2003 edition, the following note is [Geng Ding]: In ancient times, the unit Geng was divided into five classes a night, each class was about two hours. Yes, it's over. It's over. Did not explain the origin of the word "more fixed"
Baidu knows that a netizen replied:
2004 edition: "vigil, the time unit of ancient night, is divided into five shifts every night, and each shift is about two hours." It's fixed, it's finished, it's over. "
2005 edition: "refers to the wee hours ...".
2006 edition: "After the first shift, around 8 pm".
The word "Gengding" was not found in dictionaries such as Ci Yuan and Ci Hai, which aroused the interest in exploring the geometry of "Gengding".
The first thing that came to my mind was the sentence "After dusk, lonely people will settle down" in Peacock Flying Southeast. The definition of "people will settle down" in Ci Yuan is "dead of night". In Selected Poems of Ancient and Modern Times, "beginning of life" is marked as "the time when people just calmed down". In the past, wasn't "relative certainty" just "personal certainty"? However, it is obviously unconvincing.
Looking through the Notes on Elephants, I read a passage: "After five o'clock in the morning, the monk temple rang eighteen bells, called' Zhong Ding', also known as eighteen bells, just in time for entering the sea. Anyone who meditates until the clock strikes. " "Broken Things in the Sea" also includes Liu Gongzhuo's papers with his children every day, and he didn't go to bed until the bell rang. It can be seen that "setting the clock" means "setting the clock". From 9: 00 pm to 1 1, which is equivalent to Beijing time today, the monks' "clock adjustment" is like a signal that our school turns off the lights and sleeps at night. From this point of view, the meaning of "final" of "Ding" does not mean the end of the five tables, but the official arrival of the five tables, that is, it has ended from the beginning of the table. Therefore, thinking can be sorted out in this way, from "setting the clock" to "setting the clock by people" and then to "starting with people". At the same time, just like peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer, we can confirm that the "Geng Ding" in the article "Watching Snow in the Lake Pavilion" is around 9 pm.
Another article wrote:
Zhang Dai, a writer in the late Ming Dynasty, seems to be very popular with textbook writers. More than one textbook contains this article, which is probably unexpected. The word "Geng Ding" has actually brought confusion to many teachers.
The article said: "It's a day, so take a boat, hold clothes and fire, and go to the lake pavilion to see the snow alone." The problem lies in the interpretation of the word "farming and reading" in the text, taking the People's Education Edition and the Chinese Edition as examples:
People's Education Edition (eighth grade, second edition, 2003) said: "Geng, the ancient night time unit, is divided into five classes a night, each class is about two hours." It's fixed, it's done, it's over. The Chinese version (second edition, eighth grade, 2003) says, "It means around eight o'clock in the evening. In ancient times, there were five classes in one night, each class lasted about two hours. At eight o'clock every night, the drums start to strike the time, which is called more fixed. "One is early in the morning and the other is late at night, which seems to be conclusive. It's really hard to decide. What should we do? I think the best way is to restore this word to the environment at that time and see how contemporary writers or Mr. Zhang Dai himself used this word in other places.
I found several articles in Tao An and Meng Yi, and copied them below to explain: (In order to provide a more comprehensive context, the quotations are explained in detail)
Zhou Monong gave Yu Daomin warm tea without saying a word. Wuyin arrived in the capital in September and landed, that is, visited Taoye Dumin to ask for water. That morning, he went out into the water and came back late. He was an old man. Hearing this, Fang stood up and said, "I left my stick somewhere." Do it again. Yu Yue said, "Can we go today?" After a long time, the water will flow back and become more fixed. Yu Yu said, "The guests are still here! Who is the guest? " Yu Yue said, "Muwen has been old for a long time. I will never go without old tea today." Wenshui Xi, from the furnace. Tea is cooked as fast as wind and rain. Leading to a room with bright and clean windows, more than ten kinds of Jingxi pots and Chengxuan kilns are all excellent works. The light looks brown, which is no different from the magnetic Europe, but the aroma is compelling and surprises me. ("Fujian Laozi Tea" Volume III)
In this passage, there is a word that clearly indicates time, which is very important for our understanding, and that is the sundial. That day is the time to apply, that is, from 3 pm to 5 pm. The author's visit to Min was from 3 pm to 5 pm. During the conversation, Min Wenshui went out once and came back "more settled". The author hasn't left yet, saying that he is waiting to drink the tea cooked by Mr. Min. "Warm water Xi, when the furnace", more importantly, "brown under the lamp", which shows that it has been from afternoon to lantern. Presumably, it should refer to the time at night.
