A clearer and more reasonable understanding of natural light will help us to better analyze its characteristics in architectural design. Generally speaking, natural light and artificial light are relative. Natural light has two meanings, one is visible light and the other is invisible light. Visible light refers to light with a wavelength of 380nm to 760nm, and invisible light has a wide scale and range, including ultraviolet rays and X rays with a wavelength less than 380nm, infrared rays and radio waves with a wavelength greater than 760nm. As the main form of green light source, natural light adds a lot of charm to architectural design with its healthy, environmental protection, sustainable existence and changeable natural characteristics.
2 the combination of natural light and architectural design
The application of natural light in architectural design is mainly the design of natural lighting. Through the borderless natural light external environment and the external outline of the building, the internal space of the building is visually created and reshaped to meet the functional and artistic requirements of the building.
2. 1 architectural lighting
The lighting of a building depends on the spatial pattern of the building, and it can be divided into side window lighting, top window lighting and courtyard lighting according to different specific functions and building scales. Side window lighting. Side window lighting is the most commonly used lighting design method in most buildings. The window is bright, and it is relatively dark away from the window. This lighting method can visually highlight the division of indoor space. In specific design, side window lighting is mostly used for buildings with small depth. Because the intensity of natural light is equal, the lighting of side windows is not affected by the design of building floors in actual design. But when the incident angle of the sun is low, it is easy to cause glare. The top window is lit. When the interior space of the building presents a large depth, in order to ensure the indoor brightness and uniformity of light and shade, the top window lighting method can be adopted.
In the application of top window lighting, especially centralized space is the most prominent. For centralized closed building space, the closed area is generally large. Sometimes, because the function of the building itself requires a high number of floors and a large building depth, the central space can't get enough brightness directly from the side windows, or even if it gets the brightness brought by the side windows, it can't meet the space's demand for natural light. Therefore, when designing this area, designers will focus on the way of lighting the top window to meet the indoor lighting needs. Because of the direct natural light, the enclosed area of these spaces, with its unique function and form, often becomes the center of architectural space. Courtyard lighting.
The overall size of the building limits the spread of light. Due to the difference of building functions, when the building has many floors and sometimes occupies a large area, the side window lighting and the top window lighting can not achieve the expected lighting effect. At this time, courtyard lighting should be used to cope with the use of natural light. There are many kinds of courtyard lighting, including some atrium for people to rest, some daylighting courtyards and patios. For example, in Dali, Yunnan, China, the courtyard lighting design method of "three squares and one illuminated wall" is to paint the illuminated wall of the courtyard white to increase the reflective effect and meet the brightness requirements of the building.
2.2 the role of natural light in the building
First, the shaping of architectural form. The volume of a building is a kind of cognition of space, and the formation of this cognition depends on the perception and capture of natural light. Architect Tadao Ando believes: "Architectural design is to intercept the ubiquitous light." Through the definition of shadow relationship, light outlines the shape of buildings, thus showing the shaping relationship between buildings in the natural environment. If there is no light, the relationship between buildings will be in a chaotic darkness, so that the characteristics of various parts of the building can not be explained clearly, and the sense of architectural art that designers want to express can not be discussed. In the shaping of architectural form by natural light, the ancient gardens in China are more obvious.
In the design of ancient gardens in China, the design pays attention to skillful borrowing and artistic beauty brought by "transparency" and "dew". For example, flowers, grass and stones in gardens are often set freely in design. Under the irradiation of sunlight, shadows are sprinkled on the periphery of buildings, which highlights the artistic beauty of architectural forms, harmonizes their forms with natural landscapes, and presents a combination of "reality" and "emptiness". Second, the organizational role of natural light in architectural space. The organizational function of natural light on buildings includes three levels: first, the definition of natural light on indoor and outdoor environment of buildings; Second, natural light organically combines the internal and external environment of the building; The third is the guidance of natural light to vision and the description of architectural space level. The definition of indoor environment by natural light is not to separate the inside and outside of a building, such as building concrete.
This definition of natural light is based on the light and shadow changes of natural light on buildings. This is a vague and rich definition of transition form. Louis Kahn, a famous American architect, once put forward the "double wall theory", which can effectively explain the definition of natural light for the architectural environment. This theory is explained as follows: there is a thin wall outside every window of the building, which is independent of the window and has enough holes to let natural light penetrate into the building. This lighting method of the building effectively regulates the entry of light, and people's sight is not blocked, so that the influence caused by strong light penetration can be avoided, and the space defined by the brightness of the building can be achieved by blocking natural light. Architecture is an inseparable part of nature. Natural light outlines the shape of the building, which makes it have strong artistic tension. Designers always want to integrate with the environment as much as possible while showing this tension. And natural light is often an effective design language to form this kind of integration.
