In the imperial examination, the person who ranks first is called the top scholar, the person who ranks first in the provincial examination is called Jieyuan, and the person who ranks first in the provincial examination is called Huiyuan. He won the first place in the palace examination and won the title of champion. Under the Tang Dynasty system, all those who went to Beijing to take the rites examination were required to surrender. Because the first person was called Zhuangtou, he was called the number one scholar. Since the implementation of the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty, it has gone through the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties until it was abolished in the 31st year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1905), which lasted more than 1,000 years. In the era of "excellence in learning leads to officialdom", literati in feudal society regarded the examination as the only way to enter the official career. "After ten years of hard work, no one asked, but in one fell swoop, he became famous all over the world."; "The book has its own beauty, like jade, and the book has its own house of gold..." These ancient famous sayings have inspired many students to eat their courage, hang on the beam, stab the buttocks, drill the eight-legged figure, and jump into the dragon gate bravely. The person who wins the first prize is titled "Dakui Tianxia", which is the highest honor in the title of the subject. Because he was the first in the palace examination, he was also known as the palace Yuan. Because it ranks first among the three tripods, it is also called Dingyuan. But not all the number one scholars in ancient times were first in the palace examination. After Zheng Gu of the Tang Dynasty reached the rank, he wrote the poem "Su Ping Kangli", "It's good to wake up from the wine in the fifth watch, and hear the voice of the number one scholar in my ears." However, Zheng Gu was ranked eighth that year, not first. During the Five Dynasties, the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms of the Southern Han Dynasty said, "Liu Yan (Yan) established a rule that those who become the number one scholar must first receive palace punishment. Therefore, Luo Luxian's "Palace of the Southern Han Dynasty" said: "Don't blame the palace people for praising their food and clothes. Most of them will be the number one scholar. Lang. ”

[Edit this paragraph] The history of the number one scholar

The number one scholar is a specialty of China and the most ostentatious among the many terms of the Chinese imperial examination system. The imperial examination system for selecting the number one scholar was established in the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was completed in the Song Dynasty. From the beginning of the imperial examination in the fifth year of Wude (622 years) of Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty to the last imperial examination in the 30th year of Guangxu (1904) of the Qing Dynasty, all dynasties selected Wen Zhuangyuan 654 times. There are 185 top scholars in Wu (with recorded names).

The number one scholar is similar to the number one in today's college entrance examination. There are currently about 700 number one scholars with names in historical records. They are all. After studying hard, he became famous all over the world and became the best in the scientific examination at that time. Because literature, art and philosophy were the criteria for selecting talents in all dynasties, although there were many politicians and historians among these top candidates, writers were still the most popular. Among them, the more well-known ones include He Zhizhang, Wang Wei and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xiaoxiang and Wen Tianxiang in the Song Dynasty, Hu Guang and Yang Shen in the Ming Dynasty, Weng Tonghe and Zhang Jian in the Qing Dynasty, etc. , is the highest honor for scholars, but most of the number one scholars, due to personal factors or the constraints of the environment at that time, are unable to make a difference in their lives, and are eventually lost in the torrent of history.

< p>The number one scholar was originally called "Zhuangtou". It turned out that the scholars who took the exam in the Tang Dynasty were sent to the capital through tribute from various states and had to submit a "voucher" before taking the exam, which is similar to the situation when filling in information for the exam today. After the end, the highest score is placed at the top, which is called "Zhuangtou". The first person is called Zhuangtou, also known as Zhuangyuan. The "No. 2" and "Tanhua" are collectively known as the "Three Cauldrons". The status of the No. 1 scholar is becoming increasingly special. The new No. 1 scholar is routinely compiled by the Hanlin Academy of the Sixth Rank, and is known as the "Prime Minister" because this position is closer. Emperor, the chance of promotion is faster than those of the same candidates.

In the Qing Dynasty, the candidates' calligraphy was mainly used to determine the merits. The Qing government originally only required the examination papers to be neat in form to facilitate the reviewers. During the Kangxi period, the middle-aged Kangxi became interested in calligraphy, so scholars all over the world began to practice calligraphy diligently, and this trend also had a great influence on the selection of the number one scholar. In the tenth year of the imperial examination, Wu Bing was selected as the number one scholar, but Kangxi liked the calligraphy of Dai Youqi, who ranked second, so Dai Youqi became the number one scholar.