On the first day of the month, there were hundreds of trumpets, trumpets and cymbals, and fish and yang were mixed, shaking the ground and shaking it, and it was vigorous and vigorous. What is more certain is that the drums and cymbals are gradually resting, and the silk and bamboo are flourishing, mixed with singing. (Autumn Night in Tiger Hill, Volume 5)
Sing "West Building" in the afternoon and strut at night. Xi Tong is a big class in Xinghua, but two old actors, Ma Xiaoqing and Lu Ziyun, are absent. They sang seven songs with extra meanings, and the play will be more determined ... (Crossing the Sword Gate, Volume 7)
Another day, the moon is looking forward to it, but it doesn't come out. The vegetation in the mountains is scary. The moon is white and bright, and it follows the staff. Before he could count his martial arts, he was screaming halfway up the mountain. Seven or eight monks in the same mountain are the leaders of Yucang, holding torches, knives and sticks. He suspected that his generation would get lost when they met tigers. They shouted at the hillside. I answered it and ran to help it. The next day, someone in the back hill said, "Last night was even more fixed. There are dozens of fires and hundreds of thieves in Zhanggongling area. I don't know where they came from. " We hide the words of laughter. ("Furnace Peak Moon" Volume 5)
Autumn Night in Tiger Hill is from "the sun is on the moon" to "more definite", while Crossing the Sword Gate is from "afternoon" to "more definite". "Furnace Peak Moon" first said watching the sun at night, and the next day it said "it was more fixed last night".
Inferred from this, the interpretation of the Chinese version is generally correct. Later, I saw that the People's Education Edition (four brushes in 2006) made a new explanation, "after the first shift, around 8 pm", which is acceptable. When there was no evidence, I once wrote such a speculation: "According to my analysis, the explanation of the People's Education Edition is more reasonable. Because according to the author, he didn't go out to see the snow until after dark. Winter is no worse than dog days in summer, and it is not particularly dark around eight o'clock. It gets dark early in winter, so it's a bit strange to go out to see the snow at this time. However, I still have no bottom in my heart. Who can say that our Mr. Zhang is not a romantic lover who is crazy about watching the snow at night? " From this perspective, Mr. Zhang is indeed an infatuated lover.
Author and communication mode
Ming Ge, teaching researcher of Tangshan Education Bureau.
Tangshan Xishan Road 15, 063000
This article is quoted from:
Textual research 2:
There is a sentence in the first volume of the eighth grade Chinese language published by the Curriculum Standard People's Education Edition, "Looking at the Lake Pavilion Snow": "More definitely, I sat on the boat, holding my clothes and fire, and went to the lake pavilion to see the snow alone." There are three kinds of notes on the word "Gengding" in the dialogue sentence of the three-year edition text, which are copied here.
2004 edition: "vigil, the time unit of ancient night, is divided into five shifts every night, and each shift is about two hours." It's fixed, it's finished, it's over. "
2005 edition: "refers to the wee hours ...".
2006 edition: "After the first shift, around 8 pm".
The word "Gengding" was not found in dictionaries such as Ci Yuan and Ci Hai, which aroused the interest in exploring the geometry of "Gengding".
The first thing that came to my mind was the sentence "After dusk, lonely people will settle down" in Peacock Flying Southeast. The definition of "people will settle down" in Ci Yuan is "dead of night". In Selected Poems of Ancient and Modern Times, "beginning of life" is marked as "the time when people just calmed down". In the past, wasn't "relative certainty" just "personal certainty"? However, it is obviously unconvincing.
