, the Song Dynasty implemented the collective leadership system of Zaifu, which is a more rational symbol of centralized operation. To a certain extent, the emperor must also listen to the opinions of the Zaifu collective. It should be said that the supreme ruler cannot handle state affairs or decide the fate or even life and death of ministers by his own emotions. The "civilization" of state governance is the trend of historical development. The Song Dynasty founded the country with benevolence and righteousness, and the political situation was clear. In Song Dynasty, there was no local power, nor did eunuchs, queens and consorts monopolize the governance of the country. There was no literary inquisition in the Song Dynasty, and officials would not lose their heads, copy the whole family and wipe out the nine clans just because they said something wrong or wrote wrong words. The system of speaking officials was specially established in Song Dynasty. Song Renzong stepped up his remonstrance with Taiwan Province and argued with the court. Governing the country by culture is a symbol of China's transition from a barbaric society to a modern civilization. The liberal political atmosphere makes officials dare to attack state affairs and express their political opinions. As a result, a large number of officials in the history of China, such as Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, emerged in the Song Dynasty. In the history of China, only in the Song Dynasty can there be a quarrel with Emperor Injong in the court like Bao Zheng, and Bao Zheng's saliva splashed on the face of Emperor Song Renzong. Even if Song Renzong was angry again, he didn't do anything to Bao Zheng. Bao Zheng still dares to speak and do, and he has been promoted. "Renzong's life is over, and the suspected prison is from the light." Song Renzong is very tolerant of difficult cases. It can be seen that the Emperor of Song Dynasty was enlightened and democratic. The whole society respects intellectuals, whose status is unprecedented. Throughout the Song Dynasty, talents were especially cherished and officials were given preferential treatment. Even if Lu Duoxun and Ding Wei tried to occupy the throne in the Song Dynasty, such a serious crime would only be banished. The so-called officialdom did not form in the Song Dynasty, and lower-level officials could sue higher-level officials. Even the prime minister of "one person below, ten thousand people above" is not immune. Among them, Bao Zheng impeached his immediate superior and several officials higher than him. Bao Zheng's character can only be produced in the enlightened Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was common for people to sue officials. Anti-corruption regulations have been posted in front of government offices at all levels, and people can appeal and sue officials until they win the case.
Song Taizu recruited 300 people to Tianzhu to collect Buddhist scriptures and cultural relics. Song Taizong personally met with Brahmin monks and Muslims in ancient India. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Christians, Jews and other Christians owned their own houses, churches and temples. Coupled with the prosperity of Confucianism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that China in Song Dynasty was an open country with many religions. Only in the Song Dynasty did Christianity, Judaism and Islam compete with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Long before Kyle Poirot arrived in China, a large number of European businessmen came to China to do business. Now in the west, it is found that as early as 127 1, an Italian businessman and scholar Jacob D 'Ancona arrived in Quanzhou, China, and wrote his biography. At that time, there were a large number of Venetians, Jews, Britons, Saracens, Franks, Ceylons, Indians, Little Javanese, Pisa people and some blacks living and doing business in Quanzhou, as well as people from Alexandria and Bruges. A large number of Europeans and Asians do business or settle in China. At that time, there were a large number of mixed-race children in Quanzhou. Among them, the Song Dynasty assimilated a large number of Jews. This is unprecedented in human history. It is only recorded that Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, has a large Jewish family 17 households, who settled in China after accepting the chapter of "summer belongs to me, keeping ancestral customs and leaving the capital of the Song Dynasty". The assimilation of Jews showed the prosperity of the Song Dynasty in all aspects. It can be seen that the civilization and technology of China in Song Dynasty spread and influenced the West. People of all faiths lived in harmony in the enlightened, prosperous and powerful society of the Great Song Dynasty. Harmony without difference is the overall portrayal of the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty became the second period of academic freedom in the history of China since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For the first time in the Song Dynasty, there were signs of the confluence of craftsman tradition and philosophical tradition. Four famous academies in Song Dynasty (Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy and Songyang Academy) became holy places for Confucian disciples to learn culture. "Daolin 300, Academy 1000". Song Renzong Zhao Zhen likes to study and worship Confucian classics. For the first time, Zhao Zhen put The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean in Mencius University together for students to learn. Four Books and Five Classics are compulsory courses for imperial academy. The highest military institution is called the martial arts school, which is equivalent to a military university. Song also has specialized science and technology schools, such as arithmetic and medicine. In addition, there were a large number of learning places in the Song Dynasty, such as home schools, libraries, bookstores and so on. "Every lane must have one or two. I often hear the sound of chanting. " When you are older than you, you will occasionally get the first place in the make-up and give up the choice. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 1700 students in the Imperial College, which used to be the official residence of Yue Fei. The Imperial College has dormitories and stadiums. College candidates come from all directions. The admission ratio is 3%-6%. Imperial academy implements the five-year three-shed system. Those who have just entered imperial academy are studying in the outer dormitory. One year later, those who passed the study entered the inner dormitory for two years. Those who pass the study will be promoted to the upper dormitory. Study in the upper house for two years, and those who pass the exam will graduate. The meals of college students are completely arranged by the government, and each student will spend about 3 thousand yuan a year. The Song government only gave the students of Taixue College food expenses, which cost more than 5 million yuan every year. Rejuvenating the country through science and education not only promotes the prosperity of science and technology, commerce, literature and art, but also promotes the pluralistic thinking of politics and the establishment of democratic and enlightened political revenge ideological factions.
