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2021 Eighth Grade Chinese Language Final Examination for the First Half of the Year

Read the following and complete the following questions.

Chang'e 5's "digging" journey may rewrite the history of the moon

The moon and the stars are vast in nine days, and it falls back in the spring and autumn of sixteen years. The Chang'e-5 lunar probe is scheduled to be launched into space in late November and will sample samples from the moon before returning. This will bring a successful conclusion to the three-step development strategy of "orbiting, landing and returning" for my country's major scientific and technological project on the lunar exploration project.

The average distance between the earth and the moon is about 380,000 kilometers, and a round trip is nearly 800,000 kilometers. What mysteries are there in the lunar samples that are worthy of our efforts to dig out? Looking back at history, what achievements have humans made in "digging" on the moon? What are the special features of the Chang'e-5 "digging" mission at the sampling site?

Although lunar soil is soil, it is worth tens of thousands of dollars

“Lunar soil is the soil of the moon. Although it is easily available on the moon, it contains huge science for people on earth. value." said Xiao Long, a professor at the Institute of Planetary Science of China University of Geosciences. Lunar regolith is formed by lunar rocks after being subjected to space weathering effects such as meteorite impacts, solar wind bombardment, and cosmic ray radiation. It contains a large number of lunar rock fragments, minerals, meteorites and other materials. By studying lunar soil samples, scientists can not only understand the geological evolution history of the moon, but also provide necessary information for understanding solar activities.

“There are three commonly used methods for detecting the moon.” Pang Zhihao, the chief scientific communication expert of national space exploration, told reporters that the first is orbit detection, which is mainly used to conduct a comprehensive survey of the moon; the second is landing and patrol detection, which is mainly used for comprehensive survey of the moon. It is used for regional detailed survey of the moon; the third is sampling return detection, which is mainly used for regional detailed survey of the moon. Compared with the first two methods, Caixiang return can transport key samples such as lunar soil back to ground laboratories for scientists to conduct precise analysis and research, which is conducive to further understanding of the moon's status, temperature, material content and other important information, and deepening the understanding of the lunar slope. , lunar crust and understanding of the formation and evolution of the moon.

"Digging" is attractive, and all countries are working hard

"During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union, the aerospace superpowers at the time, were very keen on going to the moon to sample samples." Pang Zhihao introduced that the Soviet Union The Lunar 16 probe retrieved a small sample of 101 grams from the Moon's Sea of ??Fertility, while the Lunar 20 and 24 probes collected 55 and 170 grams of samples from the Apollonius Highlands and the Moon's Sea of ??Crisis respectively.

From July 1969 to December 1972, the U.S. manned spacecraft Apollo 11 to Apollo 17 carried out 7 manned lunar landing missions, except for Apollo 13, which returned midway due to a malfunction. In addition, the remaining six spacecrafts all completed the moon landing, successfully sent 12 astronauts to the moon, and finally brought back about 381.7 kilograms of lunar soil and lunar rock samples.

“Scientists have achieved fruitful results through the analysis of lunar samples.” Pang Zhihao said that through research, scientific researchers found that the lunar soil contains a large number of tiny orange-red glass particles, which are generally rich in Containing aluminum, sulfur and zinc, they were formed about 300 kilometers below the lunar surface during the partial melting of the lunar mantle, and were ejected to the lunar surface due to volcanic activity. Through sample analysis and experiments, it has been confirmed that the content of iron oxide in lunar soil and lunar rocks is very high, from which water and oxygen can be produced. In the future, lunar surface materials can be used to support the operation of the lunar base and replenish fuel for lunar landing vehicles. More importantly, scientists also discovered helium-3, the ideal raw material for nuclear fusion, in the samples collected. According to the current scale of energy consumption on the earth, helium-3 on the moon is used for nuclear fusion power generation, which can meet human energy needs for about 10,000 years.

Chang'e is unique and the location is new

The sampling address of Chang'e No. 5 is very unique. Chang'e 5 will land near the Rümke Mountains in the northern part of the Procellarum, the largest lunar ocean on the far side of the moon. No probe from other countries has ever visited this place. Oceanus Procellarum is relatively young and is rich in radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. There are basalts here that are about 1.3 billion to 2 billion years old. Obtaining the isotope age of these young basalts will help advance the understanding of lunar volcanic activity and evolution. understanding of history.

