Qian Xuesen

Born on December 11, 1911, in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, he joined the Communist Party of China in August 1959 and holds a doctorate degree.

From 1929 to 1934, he studied in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. After graduation, he applied for Tsinghua University to study in the United States as a public student. After admission, he interned at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. From 1935 to 1939, he studied in the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States and received a master's degree. From 1936 to 1939, he studied in the Department of Aeronautics and Mathematics at the California Institute of Technology in the United States and received a doctorate. From 1939 to 1943, he served as a researcher in the Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. From 1943 to 1945, he served as an assistant professor in the Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (during this period: from 1940 to 1945, he was a communications researcher at the Sichuan Chengdu Aviation Research Institute). From 1945 to 1946, he served as associate professor in the Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. From 1946 to 1949, he served as associate professor and professor of aerodynamics in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1949 to 1955, he served as director and professor of the Jet Propulsion Center at the California Institute of Technology.

Returned to China in 1955. From 1955 to 1964, he served as director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. From 1965 to 1970, he served as deputy minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. From 1970 to 1982, he served as deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and vice chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology. He has also served as the first and second chairman of the Chinese Society of Automation, honorary president of the Chinese Astronautical Society, the Chinese Society of Mechanics, and the Chinese System Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematical Physics. From 1986 to May 1991, he served as Chairman of the Third National Committee of the China Association for Science and Technology. In May 1991, he was elected as the Honorary Chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology at the Fourth National Congress of the China Association for Science and Technology. In April 1992, he was appointed as the honorary chairman of the Presidium of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In June 1994, he was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

He was an alternate member of the 9th to 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and vice chairman of the 6th, 7th and 8th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

He is a pioneer and outstanding representative of China's aerospace science and technology industry, and is known as the "Father of China's Aerospace" and the "King of Rockets." While studying and researching in the United States, he collaborated with others to complete the "Review and Preliminary Analysis of Long-Range Rockets", which laid the theoretical foundation for surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets; the hypersonic flow theory he co-proposed with others laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. laid the foundation. At the beginning of 1956, the "Opinions on Establishing my country's National Defense Aviation Industry" was submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council. In the same year, based on his suggestions, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Commission, a leading organization for missile and aviation scientific research, and was appointed as a member. In 1956, he was appointed to establish China's first rocket and missile research institute, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first director. He presided over the completion of the "Establishment of Jet and Rocket Technology" plan, participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium- and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, and directly led the "two-bomb combination" of using medium- and short-range missiles to carry atomic bombs. test, participated in the formulation of China’s short-range missile-carrying atomic bomb “two-bomb combination” test, participated in the formulation of China’s first interstellar aviation development plan, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systems science. He has made pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aerospace engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He is the founder and advocate of theoretical and applied research on modern mechanics and systems engineering in China.

Won the first prize of the Natural Science Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1979, he won the Distinguished Alumni Award from the California Institute of Technology. Won the National Science and Technology Progress Special Award in 1985. In 1989, he won the "Little Rockwell Medal", the "World-class Science and Technology and Engineering Celebrity" award and the title of honorary member of the International Institute of Technology. In October 1991, he was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the First-Class Hero Model Medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. In January 1995, he won the "1994 Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Excellence Award". In 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Service Medal."

He is the author of "Engineering Cybernetics", "On System Engineering", "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation", etc.

Qian Sanqiang

Qian Sanqiang, formerly known as Qian Bingqiong, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang in 1913. His father Qian Xuantong was a famous philologist in modern China. He lived with his father in Beijing when he was a boy. He studied at Kongde Middle School where Cai Yuanpei was the principal. At the age of 16, he was admitted to the preparatory course of Peking University. In 1932, he was admitted to the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University. After graduating in 1936, Qian Sanqiang served as assistant to Director Yan Jici of the Institute of Physics of the Peking Academy. The following year, he passed the publicly funded study abroad examination. When the cannons on Marco Polo Bridge rang out, he went to Europe with the ambition to serve his country and entered the Curie Laboratory of the University of Paris as a graduate student. His tutor was Curie's daughter and Nobel Prize winner Irene. Curie and her husband Joliot Curie.