The first number one scholar in the history of Chinese imperial examinations was in the fifth year of Tang Wude's reign. (622 AD), the last number one scholar was Liu Chunlin in the 30th year of Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1904).

[Edit this paragraph] The top number one scholar in China's history

1. .The first number one scholar in Chinese history was Sun Fuga, who was the number one scholar in Renwu Branch in the fifth year of Emperor Wude of the Tang Dynasty.

2. Among all the number one scholars in the past, the most revered national hero was the fourth number one scholar of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1256). ) Bingchenke No. 1 Scholar Wen Tianxiang. With his lofty patriotism and national integrity, he is known as "the No. 1 Scholar among the No. 1 Scholars"

3. Among all the No. 1 Scholars in the past dynasties, he has played a major influence and role in China's political situation. Yes, it was Weng Tonghe, the number one scholar in Bingchenke, in the sixth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1856). He was the emperor's teacher twice in his life, and he was the leader of the imperial party in the struggle between the late Qing emperor and the later two parties. After the Sino-Japanese War, he actively supported Kang Youwei's reform proposals and secretly recommended him to Emperor Guangxu, which ultimately promoted the "1898 Reform" and brought about major changes in the political situation at that time.

4. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the only one who became the emperor from the number one scholar was Li Zunxu, the number one scholar in Guihai Branch in the 10th year of Qing Dynasty in the Western Xia Dynasty (1203). He was the son of Li Yanzong, the king of Qi in the Xia clan. He took part in the Xixia imperial examination in the 10th year of Tianqing (1203) and won the first place in the imperial examination and became the number one scholar. He was granted the title of King of Qi and promoted to the Governor of the Palace. Later, in the second year of Emperor Jian's reign of Xixia (1211), he launched a palace coup, deposed Xia Xiangzong and established himself as emperor, named Xia Shenzong.

6. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the earliest number one scholar to win the "Three Yuans" in the imperial examination according to evidence is Cui Yuanhan, the number one scholar in Xinyou Branch in the second year of Jianzhong of Tang Dynasty (781).

He successively passed the examinations of Jingzhaofu Jie Tou (Xie Yuan), Jin Shi Zhuang Tou (Zhuang Yuan), Bo Xue Hong Ci Ke Tuo, and Zhi Ke TiTou three.

7. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the only person who rose to the position of prime minister from the number one scholar in martial arts was Guo Ziyi, a high-ranking scholar in martial arts in the early years of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty. He served in the four dynasties of Xuanzong, Suzong, Daizong and Dezong throughout his life, and served as prime minister twice. At the same time, he is also the one with the most outstanding military achievements among the top martial arts champions in the past dynasties.

8. In the imperial examinations of the past dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty had the largest number of people who passed the "Three Yuan" exams, including Sun He, Wang Zeng, Song Xiang (xiáng, that is, Song Jiao), Yang Chi (zhì , the same as 'Zhi'), Feng Jing, Wang Yansou and other 6 people.

9. Among the number one champions in the past dynasties, the Ming Dynasty has the largest number of officials to prime ministers (including official positions equivalent to prime ministers, such as chief assistant of the cabinet, bachelor, etc.), including Hu Guang, Shang Ren, etc. 17 people.

10. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the one with the highest achievements in poetry and painting was Wang Wei, the top scholar of Xinweike in the 19th year of Kaiyuan of Tang Dynasty (731). He is one of the outstanding representatives of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His poetry art is considered to be "the first since Li (Bai) and Du (Fu)." His paintings are regarded as the "ancestor of Southern painting", and ancient literati paintings also began with him.

11. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the one with the highest achievement in ci writing was Zhang Xiaoxiang, the number one scholar in Jiaxu Branch in the 24th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1154). His poems follow the example of Su Shi, with a majestic spirit and profound patriotism. Together with Zhang Yuanqian, he is considered one of the greatest poets in the early Southern Song Dynasty. He is the forerunner of the great patriotic poet Xin Qiji.

12. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the one with the highest achievement in calligraphy was Liu Gongquan, the number one scholar in Wuzi Branch in the third year of Tang Yuanhe (808). He was proficient in regular script and cursive script. Together with Yan Zhenqing, another great calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty, he was also known as "Yan Liu". Historically, he, Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing of the Tang Dynasty, and Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty were also called the "Four Masters of Regular Script" in my country. ".

13. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the one with the highest historical achievements was Wang Pu, the number one scholar in Jiyou Branch in the second year of Qianyou of the Later Han Dynasty (949) during the Five Dynasties. On the basis of the Huiyao style originally created by Su Mian in the Tang Dynasty, he compiled the "Huiyao" of the Nine Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty compiled by Su Mian and the revised books by Yang Shaofu and others, and compiled it into one hundred volumes of "Tang Huiyao". Later, thirty volumes of "Meetings of the Five Dynasties" were compiled based on the actual records of the Five Dynasties. Not only is the historical data rich and detailed, but it also formally established a system and method for classifying and compiling conferences, which was imitated by later generations. This contribution was called "a very great contribution" by "Siku Synopsis".

14. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the one who wrote the most is Yang Shen, the number one scholar of Xinweike in the sixth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1511). He is not only skilled in poetry, but also capable of writing, lyrics and music. He also attaches great importance to folk literature and is an accomplished litterateur and famous scholar. He wrote more than 400 kinds of works in his life. Although most of them are lost, more than 100 kinds are still preserved. There are about 2,300 existing poems. The richness of his writings ranked him first in the Ming Dynasty.

15. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the one with the highest achievement in botany was Wu Qijun (jùn, same as ‘jun’), the number one scholar in Dingchou family in the 20th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1817). He served as governor of many provinces throughout his life, paying attention to the relationship between fertility and people's livelihood in various places. Based on what he heard and saw, he drew pictures and compiled the relevant plant literature in ancient books into twenty-two volumes of "Plant Names and Facts Illustrated Examination Changbian" and "Plant Facts and Facts". The thirty-eight volumes of "An Illustrated Study of Plant Names and Facts" is an important botanical monograph in my country in the 19th century.

16. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the most famous thinker is Chen Liang, the number one scholar in Guichou Branch in the fourth year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (1193). He advocated the "study of meritorious service" that focused on career utilitarianism and supplemented the national economy and people's livelihood. He put forward the proposition that "what fills the universe is nothing but things, and what is used in daily life is nothing but things", and had many debates with Zhu Xi about the relationship between justice, interests and kingship. His theory is unique and he is the founder of Yongkang School. He is also a famous litterateur.

17. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the one who was most fond of drinking tea and contributed to the study of tea ceremony in my country was Zhang Youxin, the top scholar of Jiawu Branch in the 9th year of Yuanhe in the Tang Dynasty (814). The volume "Jiancha Shuiji" written by him comments on the advantages and disadvantages of various spring water sencha. It is another important tea ceremony research work in my country after Lu Yu's "Tea Classic".

18. Among the number one champions in the past dynasties, the only diplomatic envoy who has been to Eastern European countries is Hong Jun, the number one scholar in Wuchen Branch in the seventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1868). In the thirteenth year of Guangxu's reign (1887), he was ordered to serve as diplomatic envoy to Russia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria, and served as diplomatic envoy for three years. He used Western materials to write "The Translation Evidence and Supplement of the History of the Yuan Dynasty", which ushered in a new era of using Western works and materials to study the history of the Yuan Dynasty.

19. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the only one who has been recruited as the consort by the emperor is Zheng Hao, the number one scholar in Renxu Branch in the second year of Huichang of Tang Dynasty (842). Seven years after he won the first prize, that is, in the third year of Dazhong (849), he was recommended by Prime Minister Bai Minzhong as a candidate for his consort to Princess Wanshou, the daughter of Tang Xuanzong and Shang Xuanzong.