As stated in an article published in the top international scientific journal "Nature" on November 5, Chang'e 5 can fill an important gap in scientists' research on lunar volcanic activity. Previous research on lunar soil samples obtained by the United States and the Soviet Union showed that volcanic activity on the moon peaked 3.5 billion years ago, then weakened and stopped. However, observations of the lunar surface have found that some areas may contain volcanic lava formed as recently as 1 billion to 2 billion years ago, which is similar to the age of the Chang'e 5 landing area. If the samples collected by Chang'e-5 can confirm that the moon was still active during this period, it will rewrite the history of the moon.

(Selected from the "*** Science and Technology" section of "Science and Technology Daily" on November 19, intern reporter Yu Ziyue. There are political deletions)

1 The following is a summary of the content of this article The incorrect understanding and analysis is ( )

A. my country's lunar exploration project lasted for sixteen years and was divided into three steps: orbiting, landing and returning. Chang'e-5 will be responsible for completing the "returning" task , that is, taking samples from the moon and returning them.

B. The dotted word "commonly used" in the article indicates that there are more than three methods of detecting the moon. "General survey", "detailed survey" and "precision survey" accurately explain the different purposes of the three detection methods.

C. When explaining the achievements of the Soviet Union and the United States in "digging" on the moon, the author specifically explained the name, sampling location and sample weight of each detector by giving examples and listing numbers.

D. At present, people are not sure whether the surface of the moon contains volcanic lava formed recently 1 to 2 billion years ago. The samples collected by Chang'e 5 may help to study this issue.

2 Why is it said that lunar soil is “worth ten thousand gold”? Please synthesize the relevant information and answer in points.

3. What do the selected articles quote Xiao Long, Pang Zhihao and remarks in the scientific journal Nature? What is the purpose of such a reference?

4 The subtitle of this article is very distinctive. Please analyze its merits based on the content of the article and the sources of materials indicated at the end of the article.

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Reference answers and analysis

Answers

1C

2 ① The lunar soil has huge scientific Research value: By studying lunar soil materials, we can deepen our understanding of the formation and evolution of lunar soil, lunar crust and the moon, or "can understand the geological evolution history of the moon"/"can advance the understanding of lunar volcanic activity and evolution history", and provide It provides necessary information to understand solar activities (helps to understand solar activities); ② The lunar soil is rich in minerals such as iron oxide and important energy sources such as deuterium-3. In the future, lunar surface materials can be used to support the operation of the lunar base and provide the basis for the moon landing. The aircraft replenishes fuel; the He-3 on the moon is used for nuclear fusion power generation, which can provide sufficient energy for the future.

3 respectively explained the importance of lunar soil research, lunar exploration methods, lunar sampling achievements and lunar sample research results (the results of human lunar exploration projects), Chang'e 5 "digging" The great significance of "earth". By quoting data, the explanation is more scientifically rigorous and authoritative (by quoting data, the news background is explained and the value of the news event is highlighted).

4① The three subtitles summarize the content of each part respectively and provide an outline to help readers quickly grasp the core content of each part; ② The three subtitles answer the three questions at the beginning of the article respectively (in sequence). This question makes the full text form a total score structure, and the hierarchy is clear at a glance; ③ The three subtitles summarize the value of lunar soil, the significance of Chang'e-5's "digging" and the special features of Chang'e-5's "digging" site selection, logic The (level) is clear (from news background to news events, the context is clear); ④ The subtitles have neat sentence patterns, rhyme at the end of the sentences, and are catchy. They convey scientific and technological information while adding interest to reading (reflecting the intellectual nature of popular science works) Features that are both literary and literary/add to the interest and vividness of the article/humorous and easy to understand).