From the proposal of "flowing space" in America in the 20th century to grassland style, and then to Barcelona Pavilion with obvious style, the extensive use of daylighting glass also reflects the connection between natural light and indoor and outdoor environment. On the one hand, due to the setting of lighting glass, the contrast between indoor and outdoor light is weakened, and the visual continuity between indoor and outdoor is ensured, thus forming an organic combination. On the other hand, the outdoor landscape penetrates its light and shadow into the room through natural light, so that the outdoor landscape can effectively connect with its indoor light and shadow and reflect each other, thus effectively showing the promotion of natural light in the combination of indoor and outdoor environments of buildings. The functionality of architectural design can not be separated from human activities, and human activities in space need some guiding information to guide. Animals have phototaxis, and people are no exception.
People instinctively capture areas with obvious light and shadow in their field of vision. In the light and shadow design, people can make full use of this psychological situation and make full use of natural light to guide architectural design, so as to complete the guidance of natural light to architectural space. With the continuous progress of science and technology, designers have adopted a completely different design method from the previous direct use of natural light through ingenious design. This method emphasizes the focus position of vision by setting lighting devices on the premise of ensuring uniform indoor lighting first, thus highlighting the architectural scene and attracting people's attention. Natural light's description of architectural space level is mainly reflected in the level of architectural structure. To sum up, light is directional, and natural light can change the contrast between indoor light and shade through reasonable design, and at the same time change the spatial changes inside the building, such as the change of space size and architectural form. This has changed people's horizons and finally changed people's feelings about space.
3 Natural light shapes architecture
3. 1 Natural light shapes buildings
The shaping of architecture by natural light is rooted in the designer's overall control of architecture and natural light. As can be seen from the above discussion, in architectural design, the rational use of natural light not only reflects the designer's thinking on the overall connotation of architectural design, but also skillfully handles the overall environmental lighting. Architectural lighting needs the supplement and contrast of natural light. The role of natural light in architectural space, whether it is the protagonist, supporting role or media, should be paid attention to, so as to better show the artistic conception of the building itself in the architectural space and create a "volume bathed in light". The architectural environment modifies the spatial environment through the change of light and shadow, organically combines materials with architectural forms, and provides a strong spiritual scale for architecture. Corbusier once said: "Putting the volume in the light produces exquisite, decent and gorgeous interaction, which is architecture. Architecture is an accurate, correct and excellent treatment of various volumes in the sun. " Corbusier's shaping of light and shadow comes from his diffuse treatment of natural light, which is especially obvious in his representative architectural work "Langxiang Church".
3.2 Treatment and application of natural light in the design of Langxiang Church
Langxiang Church is one of Corbusier's world-renowned architectural works, and is known as "the most powerful and expressive building in the 20th century". After the completion of Langxiang Hall, its sculptural building volume, unique design style and reasonable function not only caused a sensation at that time, but also had a far-reaching impact on the development of modern architecture. "In the processing and application of natural light, Corbusier gave an exciting interpretation of light. In the specific design of Langxiang Hall, first of all, as the core position of the building, the lighting design at the altar is particularly important. The light passes through the openings of different sizes on the wall, which makes the altar get the maximum brightness, plays a prominent role and attracts people's attention. Although there are many windows and holes in the wall, the lighting opening is relatively small, and the light is effectively weakened through the deep wall, so the diffused light in the indoor environment is hazy.
This effectively ensures the brightness of the light source at the altar in the core area of the church. Through the action of light and shadow, the indoor brightness is distinct, harmonious and unified, and interacts with each other to form a scene with general perspective effect. At the same time, natural light shines through small holes in the wall, just like stars. With the constant change of the time of day, the indoor light changes, which makes the space layout reasonable and rich. The change of light and shadow also evokes people's association and makes believers feel the blessing of Jesus' glory. Secondly, because of its thick and curly shape, the roof can't see the gap between it and the south and east walls of the church outside the building. However, if we observe it indoors, it is magically displayed in front of people. Looking around, the light passing through the gap highlights the emphasis on the outline of the top. The light passing through the gap is like a link around the top of the church, connecting indoor and outdoor, which makes the space environment of the church have a subtle connection, thus alleviating the depressing atmosphere brought by the heavy feeling of the roof.
At the same time, the design of the gap makes the roof almost independent, as if suspended in the air. From the application of light in Langxiangtang, we can see that light is not limited to a modeling method to a great extent. In Corbusier's eyes, it is like a "building material" used to build the whole building, and a good visual impression can be obtained through the use of this "material". Just as Tadao Ando, an architect, had such a feeling after visiting Langxiang Church: "When I first visited Langxiang Church, I was moved by the light coming from various colorful windows inside. This is a successful building with the theme of light. "
4 conclusion
Architecture is the carrier of people's activities. The design and application of natural light effectively contrast the carrier role of architecture and provide people with a good lighting environment. From the nature of natural light design, on the one hand, through the interpretation of brightness, it expresses the key points of architecture and provides good visual guidance, which is a scientific processing process. On the other hand, for the reconstruction of the outline and environment of the whole building, this reflects the rendering of natural light art. Excellent designers seek each other's existence in natural light and architectural design, which not only shapes a good relationship between light and shadow, but also conforms to the mainstream of green lighting and sustainable design.
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