Looking through Notes on Elephants, I read a passage: "After five o'clock in the morning, the monk temple rang eighteen bells, called' Zhong Ding', also known as eighteen bells, which coincided with the sea. Anyone who meditates until the clock strikes. " "Broken Things in the Sea" also includes Liu Gongzhuo's papers with his children every day, and he didn't go to bed until the bell rang. It can be seen that "setting the clock" means "setting the clock". From 9: 00 pm to 1 1, which is equivalent to Beijing time today, the monks' "clock adjustment" is like a signal that our school turns off the lights and sleeps at night. From this point of view, the "final" meaning of "Ding" does not mean the end of the five tables, but the official arrival of the five tables, that is, it is over.
Therefore, thinking can be sorted out in this way, from "setting the clock" to "setting the clock by people" and then to "starting by people". At the same time, just like peeling bamboo shoots layer by layer, we can confirm that the "Geng Ding" in the article "Watching Snow in the Lake Pavilion" is around 9 pm.
There is a famous saying: "use it to make people shine?" It seems that we have to study hard and prepare lessons well, otherwise a lot of things will be difficult to understand.
Textual research 3:
When is "more specific"
Dong Yanping, Lilin No.1 Middle School, Jiyuan City, Henan Province
That day, I argued with several colleagues in the office when it was "more clear". The result of the argument was that we held our own opinions and came back in vain. In order to find out this mystery, I rummaged through the textbooks for nearly three years afterwards.
2004 Edition: The ancient time unit Geng was divided into five classes every night, each class was about two hours. Yes, it's over. end
2005 edition: "refers to the wee hours. ...
2006 Edition: "Point out later, around 8 pm."
After three years and three conclusions, I am more and more confused, and I don't know how to understand the exact explanation of "more certain".
I can't find conclusive evidence, but according to my subjective analysis, I still think the result of version 05 is reasonable. Because there is a saying in the article that "the fog is heavy ... the shadow on the lake is only the trace of the long embankment, and there is a small pavilion in the middle of the lake". In this sentence, the meaning of the word "rime" is the most important Ceng Gong wrote in the poem "Winter Night is Things": "Qi is very cold, and the night air is like fog, condensed in water, but like snow, and the morning glow floats all over the court, which makes Qi people call it fog pine. According to this sentence, we can know that the air was filled with white air at that time. If it is at night, how can the author see the shadow? Can you still see the "long beach sign"? Unless our Mr Zhang has an infrared telescope.
In addition, the author waited until after dark to see the snow, which is a bit wrong. Winter is no worse than dog days in summer, and it is not particularly dark around eight o'clock. It's a little strange to go out to see the snow at this time of night in winter. Then again, who can say that our Mr. Zhang is not a romantic "xianggong" who loves to watch the snow at night?
Dai's article "Looking at the Snow in the Lake Pavilion" said: "It's more determined by the sun, and I'm sitting on the boat, holding my clothes and fire, and going to the lake pavilion to see the snow alone." There are two versions of the word "Geng Ding" in this paper.
People's Education Edition (eighth grade, second edition, 2003) said: "Geng, the ancient night time unit, is divided into five classes a night, each class is about two hours." It's fixed, it's done, it's over. The Chinese version (second edition, eighth grade, 2003) says, "It means around eight o'clock in the evening. In ancient times, there were five classes in one night, each class lasted about two hours. At eight o'clock every night, the drums start to strike the time, which is called more fixed. "One is early in the morning and the other is late at night, which seems to be conclusive. It's really hard to decide. What should we do? The best way is to restore the word to the environment at that time and see how contemporary writers or Mr. Zhang Dai himself used the word in other places.
I found several articles in Tao An and Meng Yi, and copied them below to explain: (In order to provide a more comprehensive context, the quotations are explained in detail)
Zhou Monong gave Yu Daomin warm tea without saying a word. Wuyin arrived in the capital in September and landed, that is, visited Taoye Dumin to ask for water. That morning, he went out into the water and came back late. He was an old man. Hearing this, Fang stood up and said, "I left my stick somewhere." Do it again. Yu Yue said, "Can we go today?" After a long time, the water will flow back and become more fixed. Yu Yu said, "The guests are still here! Who is the guest? " Yu Yue said, "Muwen has been old for a long time. I will never go without old tea today." Wenshui Xi, from the furnace. Tea is cooked as fast as wind and rain. Leading to a room with bright and clean windows, more than ten kinds of Jingxi pots and Chengxuan kilns are all excellent works. The light looks brown, which is no different from the magnetic Europe, but the aroma is compelling and surprises me. ("Fujian Laozi Tea" Volume III)
In this passage, there is a word that clearly indicates time, which is very important for our understanding, and that is the sundial. That day is the time to apply, that is, from 3 pm to 5 pm. The author's visit to Min was from 3 pm to 5 pm. During the conversation, Min Wenshui went out once and came back "more settled". The author hasn't left yet, saying that he is waiting to drink the tea cooked by Mr. Min. "Warm water Xi, when the furnace", more importantly, "brown under the lamp", which shows that it has been from afternoon to lantern. Presumably, it should refer to the time at night.
