Correctness means that the original intention should be truthfully expressed in the content, and it should not be misinterpreted, omitted or excessively increased; Fluency means that the translation should conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese in expression. When translating ancient Chinese, we should follow two basic principles and master six operating methods.
One of the principles: words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from articles. The words and expressions in the article are all in a specific language environment.
In order to translate ancient words and sentences, we must know their language environment: 323131335323631331336535359B9e7ad943654338. To translate ancient Chinese, we must first understand the full text and the general idea, and then make a detailed translation closely following the requirement that words cannot be separated from sentences and sentences cannot be separated from the beginning.
The second principle: literal translation is the mainstay, while free translation is the supplement. Literal translation means translating word for word according to the original text, and also requires maintaining the sentence structure and tone of the original sentence.
In translation, the meaning of some words is still unclear or even awkward after literal translation, which needs free translation to assist. Free translation has great flexibility. After understanding the actual meaning of the original text, the translator can express it in his own language, so that deeper words can be easily translated, but only the main idea is translated, so literal translation is not as smooth as literal translation. Translation means are recorded: names, place names, dynasties, titles, official titles and other proper nouns. You can copy it as it is.
In addition, the ancient and modern meanings are consistent, and well-known words, such as "mountain", "fire", "car", "question" and "escape", do not need translation. Interpretation: this is the most used means; Explaining ancient Chinese monosyllabic words with modern Chinese disyllabic words.
Special attention should be paid to common words, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech, and some function words with various uses. We must contact the context and choose its exact explanation. Li: Adjust and straighten out the word order of the translation.
The word order of most classical Chinese words is consistent with that of modern Chinese, but some of them do not conform to modern people's language habits. Therefore, before translation, the word order should be adjusted: where the original text is omitted, necessary contents should be added to make the translation smooth and clear. Delete: If some words only have grammatical functions and cannot be translated, they can be deleted and not translated.
Abbreviation: In order to enhance the momentum, some sentences in classical Chinese are deliberately used in many strokes, which can condense their meanings in translation.
2. Help translate a few classical Chinese sentences [edit this paragraph] (2 1) and scrutinize the original text of "The Turtle of Poetry" Jia Daochu went to Beijing.
One day, there was a saying on the donkey: "The bird stayed in the tree by the pool, and the monk knocked on the moon." I want to push the word again, but I haven't decided yet. I sang on the donkey, which made me think deeply and surprised the viewers.
When the right to retreat from North Korea was Jing, the car rode out, and the island did not think it was the third quarter. This is still a gesture. Russia supports Yin Qian's left and right.
The words "push" and "knock" are indecisive about the poems obtained by Shimaju, and they are like an elephant, and I don't know how to avoid them. After a long retreat, he called Dao: "The word' knock' is good."
So they went back together and talked with * * * about poetry, leaving all the troubles of the day behind, because they were friends on the island. Jia Dao took part in the imperial examination for the first time and went to Beijing.
One day, he remembered two poems on the donkey's back: "The bird is staying in the tree by the pool, and the monk is knocking at the door on the moon." I want to use the word "push" (instead of "knock"), but after thinking about it repeatedly, I will (continue) chant on the donkey's back and reach out and make a push and knock gesture.
(Pedestrians) are surprised to see Jia Dao like this. At that time, Han Yu was appointed as the acting local governor of Beijing. He is patrolling with horses and chariots. ) Jia Dao unconsciously went straight to the third quarter (of Han Yu's honor guard) and kept gesturing.
So he was suddenly pushed to Jing (Han Yu) by his attendants. Jia Dao gave a detailed answer to this poem he was brewing. Whether to use "push" or "knock" is uncertain. His mind left the immediate thing, and he didn't know how to avoid it.
Han Yu stopped to think for a while and said to Jia Dao, "It's good to use the word' knock'." So the two men rode back home side by side on donkeys and horses, and discussed the methods of writing poems together. They were reluctant to leave each other for several days.
(Han Yu) Therefore, he forged a deep friendship with Jia Dao. Reading training 1. The use of the word "zhi" in the following sentence is different from the other three items: () A. It takes a long time to retire immediately. B.it's a long time. It seems like a long time. D. regret for a long time. 2. Explain the words added in the following sentences.
A word from a donkey a day ... ② Uncertainty of the test ③ The viewer was stunned ④ There was a poem on the island. 3. What spirit does the author intend to praise Jia Dao? A: [Edit this paragraph] (22) Diligent training of the original text of Selected Works of Hengzhai is nothing more than diligence. Therefore, Shao Ziyun said: "A day's plan lies in the morning, a year's plan lies in the spring, and a lifetime's plan lies in diligence."