20. Among the top picks in the past dynasties, the only one who was ordered to be executed by the emperor just after he reached the top was Chen An, the top pick on the Ding Chou Kenan List (or Chun List) in the 30th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1397). Because the subjects admitted in the imperial examination were all southern scholars, they were dissatisfied with the northern scholars. Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, suspected that the admission was private and was so furious that he ordered the examiner, Chen An and others to be executed.

21. The only female number one scholar in Chinese history was Fu Shanxiang, the number one scholar in female subjects in the third year of Guichou in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1853, the third year of Xianfeng reign in the Qing Dynasty).

22. The first person in Chinese history to take part in the imperial examination with a minority language and win the first prize was the first scholar in the Guisi Jurchen Jinshi Branch (also known as the policy theory Jinshi) in the 13th year of Emperor Shizong’s reign (1173). Tu Danyi is a member of the Jurchen tribe. He took the imperial examination in Jurchen script.

23. The last number one scholar in Chinese history was Liu Chunlin, the number one scholar in Jiachenke in the 30th year of Guangxu’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1904). In the following year, the 31st year of Guangxu's reign (1905), the Empress Dowager Cixi issued an edict to stop the imperial examination, and he became the last number one scholar in Chinese history.

24. The Tang Dynasty had the largest number of champions in history. From the Renwu Branch in the fifth year of Emperor Wude (622) to the Dingmao Branch in the fourth year of Emperor Ai (907), during the 285 years, the imperial examination was held almost every year, and about 270 champions were produced. There are more than 140 people named in ancient books such as "Deng Ke Ji Kao" and "Yuzhitang Tan Hui".

25. In Chinese history, the same region took the top three places in an imperial examination in the second year of Jianwen of the Ming Dynasty. Hu Guang, Wang Gen and Li Guan from Ji'an Prefecture in Jiangxi Province took the first place. The top three picks, the second pick, and the third overall pick. In the second year of Yongle, an even more jaw-dropping imperial examination miracle occurred: the same talented people from Ji'an Prefecture in Jiangxi Province took the top seven places in the imperial examination!

26. In Chinese history, the province that produced the largest number of champions in one dynasty was Jiangsu Province in the Qing Dynasty. From the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), when Dinghai Kewu was admitted as the number one scholar, Lu Gong, to the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), when Jiawu Ke Nantong was admitted as the number one scholar, Zhang Jian, in 247 years, the country produced 49 number one scholars.

Note: There should be 43 authentic Jiangsu champions in the Qing Dynasty. The reason why there are 49 people is that strictly speaking, Dai Youqi (the number one scholar in the 30th year of Kangxi), Wang Jingming (the number one scholar in the 52nd year of Kangxi), Qin Dacheng (the number one scholar in the 28th year of Qianlong), and Xu Xi (the number one scholar in the first year of Tongzhi) should belong to He was from Shanghai, and Shanghai belonged to Jiangsu at that time; Wu Xinzhong (the number one scholar in the 13th year of Jiaqing) and Huang Siyong (the number one scholar in the 6th year of Guangxu) were originally from Xiuning, Anhui, and were registered in Jiangsu. Even excluding these 4 people, the 43 people in Jiangsu are still far ahead of the second place of 19 people in Zhejiang (18 people if those living abroad are not included).

27. In Chinese history, the prefecture that produced the largest number of champions in one dynasty was Suzhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty, with 24 champions.

28. In Chinese history, the county that produced the largest number of champions in a relatively short period of time was Yongfu County (now Yongtai, Fujian) during the Southern Song Dynasty. From the Bingxu branch in the second year of Qiandao (1166) to the Chenke in the eighth year of Qiandao (1172), three top scholars, Xiao Guoliang, Zheng Qiao and Huang Ding, were produced in succession in seven years.

29. The Tang Dynasty was the dynasty with the largest number of brothers who produced the number one scholar in history. There were 19 brothers such as Zhang Shi (brother) and Zhang Zhengfu (brother).

30. The Northern Song Dynasty was the dynasty with the largest number of father-son champions in history. There were 6 father-son champions including Zhang Quhua (father) and Zhang Shide (son).