In 1940, Qian Sanqiang obtained a French national doctorate and continued to work as an assistant with the second generation Curie and his wife. In 1946, he married He Zehui, a talented woman in the same subject. The couple achieved breakthrough results in studying the third fission of uranium nuclei, and were recommended to the world's scientific community by their mentor Joliot.

Many newspapers and publications in Western countries published this incident and praised "the Curies of China for discovering a new method of splitting the atomic nucleus." In the same year, the French Academy of Sciences also awarded the Physics Prize to Qian Sanqiang.

In the summer of 1948, Qian Sanqiang returned to his war-torn motherland with the mood to welcome liberation. Not long after he returned to China, he encountered the peaceful liberation of Peiping in January 1949. In excitement, he rode his bicycle to Chang'an Street to join the celebrating crowd. Later, Ye Jianying, director of the Peking Military Control Commission, sent someone to find him, hoping that he would go to France with a delegation from the liberated areas to attend the World Peace Conference. Under extremely difficult circumstances, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China allocated US$50,000 to ask him to help order equipment and information related to atomic energy. Qian Sanqiang was so excited that tears filled his eyes when he saw that the leaders of the Communist Party of China had such a vision of developing scientific undertakings before the founding of New China. After returning from abroad, he was invited to climb Tiananmen Square on the day of the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China.

Since the founding of New China, Qian Sanqiang has devoted himself wholeheartedly to the creation of the atomic energy industry. He served as deputy director and director of the Institute of Modern Physics (later renamed the Institute of Atomic Energy) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and joined the Communist Party of China in 1954. In 1955, after the central government decided to develop its own nuclear power, he became the planner of the plan. In 1958, he participated in the construction of atomic reactors assisted by the Soviet Union and brought together a large number of nuclear scientists (including his wife). He also recommended outstanding talents such as Deng Jiaxian to the team for developing nuclear weapons.

In 1960, after the central government decided to rely entirely on self-reliance to develop the atomic bomb, Qian Sanqiang, who had also served as deputy minister of the Second Ministry of Machinery, served as the technical chief and chief designer. Just like how the Curies trained themselves, he devoted all his efforts to training a new generation of academic leaders. In the tough battle of "two bombs and one satellite", a large number of outstanding nuclear experts emerged and created the world's most advanced nuclear experts in this field. Fast development speed. People later not only praised Qian Sanqiang for his well-coordinated use of extremely complex scientific and technological fields and talents, but also believed that the Institute of Atomic Energy led by him was the scientific and technological base camp of "full of loyalty".

In his later years, despite his declining health, Qian Sanqiang still served as vice chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology, chairman of the Chinese Physical Society, and honorary chairman of the Chinese Nuclear Society. He has always been concerned about the development of China's nuclear industry and emphasized that it should not only serve military purposes but also serve civilian purposes. He died of illness in 1992 at the age of 79. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the National Day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission posthumously awarded the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Service Medal" made of 515 grams of pure gold to Qian Sanqiang in recognition of this scientific leader's great contributions.

Zhao Jiuzhang

(October 15, 1907 - October 26, 1968), was born in Kaifeng, Henan. Meteorologists, geophysics and space physicists. In 1955, he was elected as a member (academician) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Joined the Jiusan Society in 1951. Member of the third, fourth and fifth Central Committee of Jiusan Society.

Zhao Jiuzhang was born in a family of traditional Chinese medicine. He studied in a private school when he was young, preparing to engage in literature. Under the influence of the "May 4th" movement, he changed his studies to science and determined to "save the country through science." After graduating from the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University in 1933, Zhao Jiuzhang passed the Geng Geng Examination and went to Berlin University in 1935 to study under meteorologist Hvon Fickel.