Although the words are close, the purpose is far away! The sage of Dayu, cherish the inch Yin; Tao Kan is a saint, and cherish Yin, and a saint, not the other? Nothing is more important than working hard to make a living. Therefore, Mr. Shao said, "A day's plan lies in the morning, a year's plan lies in the spring, and a lifetime's plan lies in diligence."
Although these words are simple, they have far-reaching significance! People like Dayu are so outstanding in wisdom and talent that they cherish every inch of time; People like Tao Kan are so noble and cherish every minute. What's more, they can't compare with them in talent and morality? Reading training 1. The sentence that makes a point in the article is 2. The two items with the same meaning as the word "Qi" in "Qi Xi Yi Yin" are () A. Fool, ninety years old. B. And if you want to wait with Chang Ma, why not ask him to travel thousands of miles? C. those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead.
D. when a strong man dies, he becomes famous when he dies. 3. What is the author's intention in citing the cases of Dayu and Tao Kan? A: [Edit this paragraph] (23) The original admonition book Zhuge Liang's trip to a gentleman is quiet and self-cultivation, frugal and self-cultivation, and there is no peace without ambition.
If you study quietly, you must study. If you don't study, you won't learn widely. If you have no ambition, you can't succeed. Dull sex can't make you energetic, and reckless sex can't cure you.
Time goes by, meaning goes by, and then becomes withered, not meeting the world, and staying in a poor house sadly. What will happen? A gentleman's morality depends on quietness and frugality. He can't show his great ambition unless he puts aside fame and fortune, and he can't be far-sighted unless he keeps a straight face. Learning must be quiet, so that we can learn from it. Without study, you can't expand your talents. Without ambition, you can't achieve anything in your study.
Excessive enjoyment can't hang up the calendar spirit, and bad temper can't cultivate temperament. As time goes by, the will disappears with time, withers like dead branches and leaves, and makes no contribution to society. How can it be too late to stay in a broken house and lament the past? Reading training 1. Translate the following sentences in modern Chinese.
(1) quiet to cultivate one's morality, frugality to cultivate one's morality, not seclusion, not ambition, not quiet. 2. What aspects did the author discuss in this paper? How to discuss it from these aspects? Answer: 3. What is the author's intention in writing this letter? Answer: 4. There are two sentences in the article that are often used as the motto of "aim high". Please write these two sentences. A: [Edit this paragraph] (24) Tao Kan, the original text of the Book of Jin in Xigu, Tao Kan, tasted it and saw a man holding a handful of unripe rice and asked, "What's the use of this?" The man said, "I saw it on the road. Let's sit for a while." . "
Kan was furious and said, "You're not farming, you're stealing rice!" Tao Kan caught the man and beat him with a whip. Therefore, the people are diligent in farming, and everyone is well-off and rich in food.
Tao Kan once visited the suburbs and saw a man with an immature ear of rice in his hand. Tao Kan asked, "What are you doing with these things?" The man said, "I saw it on the road and pulled it out." Tao Kan was furious and said, "Since you don't farm, you still spoil people's rice!" So he arrested the man and whipped him.
Tao Kan cherishes crops and strictly enforces laws, so people are diligent in farming, and everyone is well-off and well-fed. Reading training 1. Explain the words added in the following sentences.
I saw a man holding a handful of immature rice and flogging it. 2. The words added in the following sentences are the same as the usage of "Tian" in You Are Not Tian. () A. If you don't wait on me, you will be ill for a long time. I intend to dig a tunnel to attack the future. C. drunkenness doesn't mean alcohol. D. go to the countryside to miss home. People are industrious in farming.
4. What's your attitude towards Tao Kan? What are the characteristics of this article in Tao Kan? A: [Edit this paragraph] (25) Guo Maoqian's Mulan Poetry (1) 1. ① Calligraphy ② Writing ③ Copying ④ Sometimes 2. If you are a little dissatisfied, you must change it again and again. Don't get bored. This passage praised the earnest and meticulous spirit of civilized learning calligraphy.
(2) 1.① No, no ② Stop 2. D 3。 Xue Tan apologized (to Qin Qing) and asked to come back (to continue studying). 4. Yes.
3. Understand the classical Chinese Quchu people's distant ancestors came from Hu people (about their family being Hu people) and lived in Qingzhou. Qingzhou people looked down on him and said, "It's really a semi-final of the conference, with no skills and no materials." He is lonely and has no friends.
Later, I met all the people in the White House and was very happy to say, "Was there anyone like me?" People in the White House are also happy to say, "I have been excluded by others for a long time. Since I met you, how can I be lonely? " So they fell together and became pedantic Confucian scholars. Slowly, after a long time, all the bad ones were removed, and all the good ones were left (probably in terms of conduct and habits), and the good ones were really displayed, so that everyone began to appreciate him.