On the first day of the month, there were hundreds of trumpets, trumpets and cymbals, and fish and yang were mixed, shaking the ground and shaking it, and it was vigorous and vigorous. What is more certain is that the drums and cymbals are gradually resting, and the silk and bamboo are flourishing, mixed with singing. (Autumn Night in Tiger Hill, Volume 5)
Sing "West Building" in the afternoon and strut at night. Xi Tong is a big class in Xinghua, but two old actors, Ma Xiaoqing and Lu Ziyun, are absent. They sang seven songs with extra meanings, and the play will be more determined ... (Crossing the Sword Gate, Volume 7)
Another day, the moon is looking forward to it, but it doesn't come out. The vegetation in the mountains is scary. The moon is white and bright, and it follows the staff. Before he could count his martial arts, he was screaming halfway up the mountain. Seven or eight monks in the same mountain are the leaders of Yucang, holding torches, knives and sticks. He suspected that his generation would get lost when they met tigers. They shouted at the hillside. I answered it and ran to help it. The next day, someone in the back hill said, "Last night was even more fixed. There are dozens of fires and hundreds of thieves in Zhanggongling area. I don't know where they came from. " We hide the words of laughter. ("Furnace Peak Moon" Volume 5)
Autumn Night in Tiger Hill is from "the sun is on the moon" to "more definite", while Crossing the Sword Gate is from "afternoon" to "more definite". "Furnace Peak Moon" first said watching the sun at night, and the next day it said "it was more fixed last night".
Textual research 4:
On "Gengding" in Watching Snow on the Lake Pavilion
After reading Zhang Dai's article "Looking at the Lake Pavilion Snow" in the late Ming Dynasty, I suddenly became interested in the sentence "The sky is better". First, pronunciation. I remember that when storytellers mentioned the nocturnal man in martial arts novels, they always said: He put on his nocturnal clothes and was ready to start work in three days. Still what we often hear: Beijing. In this case, the word "Geng" in "This is a definite day" should be pronounced as Beijing. Of course, there is no textual research.
By the way, when is "more fixed"? I remember the first time I read this article, I felt that Zhang Dai got up early and went to the pavilion in the middle of the lake to see the snow. However, after reading the notes, I found that the word "Geng" in "Geng Ding" had no exact explanation, only said: "Geng, the ancient night time unit, was divided into five classes every night, each class was about two hours. It's fixed, it's finished, it's over. " That may have been in 2004. Today, I read the textbook of Grade 8 again, and found that the explanation of the word "Geng Ding" in the textbook is like this: "It means after the first class, around 8 pm". I couldn't help wondering, so I immediately looked at the staff and found that the staff made another explanation for "Geng Ding": "It means after midnight." So, who is right?
Actually, I quite agree with the explanation of "after midnight". Because from the common sense, it is already too dark after eight o'clock in winter, so on this cold and dark night, even if Zhang Dai is not happy, he will not go to the pavilion in the middle of the lake in the cold. In addition, it is so dark, how can you see "a trace on the long beach, a small pavilion in the middle of the lake, a mustard and Yu Zhou, and two or three people on board"?
Please consult the audience.
Textual research 5:
Dou Yun's author is crazy, who can understand the taste?
-Query on "Looking at the Snow in the Lake Pavilion" "Better Day"
Today, I began to teach "Watching Snow in the Lake Pavilion". In the cooperative exploration with students, I suddenly found a problem. When did the author Zhang Dai "see the snow"?