The political stage of the Song Dynasty was not a backwater. There were democratic party struggles, reformists, conservatives, hawks, pacifists and so on in the Song Dynasty. Reformists and conservatives are not simply two factions. Not fixed. In A.D. 1042, Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu carried out the "Qingli New Deal". A.D. 1069 Wang Anshi's political reform. Sima Guang opposed the political reform, so did Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. But there are different views on opposition and opposition. Su Shi opposed hasty reform when the reformists were in power, and abandoned all new laws when the conservatives were in power. Sima Guang and Wang Anshi respect each other, but they have different political views. Although the views and positions of the two factions are different, they are not for personal gain, but for national interests and people. Party struggle in Song Dynasty is a model of democratic politics.
Philosophically, the Song Dynasty broke through the dreary situation since the Five Dynasties. With the rise of the ideological trend of putting practical things into practice, emphasizing righteousness and reason, and doubting the ancient times, many schools of Neo-Confucianism, represented by Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, have emerged. As early as the pre-Qin period, Laozi and Yijing had already demonstrated the principle of unity of opposites, and Zhang Zai, Shen Kuo and others in the Song Dynasty made great contributions to dialectical logic. So that the Chinese nation has long had dialectical thinking and profound thoughts. When the Greeks and Indians carefully considered formal logic very early, China people made outstanding contributions to the development of dialectical logic. Confucianism in the Song Dynasty merged with other schools, aided Buddhism into Confucianism, and built a new Confucian system, which not only sublimated abstract speculation, but also promoted the scholars' strong moral rationality and moral integrity consciousness. Song people pushed China's system philosophy to an unprecedented height. Song studies went deep into the phenomenon world, explored the ontology and deep internal relations of the universe system, and integrated the genesis and horizontal structure of the universe. Yu Zhou's systematic thought and the thought of harmony between man and nature formed and evolved in Song Dynasty are the harmonious unity of social system and heaven and earth system.
Zhu pushed "reason" to the supreme position. Become a master of science. Neo-Confucianism developed from Zhu to a climax and weakened from him. There is no essential breakthrough for later thinkers. Zhu once said: "mortals must take sages as their responsibility." This is the central idea of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. Zhu believes that there is no difference between the temperament of ordinary people and sages, and teaches people to work hard on moral sentiments and knowledge. Ordinary people can become sages as long as they set their ambitions, be strict with themselves and keep learning. "Cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world" is a religious thought to persuade people to actively join the WTO and realize their own life value. Tell people that the real world is the whole struggle environment of life. This idea requires teaching people to be close to heaven in thought, spirit and experience. Therefore, Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was the religion of intellectuals.
In the era of cold weapons, the more brutal, the stronger, the more backward and the more ferocious. If you are backward and poor, you have the motivation to plunder people who are richer than you. Liao was more savage than Song, so Song gave Liao money and silk. Jin is more savage than Liao, so Jin destroyed Liao. Mongols are more savage than Jin people, so Mongolia destroyed Jin. Mongols are much more savage than Song people, and Song certainly can't beat Mongolia. Throughout the history of the world, all ancient civilizations in history were wiped out by backward and barbaric nations.