31. Among the brothers in the past, the shortest time between them was Kong Xunxun (brother) who was the number one scholar in Guisi Branch in the 14th year of Xiantong in Tang Dynasty (873) and Qianfu in Tang Dynasty in 3rd year (876). Bingshenke champion (brother) Kong Yan. The time when the two brothers won the first prize was only three years apart.

32. Among the fathers and sons of the past dynasties, the shortest time difference between them was the second year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (969) and Ande Yu (father), who had already been the champion, and the fifth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (972). Year) An Shouliang (son), the number one scholar in Renshenke. The father and son won the top prize only three years apart.

32. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the first one to start engaging in industrial activities and achieve great achievements was Zhang Jian, the number one scholar in the Sino-Japanese War of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. He engaged in industrial activities in the year following his death (1895) and successively established dozens of enterprises and a large number of social undertakings. His influence spread throughout the country and he was known as "China's great educator and great industrialist".

33. Among the top scholars in martial arts in the past dynasties, the only one who took the exams in two subjects and passed the top prize first and then the top prize was Ma Quan, the top scholar in martial arts in Gengchen in the 25th year of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1760). Ma Quan's first name was Ma Wangquan. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong's reign (1752), he took part in the martial arts Jinshi examination and won the first, third and third place (Tanhua) in the palace examination. Later, he was stripped of his official position due to conflicts with colleagues during his tenure. In order to wash away the shame, he changed his name to Quan and determined to win the honor again. Finally, in the 25th year of Qianlong's reign (1760), he won the imperial examination for Jinshi in martial arts.

34. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the youngest number one scholars are Su Gui, who ascended the throne in the seventh year of Yonghui's reign (656), and Guo Yuanzhen, who ascended the throne in the fourth year of Xianheng (673). They were both 18 years old.

35. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the oldest number one scholar recorded in history is Yin Shu in the Tang Dynasty. He took the exam until he was more than 70 years old, and then he recommended himself by chance and became the number one scholar. During the Jiaqing period, Wang Yan, a native of Hangzhou, passed the imperial examination at the age of 80, but died before the palace examination. Otherwise, he might have broken Yin Shu's record.

36. The only time in history that both the civil and military champions in the same year came from the same place. It happened in the ninth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1076), when Xu Duo and Xu Duo of Xinghua Army on Fujian Road (now Putian City) Xue Yi was the top civil and military scholar in high school respectively. When Shenzong of the Song Dynasty learned that Dakui, the top civil and military scholar in the world, was from the same hometown, he couldn't help but feel delighted and wrote a poem to express his gratitude. The poem said: "One side is the leader in civil and military affairs in the world, and heroes from all over the world are among them."

37. Among the number one scholars in the past dynasties, the one with the highest status today is undoubtedly Chen Wenlong (a native of Putian, Fujian) who was the number one scholar in the Wuchen family in the fourth year of Xianchun, Du Zong of the Song Dynasty (1268). In the sixth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1409), he was granted the imperial title Chen Wenlong was the "Shang Shu of the Ministry of Water"; in the 46th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1782), the emperor named Chen Wenlong the King of Zhenhai, and he was the god of Fuzhou City Temple.

38. Among the number one scholars in the past, the first and only one who was deposed because of his poems and poems was Xu Yin from Putian, who was the number one scholar in the first year of Kaiping of Liang Dynasty (907 AD). Because Liang Taizu pointed out that his " The sentence "One emperor and five emperors will not return unless they die" in the "Fu on the Geometry of Life" asked Xu Yin to rewrite it. Xu Yin replied, "I have no official position, and the Fu cannot be changed." Liang Taizu angrily cut off his name.

39. The only time in the history of the imperial examination that the "four different subjects" were in the same subject was in the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138). Huang Gongdu (1109-1156) from Putian ranked first in the imperial examination and became the top scholar (number one scholar); Chen Junqing ( 1113-1186) the second was Ya Kui (second on the list); Lin Deng was seventy-three years old and was the leader; Gong Maoliang (1121-1178) was eighteen years old and was the youngest. At that time, they were called "Four Differents" from the same family. In addition, Huang Gongdu and Chen Junqing are also known as the "Double Standards of Kui Yazhan".