There is an explanation of this word in the fourth volume of "Looking at Snow in a Lake Pavilion" published by Shandong Education Publishing House for four years, and the notes and teaching reference after class are also different.
After-class notes are interpreted as: the first class begins (textbook 135 page, later added: at about 8 pm, the drum newspaper starts the first class, which is called relatively certain). After midnight (refer to page 232); In the early hours of the morning (teaching resources, page 234).
I checked the information of People's Education Edition on the Internet and explained the explanations that supported the faculty. Please see:
Personal tutor textbook: set, finish, finish.
Teaching reference:
"It's another better day. I'm sitting on the boat, holding a garment fire and going to the lake pavilion to see the snow alone."
"It's a day", after "three days of heavy snow", it's also a cold day; Those who are "more determined" are also in the early hours of the morning, when the cold is doubled. The phrase "holding clothes and holding fire" is used to keep out the cold. Imagine, in the ice and snow where birds are singing and flowers are fragrant, someone goes out late at night and "goes to the pavilion in the middle of the lake alone to see the snow". What a unique loneliness and elegance! The word "Du Wang Xue" can be cross-referenced with the word "An old man fishing in the cold river-snow". Here, the author holds the integrity of ice and snow alone, and enjoys himself. Isn't it unspeakable loneliness? He wants to go alone at night because he doesn't want to see anyone or anyone. Then, in this feeling of loneliness, doesn't it also contain the resentment of escaping from the world?
In fact, the teaching staff of the People's Education Edition is contradictory. Some people say that "people who are more determined are also in the early hours of the morning, when the cold doubles" and "some people go out late at night". How to understand this?
In fact, judging from the content of the article, when can the author "see the snow" after "three days of heavy snow" Theoretically, it is not impossible to go at night, after all, he is a "stupid" person. In Travel Notes of Lao Can, there is an elegant and popular story of "autumn chrysanthemum is recommended by a cold spring, and lotus flowers are worn by a boat in the middle of the night", and there is also a story of "visiting Dai on a snowy night" in Shi Shuo Xin Yu. For literati, don't use the concepts of "common sense" and "ordinary people", especially the author's statement. But from a reasonable point of view, it seems unlikely to be around "8 pm". After all, the area of the West Lake is not too big. It won't take long (the author has been there) to enjoy the boat, but also to see "fog, sky, clouds, mountains, water and white;" The shadow on the lake is only the trace of the long dike. There is a small pavilion in the middle of the lake and a piece of mustard on the boat. There are only two or three people on the boat. How can you see it here, especially "up and down white"? In addition, there is a detail that "the furnace is boiling". How can I watch "The Furnace is Boiling" at 8 pm in1February?
So, there is only one possibility, that is, there is "moonlight" (there can be no other lighting facilities at that time), right? There is a sentence in the original text, "I lived in the West Lake in December of the fifth year of Chongzhen". "Five years of Chongzhen" refers to the year 1632, when "December" refers to the twelfth lunar month in China. Check the calendar, Gregorian calendar 1633 65438+ 10/0 to February 7, which is just the first day of the twelfth lunar month to the 29th, but it has been six years since Chongzhen. Continue to check, "Chongzhen five years" refers to AD 1632, so it can only be the beginning of the year, which is the leap winter month before Gregorian calendar 1632. So, the recorded time should be like this. When there is moonlight, it should be around the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, so February 4th is the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, which happens to be in beginning of spring, and the ninth day of May 9th may be after the snow. Unfortunately, there was no record of the weather in the West Lake at that time, so it was impossible to verify it.
In addition, there are other versions of this sentence, such as the difference between "it's a day, it's relatively certain, I'm a slave on the boat, I'm holding a clothes fire, and I'm going to see the snow in the middle of the lake alone". The use of the word "one" in this sentence is more likely to be translated into "le", which is more likely to mean the end.
When looking up the Dictionary of Common Words in Ancient Chinese, there is no "finished, finished" in the meaning of "ding", but there is a "sure" which is consistent with the explanation of Shandong Education Publishing House.
Looking up the Modern Chinese Dictionary, the definition of the word "Ding Geng" is the same as the after-school notes of Shandong Education Publishing House.