The richer a person is, the more he fears death, the happier he is and the more he loves life. The poorer a person is, the less afraid he is of death. A hungry man will be more cruel than a full man. A person who worries about food and clothing will be braver than a carefree person. A robber will be better than a scholar. Song people are too civilized and used to a comfortable and rich life. Song Bing is very weak. There is a song that says: "When my parents gave birth to me, they taught me to plow mulberry;" If you don't know how strict the government is, you can do things with peace of mind! Holding a gun can't solve the thorn, and holding a bow can't shoot; What's the point of uniting with me? It's no use. "Song was born for production, for creation and for peace. Mongols are born to ride horses, plunder and fight. The human nature of Song people is mostly good, while that of Mongols is mostly evil. How is it possible to fight against the primitive and fierce Mongolian iron hoof that ran out on the spot with blood spatter?
The terrible thing about Mongols is that they not only have the savage fighting power of primitive nomadic people, but also have the advanced and superb technology of civilized people. When the Mongols captured a city, the people left behind were not young and beautiful women, nor naive children, nor elderly people, but craftsmen and artists in the city. Like modern times, the ancient Mongols not only possessed the spirit that the Taliban in Afghanistan were not afraid of death, but also possessed high-tech armed technologies such as American atomic bombs.
The Battle of Song and Yuan Dynasties was the biggest national war in the history of China. Because one is the feudal peak civilization that is developing towards capitalism, and the other is the civilization in which the newly formed nation is in the primitive period.
In the late Song Dynasty, although the military force was relatively weak, with its strong comprehensive strength, the economy and culture affected neighboring countries such as Liao and Jin. Promoted their sinicization. It promotes the development and progress of the world. Liao gradually abolished slavery and discriminated against Han people. Jin was an admirer of Song civilization. Jin Guo's palace in Beijing is completely modeled after the palace in the capital of Song Dynasty. The emperor of Jin wore the imperial clothes of the Song Dynasty, and the rank of civil servants was the same as that of the Song Dynasty. The rulers adopted the imperial examination to select scholars, and the forty-ninth grandson of Confucius was also made a duke by the gold master, who personally saluted Confucius. From astronomical measurements to the compilation of calendars and court music, Jin people imitated and used the Song system. Jin Guo also prints paper money countries. Su Dongpo's new book, just published in the Song Dynasty today, may be popular in the streets of Jin State tomorrow. As can be seen from the copper coins left by the Jin Dynasty, money is a typical China copper coin with only Chinese characters. Judging from the architectural style and technology of Lugou Bridge, Jin people have completely become "China" people. In just a few decades, Jin plundered, absorbed and borrowed a lot of wealth and culture from Song Dynasty. From backward primitive civilization to feudal civilization. By the early days of the demise of the Jin State, there was no difference between the Jin State and the Southern Song Dynasty. Jin became the second richest country in the world after Song Dynasty. However, Jin Guo also lost its once barbaric fighting power in the rich and powerful life.
A large number of intellectuals like Zhu were originally staunch anti-Japanese factions, supporting the government's attack and recovery of the country. But then I saw peace between the two countries. Gradually become a conservative, and do not advocate solving problems by force. I don't want the two countries to fight and destroy the stable and peaceful life of the two peoples. Not fighting is not a "peaceful coexistence" of a few people, but the will of the people, in line with the interests of the whole people.
The demise of a country and dynasty is not necessarily due to its own decay and internal chaos, the fatuity of the monarch and the poverty of the people. A prosperous country may be caused by a strategic decision-making mistake or a war failure in the face of external barbaric forces. The emperors of the Song Dynasty and their rulers were more enlightened and successful than the rulers of other dynasties. The demise of the Song Dynasty was not inevitable, but accidental. There are many reasons for the demise of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was not defeated by one nation or one dynasty at a time, but by many nationalities and dynasties. Mongolia attacked the most prosperous and powerful Song State in the world only after it wiped out Western Liao, Western Xia, Huaci Mozi and other countries, wiped out the Middle East, conquered more than half of Europe, ruled more than half of the world and conquered all the neighboring countries of the Song Dynasty. Song people were too civilized, but they used advanced technology, gunpowder and warships to muzzle the powerful Mongolian Coalition forces for decades. Song dynasty was the country that persisted for the longest time under the brutal iron hoof of Mongolia. Song is the creator of civilization, while Mongolia is the plunderer of civilization. The failure of the Song people was because they were too civilized, and the demise of the Song Dynasty was due to the rapid development of the Song Dynasty, which was incompatible with the barbaric world at that time. ......