Analysis

1

Test the correct understanding and analysis of text content. C. "Give examples" is a misunderstanding. “The Soviet Union’s Lunar 16 probe retrieved a small sample of 101 grams from the Moon’s Sea of ??Fertility, while the Soviet Union’s Lunar 20 and 24 probes collected 55 and 170 grams from the Apollonius Highlands and the Moon’s Sea of ??Crisis respectively. Sample." "From July 1969 to December 1972, the United States' Apollo 11 to Apollo 17 manned spacecraft carried out 7 manned missions to the moon. Except for Apollo 13, which returned midway due to malfunction, the rest All six spacecrafts completed the moon landing, successfully sent 12 astronauts to the moon, and finally brought back approximately 381.7 kilograms of lunar soil and rock samples." The explanation method of listing numbers and making comparisons was used to explain each in detail. The name of the probe, sampling location and sample weight highlighted that "the United States and the Soviet Union, the aerospace superpowers at the time, were both keen to sample the moon." So choose C.

2

Test the understanding and summary of text content. Read "Although lunar soil is soil, it is worth tens of thousands of gold" and "'Digging soil' is attractive, and all countries are trying hard" to find sentence analysis and summary describing the value and significance of lunar soil. "By studying lunar soil samples, scientists can not only understand the geological evolution history of the moon, but also provide necessary information for understanding solar activities." "Caixiang's return can transport key samples such as lunar soil back to ground laboratories for scientists to conduct precise analysis Analytical research is conducive to further understanding of the moon's status, temperature, material content and other important information, and deepening the understanding of the lunar slope, lunar crust and the formation and evolution of the moon. "The content of iron oxide in the lunar soil and lunar rocks is very high, from which we can learn. To produce water and oxygen, lunar surface materials can be used to support the operation of lunar bases and replenish fuel for lunar landing vehicles. "Helium-3 on the moon is used for nuclear fusion power generation, which can meet human energy needs for about 10,000 years." ." Just combine the above sentences to make a summary.

3

Test the understanding of the text content. Read the full text and find detailed analysis and explanations of quotes from Xiao Long and Pang Zhihao as well as remarks in the scientific journal Nature. "'Lunar soil is the soil of the moon. Although it is easily available on the moon, it contains huge scientific value for people on earth.' said Xiao Long, a professor at the Institute of Planetary Science of China University of Geosciences." Xiao Long was quoted as saying that lunar soil The scientific value of the research, that is, the importance of the research; "'There are three common methods for detecting the moon.

’ Pang Zhihao, the country’s chief science communication expert for space exploration, told reporters, “‘Through the analysis of lunar samples, scientists have achieved fruitful results. 'Pang Zhihao said,' citing Pang Zhihao's words to explain the common methods of detecting the moon and the results achieved; 'As stated in an article published in the top international scientific journal "Nature" on November 5, Chang'e 5 can fill a gap in scientists' research on lunar volcanic activity. "Important Blank", quoting an article published in "Nature" to explain the significance of Chang'e-5's "digging". The second question is to quote famous quotes, literature, etc. in the explanation, which can make the explanation content more specific, scientific and rigorous, and more authoritative.

4

Examine the appreciation of subtitles. Use subtitles to organize numerous materials into categories and from multiple aspects or angles. To display the material, express the theme, and make the writing clear; the subtitles are novel and eye-catching, attracting readers; a few words show the beauty of simplicity; the subtitles can also express the internal logical relationship of each part of the article, so that these relatively independent fragments can Interdependence, centralized service theme, etc. This question is analyzed based on the content of the article and the sources of materials noted at the end of the article. After reading the full text, it can be seen that three subtitles are used in the article. From a structural analysis, the three subtitles answer the second question respectively. The three questions in the paragraph form a total score in structure; from the content analysis, the three titles are a high-level summary of the content of this part, which is eye-catching, allowing readers to quickly grasp the main content, respectively summarizing the value of lunar soil and Chang'e-5. The meaning of "digging" and the characteristics of Chang'e 5's "digging" site selection have clear logic and clear context; from a linguistic analysis, "Although the lunar soil is soil, it is worth tens of thousands of gold" and "'Digging' is attractive, and various countries "It's all very hard", "Chang'e has characteristics, the location is new", three subtitles, neat sentences, concise language, general, "gold", "pin" and "new", pay attention to rhyme, catchy, full of rhythm and beauty , it has both popular science and literary qualities, and can be summarized accordingly to add to the literary beauty of the article.

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