We all know that contemporary management is mainly divided into two types, one is mechanical organization and the other is biological organization.

1. Mechanical Organization

After Newton published "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in 1687, people for nearly 500 years believed that the world was a machine and could be measured. . In 1905, Taylor published "Principles of Scientific Management". The mainstream worldview at that time was still Newton's worldview, so Taylor's worldview was still Newton's mechanistic worldview, so he believed that an organization or enterprise was also a machine.

There are the following parts of Newton's worldview, which have a huge impact on scientific management.

1. Dualism: that is, subject and object, binary separation. Humans are outside the system and can observe objects, including the entire world.

For company management, employees are regarded as management objects and employees are "manageable". The company and its employees have a binary subject-object relationship. The company hires employees, and the employees help achieve the company's goals. The company is "one" and employees are "resources". That’s why there is a human resources department. In Taylor's thinking, employees don't need to use their brains. You just need to use your body as a tool to do it. So Taylor influenced Ford. Ford had a famous saying: In fact, I just want to hire your hands and feet. Unexpectedly, You brought your brain with you.

2. Reductionism: Democritus believed that the ontology of the world is composed of atoms, and nature can be divided into irreducible atoms. Of course, we now know that atoms can be divided into electrons and nuclei; nuclei can be divided into protons and neutrons; protons can be divided into quarks; quarks can be divided into strings. This is reductionism. Cartesian decomposition method: If a problem is too complex to be solved at once, then break the problem into small enough problems and then solve them separately. Descartes said: "The world is like a machine, an extremely precise machine. This machine can be understood by being taken apart. After studying these parts, and then putting them back together, you can better see the complete picture." panorama". Therefore, reductionism is: the whole can be decomposed into parts; parts can make up the whole; the whole is equal to the sum of the parts.

Regarding company management, whether it is strategic 7S, division of labor, or intelligent division of management (manufacturing, marketing, products, operations, strategy, finance, personnel), all come from reductionism.

3. Determinism: Since Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" proposed the law of universal gravitation, anyone who wants to understand the movement of planets or cannonballs only needs to measure the mass, direction, and acceleration of the object. and force, fill these into Newton's formula, and the answer will appear in front of you like magic. Napoleon said: "Where is God?" Laplace, the father of celestial mechanics, said: I don't need this hypothesis, it is enough for me to have Newton. At this point, the scientific methodology is initial conditions + Newton’s law = future state. Science becomes a religion. Newton's epitaph reads: The laws of nature are hidden in darkness. God said let Newton go, and everything suddenly became bright.

Since people are just a part of machinery, they need to be measured. If they cannot be measured, they cannot be managed. As long as the measurement is accurate, the result can be determined, that is, determinism.

2. The current development situation of the world

1. Mechanism->Evolution

However, with the development of basic disciplines, as of today, Newton’s mechanical worldview The theory of mechanics itself, Newton's theory of mechanics itself, was challenged by Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin's theory of evolution questioned almost all of Newton's views.

In 1905, work at that time was still mainly physical labor, but 100 years later, today's work is more about mental labor. Employees can no longer be simply treated as components in a machine. Everyone has independent thoughts and consciousness, and the organization becomes complex.

2. Determinism

Determinism is so bad that it denies the uncertainty principle of chaos theory and quantum mechanics. It is a completely subversive negation. According to the principles of chaos theory and quantum mechanics, The world is unpredictable. Determinism was overturned.

For management, no matter how hard you test, you may not get the results you want. Only then did KPI become OKR.

From a mechanistic view of employees serving corporate goals and not promoting employees' personal missions to an emergent view of the world - a biological organization that encourages employees to find their personal missions, the personal missions and the company's missions vibrate at the same time.

3. Reductionism

Reductionism is also influenced by holism and complexity science. Behind reductionism is constant dismantling. Let me dismantle it for you, but this is really The world is a combination of subject and object. I cannot escape from this system. Once I enter this system, it immediately becomes a complex system. A complex system cannot be simply split. Therefore, Barabasi said something like this: "Today we have dismantled the universe as much as possible, but if we dismantle the universe, we don't know how to assemble it today." Therefore, complexity science and holism philosophy deal a major blow to reductionism, proving that reductionism can only be applied in simple systems, and there is no interaction between individuals.

Similarly for modern management, work is now segmented more and more finely. In enterprises, most work requires a large number of people to collaborate closely. This is not a simple system, nor can it Treat it the same way you would treat a simple system. This requires the use of emergence in complexity science, which produces the whole > the sum of its parts. The book "Complexity" says: As the number of members increases, the interactions between members increase exponentially, and when the degree of connectivity exceeds a certain critical value, emergence occurs.

4. Dualism

Dualism has been fatally attacked by quantum mechanics, including quantum entanglement, including Schr?dinger’s invisible cat, which completely proves that dualism may not be true. Including whether the object is a particle or a wave depends on the subject's observation of it. When I observe you, it will affect you. In other words, the subject and the object are inseparable, and the first rule in Newtonian science is that you and I are separate.

Similarly for modern management, a biological organization is when employees form self-organization according to the same frequency vibration of the organization's mission and personal mission, as well as simple rules, form self-replication, and undergo evolution. , the emergence of super life forms.

For information on biological tissue, you can refer to this article:

blogs.com/SanMaoSpace/p/3702359.html