There is nothing to be ashamed of when a civilization is destroyed. Although Greece and Rome were brutally destroyed, their civilization is still the pride of westerners! People all over the world still admire the high civilization they have created. In the west, no one will denigrate Greece and Rome, and no one will worship Turks and Turks. No country or nation will admire an uneducated and impolite robber. But now some people in China are a little strange. We vilify and attack the dynasty representing the peak of Chinese civilization, praise and beautify the barbarians who slaughtered our ancestors who created excellent, advanced and superb civilization in human history. We don't seem to know who our ancestors were. It is hard to imagine that Jews today will worship Hitler and insult and belittle the Jewish ancestors slaughtered by Hitler. In China, this is the case ... We are used to beautifying the butchers who slaughtered our ancestors by cold-blooded robbers into heroes! We are used to slandering and cursing the Great Song Dynasty, which brought too much honor and pride to China in the world. In this world, only China people are keen on abusing their ancestors. In the west, it is hard to see westerners cursing Aristotle. In China, we not only scold Zhu, but also Confucius, who has been regarded as a saint by our ancestors and a great thinker all over the world for thousands of years. As a China person, if even Confucius and Zhu can curse, what else can he not do? Is he still from China? The ancient Greek Olympic civilization continues to flourish in the world and China! However, Neo-Confucianism, which represents the essence of China's traditional cultural thought, has been criticized by China people themselves. Most people in China today don't know the kindness, superiority and rarity of their ancestors. We were brutally slaughtered and cut off the inheritance and continuation of Chinese civilization. Do we deserve to be called descendants of Song people?
Laughter about buying and selling officials in Qing Dynasty
Author: I'm drunk, and posted it on the Iron Blood Forum [Deep Water Area].
This is an original article I posted in the historical area and transferred to Sham Shui Po to write about the official donation system in Qing Dynasty.
I remember that in the history of China, it seems that only the Qing Dynasty regarded donation as a normal way of promotion under the state system. Although there were other dynasties, they were not as organized and operated as the important financial resources of the country as the Qing Dynasty system. Kangxi conquered Junggar and encouraged the rich to donate money. Therefore, Shanxi Province alone donated 1 0.2 million people, while Gansu Province donated10.7 million people in half a year. During the Yongzheng period, imperial academy was inspected by alternate officials who had received donations but had not yet officially arrived. Results 1 19500, more than 500 state-owned supervision students failed, and nearly 60% even handed in blank papers. It's not that I just make up a number to scare people. Eight-part essay is rare, but not. You have to hand it in without some real kung fu. During the Qianlong period, it was stipulated that 1 county could donate 20 stones of white rice, and almost all the flags in Beijing exchanged old rice for an official; In Jiaqing's later years, the national treasury was empty, and students donated to 220 thousand people; ..... terrible. At that time, there were only 1 300 counties in China, and more than 200,000 candidates were eyeing it. Li Jue, the three model governors of Yongzheng, was a slave of Yongzheng, E Ertai was a grandfather, and Tian Wenjing was a benefactor, but they were not serious scholars. The wind of donating money is rampant, and there are few incorruptible people in officialdom in the late Qing Dynasty. In the early stage, the "right way" officials of the same brand of scholars were not on the same line as the "different way" officials who donated money, but in the later stage, there was naturally no such taboo. The reason is that too many people spend money to buy officials. At first glance, almost all are tall hats. Courtesy, honesty and shame, the country's four dimensions, four dimensions do not open, the country is doomed. It is also unreasonable to rely on this system of taking scholars and not die.
There is an interesting joke: a local rich man in Shanxi, when he was 6 years old, waited at home for more than 80 years and finally got a letter of appointment as common sense. After receiving it at home, he immediately decorated a large plaque at the door: Sven's House, so someone wrote a couplet: he was in his eighties and was called a "child", but he was born a "book" in the fifth year.