Obviously, the explanations of these two reference books support the annotations of the textbooks of Shandong Education Publishing House. However, why don't the teachers of Shandong Education Publishing House keep up with the teaching materials? Is the interpretation of the textbook of People's Education Edition based on the significance of literature, or is there another basis? Is it the author's infatuation or the editor's imagination? Is it the truth of history or our cleverness?
Ask experts to answer.
Textual research 6:
In April, 2005, the sixth edition of Chinese Education Edition was selected as Zhang Dai's narrative prose "Looking at the Lake and Snow". There is a saying in the article: When the weather is good, I will take a boat, hold a clothes fire and go to the lake pavilion to see the snow alone. It is understandable to interpret the annotation of the meaning of taking as helping and rowing. However, in the version printed 10 in May 2006, the word "take" was changed to "take", and its pronunciation was marked as nu in the notes. The author consulted the ancient Chinese dictionary, which can be written as "Jian", but it has only one pronunciation, that is, it means to support (boat) and row (boat). Even if the original text is respected, the pronunciation should be na instead of nu. This is one of them.
Second, in the original version, it was explained like this: in the early morning. Moreover, in ancient times, the night time unit was divided into five classes, each class was about two hours. Yes, it's over. It's over. In the new version, the comment was changed to after the first shift, around 8 pm. Which version of this word is correct? Let's take a look at the ancient night time unit table:
Night time
Five shifts/periods at night
Five shifts/periods at night
Five nights.
modern times
dusk
Geng Yi
a drum
Ye Jia
19 to 2 1.
late night
Ergeng
Ergu
Ye Yi
2 1 to 23 o'clock
midnight
midnight
Sangu
Ice field
23: 00 to 1 hour
crow
Sigeng
Gu Si
Ye Ding
1 to 3 o'clock
dawn
Five shifts/periods at night
Five shifts/periods at night
Wu Ye
3 to 5 o'clock
According to the original version, it should be around 5 am. Although it is still a little dark at this time of winter, everything in the world should be faintly visible against the snow. This can be seen from the sentence describing the snow scene in the article, which reads: rime, sky and clouds, mountains and water, white up and down. The shadow of the lake, only a trace of a long beach, a little outline of the lake, and my boat, two or three boat people on board. It can be said that this is a night snow picture with blurred ink and wash. The author's description fits the scope of this time period. The new version is understood as around 8 pm, that is, after the first shift is off work. At this time of winter night, the sky is dark and the line of sight is limited. But after the heavy snow, the appearance of snow will weaken this darkness, so it is not unclear to see things. Either way, but the author can only choose to go to the pavilion in the middle of the lake once, so there must be one of them, which is right or wrong? The author was a little puzzled, too. Later, I looked up the explanation of the fixed character in the Ancient Chinese Dictionary, which really meant to stop. Now, let's look at Zhang Dai's temperament. He is worried and arrogant about running away from the world. We must choose a moment when we can't see others and don't want to be bumped into by others, so as to find a spiritual home connected with the universe. In winter, 8: 00 p.m. or 5: 00 a.m., which time is scarce? West Lake is a famous tourist attraction. It is not excluded that tourists can enjoy the West Lake at eight o'clock in the evening, but it is unlikely that tourists will come out to enjoy the scenery at five o'clock in the morning. We can also guess from our own life experience that this time is still a dream! Only a person like Zhang Dai, who lives in a foreign country and has a refined temperament, can stay awake at night. Otherwise, Zhang Dai will not express his infinite joy with the help of the guests' happy words when he meets the second guest of Jinling in Hu Xinting: "There is no such person in the lake." This is the very warm voice of Zhang Dai, who is independent of the world! In this way, the explanation of the original version is more in line with the facts and more humane.
The above understanding is only a superficial understanding of the individual, and I hope my colleagues will advise me.
Textual research 7:
In ancient times, there were five classes a night. At about eight o'clock in the evening, the shift began to drum up, and the call was fixed. So the explanation after midnight is incorrect. :)
The other is that students think it will be dark in the morning 1 day. I think this statement is wrong, because the article only says1February, not when, so it will be very bright on a moonlit night. Coupled with the reflection of mountains and rivers and snow, you can see things far away without lighting. So 1 is not necessarily dark in the morning. :)