Everyone knows the corruption of the original donation, and I don't want to say more, but I think I'll say more if I don't spit it out. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the salary of county magistrate was only 60 taels of silver a year. It is basically impossible for officials to eat, drink, sleep, walk, lie down and walk with this money. In order to solve this problem, the Ming dynasty created the consumption of folding fire and trampling on grain piles, and charged more for smelting procedures when collecting money. When collecting grain, you can kick on the grain pile, even if it is swept away, it is considered pocket money. Don't laugh, that's how old Zhang supports himself. As long as it's not too much, most people can accept it. After all, the salary of officials is really small. But the problem came to the Qing dynasty, when the fire consumption was returned to the people during the Yongzheng period of the Qing dynasty, and the fire consumption was gone. It was popular to make money and pay the top grain tax (explain, in the Qing dynasty, the official price of two silver coins was 1 and the copper coin was 1200, but the actual silver was cheaper and the copper coin was expensive, and the black market price was 1, so it could only be exchanged for 800 copper coins. People pay rent to make money, 1, 200 yuan is only paid to 1, but officials can turn around and exchange 1 for two and a half pieces of silver. Therefore, a large part of the snow in the Qing dynasty magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes floated here in three years. In terms of national economic development, the method adopted in the Song Dynasty was to stimulate the development of private commerce, so 80% of the world's total wealth was in China at that time; Meng Yuan started from robbing and killing, entered the Central Plains, and paid attention to "killing the kings of the world, Li, Zhao and Liu". Apart from reducing the population of China from1.200 million to 4 1 10,000, he has achieved nothing and his economic development is in a mess. The Ming Dynasty relied on the same method as today's power, energy and transportation departments to implement state monopoly, but at that time, the main franchises were salt, iron, tea and horses. I was helpless in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, some people proposed to promote commercial development, but the emperor refused, but Kangxi also wrote a letter that "prosperous times breed people and never add people." Money doesn't fall from the sky. Where can it come from? Donate officials. Donating 4600 taels of silver to a magistrate of a county is a win-win situation for the country and individuals. It can be described as the best of both worlds. You can spend 4600 Liang to buy an official, and the salary is 1 year. What are you waiting for if you don't want greed? The greedy people are in trouble.
To tell the truth, in the history of China, officials were bought and sold in every dynasty. Spend money to buy an official, at least recover the investment cost. When I was watching unofficial history, I read an interesting story: when an official arrived in Kangxi, he first asked the local price and the cheap price of local eggs, 1 piece. The old father was so anxious that he immediately took out thirty thousand pieces of copper coins and sent someone to the market to buy thirty thousand pieces. According to our IQ, grandpa should make a lot of money by selling eggs at the price of 3 pence each, but the boss loves the people as his son and doesn't do that kind of speculation. After 100 days, the boss went to inquire about the market situation again. Residents are very kind to their old parents, which is reflected in the high price of chicken. (It's all used to keep eggs healthy. ) The adults are in a hurry again. When I went back, I said to the servants: Now the price of chicken is high, just as the chicks hatched from my eggs are about to grow up. Selling 100 pence stabilized the price of chicken, and the scholars were happy. Year-end evaluation: excellent. The boss made great efforts again and got a promotion. With a capital of 30,000 yuan and a profit of 3 million yuan, it still has a good reputation of loving the people as a child. I admire you. This is many times better than the "research" of officials now, so the quality of our officials needs to be strengthened. Off topic ~ ~ ~ that's it. But with this, the 2.97 million yuan did not fall from the sky. Free trade was not allowed in the Qing dynasty, and capital write-offs could not be carried out. Those intermediate expenses have not been added to the heads of ordinary people. These donors are running amok down there, and the people are down with blood mildew. The folk customs of Heicha Mountain in Shanxi have always been very good. Kangxi passed by in the early years of the Western Expedition, and the people also gave rations 1200 stone. Kangxi personally inscribed the monument of "simple folk customs". But during the Qianlong period, the people here lived in poverty and raised flags to rebel. Qianlong sent Fu Heng to make a conquest, and spent three million and two thousand pieces of silver. Black Tea Mountain was killed and changed color. Finally, the reasons were investigated. After Kangxi passed by, all the people who arrived were donated officials, which was nothing good. The grasshopper boiled grease on its legs, and the bug scraped paint powder on its head. The people appealed, and there was really nothing they could do if they accepted or donated officials, and then donated officials.
Speaking of this, some people may scold me, because the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty are the most rampant in history books, and there is nothing in the Qing Dynasty, at least the draft of the Qing Dynasty has not been written. Just because I said I didn't write it doesn't mean I didn't. The landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty were so powerful that the local armed forces even surpassed the Central Army. The purpose of the Western Han Dynasty is to sublimate China. When Wendi was in Chang 'an, it was only a few tens of miles away from the northwest border, but it took several months to walk from the northwest border to Chang 'an in the late Western Han Dynasty. The emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty didn't do much in opening Xinjiang, and the landlord armed forces replaced this function. So the Huns finally surrendered to Cao Cao in an all-round way, and the landlord took control of the officials of the buying and selling center. Of course, there are no taboos. The conclusion that the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty were the state came from the Qing Dynasty, but in fact, the Ming Dynasty was always ruled by civilian officials, and the power of the emperor in the Ming Dynasty was not even as good as that of a university student. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a fair conclusion by relying on The History of Amin written by Manchu, at least I don't believe this book. The draft of Qing history is even more unreliable. What can a thick book do except sing praises? In the Qing Dynasty, a hundred flowers blossomed, the emperor was extremely wise and courtiers were extremely loyal. After reading it, I really want Kangxi to live for another 500 years. However, there is something wrong with the Draft of Qing History. The biggest problem is that the original data of the Draft of Qing History and the records of the emperor, that is, the residence of the emperor, are problematic.
The emperor must not read the records, let alone change them, because history is irrefutable. The first emperor to read memoirs was Li Shimin. The Li Shimin brothers came to power and forced his father to abdicate, so he read the memoirs. But after all, he didn't dare to change, just looking for someone else to greatly beautify him, so there are two unique Tang Shi in Twenty-Five History, and they are completely different. The first one was Judy, whose name and words were worse than Li Shimin's, so he changed the record. His biological mother didn't want to take Ma Huanghou as her biological mother, but Ming Chengzu behind him didn't change, not because he didn't want to, but because he didn't dare. Now a large group of civil servants are staring and talking casually. It's not too much to scold a dog. The Qing dynasty was very different. The emperor is the master and all officials are slaves. When reading books such as Kangxi Emperor Yong Zhengdi, the emperor often said, "You don't have to keep this file, just take it out of the file." What is this document? Record. Can the old people in the Qing Dynasty record the scandal of buying and selling officials based on what they wrote?
Not everyone in the Qing dynasty kept silent about buying and selling officials, but the ending was tragic. This literary inquisition case is very famous. During the Qianlong period, a scholar named He in Leiyang, Hunan Province wrote an article denouncing the system of selling officials. After receiving the report, the magistrate was furious, arrested He, tortured him to make him say: Who sold the official, who acted as the middleman and who bought the official. However, He Shi Sheng couldn't explain clearly: it was the official who was sold by Qianlong, and the Ministry of Housing was the middleman. Did you buy it? So he was sentenced to "blaspheme the court and disobey the court", and I was executed that year. His own son and his brother's son were beheaded at the age of 16,/kloc-children under 0/6, and his wife and daughter were sent to Heilongjiang as slaves. After the report, the court minister signed and agreed that when Gan Long wrote back, he was magnanimous: "If you forgive me, I will be executed instead of you." Don't be late, behead, and the rest will remain the same. Who dares to say that buying and selling officials? It's called donating money, not selling officials. Just like unemployment or being laid off, it is either a decrease or a negative growth, which means a little black humor. ~ ~ ~ digression again ~ ~ Sorry, sorry, no talk about current politics, no talk about current politics.
I don't want to write more. If I write it down again, it will not be a joke. Will become a line of tears, a blood language. During the Opium War, the British people were amazed when they saw China's imperial examination. They thought it was the most perfect official selection system in the world, and later created the present British civil service system. But if they look deeper, look at the blood and tears behind the imperial examination, and look at the results caused by the donation and loss system in the Qing Dynasty, will they still think so?
In addition, the attached price list donated by the Qing government is richer than that in the supermarket, and the price is clearly marked, so there is no cheating on children. At that time 1 silver was about the purchasing power of 150-200 yuan now. Let's take a look and measure what kind of official we can be.
The price of thirty-nine years of Qianlong: among Beijing officials, there are five senses with a doctor, 9600 taels of silver, six officials with a pledge, and 4620 taels of silver; among local officials, there are four officials with a Taoist priest, silver 16400 taels, four officials with a magistrate, silver 13300 taels, and five senses with a tongzhi, and silver 6800 taels.
The price in the 26th year of Guangxu: Beijing official: Langzhong 2073 beam, principal 1728 beam, local official: Daochang 4723 beam, Zhifu 3830 beam, Tongzhi 1474 beam, Zhifu 999 beam and Xiancheng 2 10 beam.
Price reduction is not deflation. There are too many donations to wait for the real shortage. Who is willing to spend the money? Therefore, the more you donate, the more you donate.