Zhao Jiuzhang received a doctorate from the University of Berlin in Germany in 1938. After returning to China, he taught at Southwest Associated University. In 1944, upon the recommendation of Professor Zhu Kezhen, he took charge of the Institute of Meteorology, Academia Sinica, and assumed the important task of laying the foundation for modern meteorological science in China after Zhu Kezhen. In 1946, the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica moved to the Arctic Pavilion in Nanjing and became one of the important bases for modern meteorological research in my country. At the end of the Liberation War, the Institute of Meteorology was ordered to move to Taiwan. Zhao Jiuzhang and the scientists at the institute stayed together to welcome the birth of New China and made indelible contributions to the meteorological cause of the motherland.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhao Jiuzhang promoted the establishment of the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Under the chairmanship of Zhao Jiuzhang, the institute quickly developed into a scientific research institution full of talents. A group of accomplished scientists from institutes such as the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Lanzhou Plateau Institute of Atmospheric Physics have all received direct or indirect guidance from Zhao Jiuzhang.

Zhao Jiuzhang served as the leader of the meteorological group of the National Science and Technology Commission in 1956, and was elected as the chairman of the Chinese Meteorological Society for two consecutive terms in 1958 and 1962. In 1955, he was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Zhao Jiuzhang has made outstanding contributions in the fields of meteorology, geophysics, space physics and other fields, and has trained a large number of talents for scientific undertakings.

In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, technical strength was weak. Zhao Jiuzhang and Tu Changwang worked together to establish the Joint Weather Forecast Center and the Joint Data Center, which were the two most basic branches of the new China's meteorological undertakings (weather analysis and forecasting and meteorology). data) laid the foundation for the development. He and several well-known scientists served as business leaders and engaged in practical work in these two joint institutions.

Zhao Jiuzhang made important contributions by linking the development of science with the national economy. In the early 1950s, Zhao Jiuzhang advocated changing the local microclimate by planting windbreak forest belts in Guangdong and other places, creating conditions for transplanting rubber to subtropical areas.

In the mid-1950s, artificial precipitation research began internationally. Under Zhao Jiuzhang's active initiative, artificial precipitation was studied in a large agricultural country like China, which enabled my country's cloud physics research to be carried out and made achievements in warm cloud precipitation theory and cumulus dynamics. Research results.

Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to the modernization of meteorology. In the early 1950s, through a large amount of work and research, he promptly proposed that meteorology should be mathematical, physical, engineering and new technology, and implemented this guiding ideology in his work. This has great guiding significance for the modernization of meteorology in my country.

In the early 1950s, the advent of computers provided the conditions for the development of weather forecasting from qualitative to quantitative. Zhao Jiuzhang supported and encouraged Gu Zhenchao, who had just returned from abroad, to use hand-calculated graphical methods to solve differential equations, thus making our country Numerical prediction has developed and grown, and a number of scientific and technological forces have been cultivated. When my country's first computer appeared, numerical forecast research and business began, laying the foundation for my country's official release of numerical forecasts in the late 1960s. At the same time, Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to the application of new telemetry and remote sensing technologies to atmospheric science. In the mid-1950s, he supported the application of aerodynamic wind tunnels and advanced testing instruments to study atmospheric turbulence. Under Zhao Jiuzhang's vigorous promotion, China's only two ozone observatories were established, which laid the foundation for studying the ozone components in the atmosphere.

According to the needs of national construction, Zhao Jiuzhang continues to explore new research fields. Ocean tide observation research is of great significance to my country's national defense and economic construction, but it was blank at the time. In the early 1950s, Zhao Jiuzhang personally guided the research on waves and wave spectra in my country's sea areas, developed observation equipment and a set of observation and analysis instruments, and contributed to the understanding of wave characteristics in my country's sea areas and the development of marine resources.

Zhao Jiuzhang is one of the advocates and founders of China’s artificial satellite industry. He actively promotes the development of space science. Since the late 1950s, Zhao Jiuzhang has devoted himself to the creation of my country's space industry with great enthusiasm. In 1958, Zhao Jiuzhang was the main technical person in charge of the Second Department of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and was responsible for various preparations for satellite development. In October of the same year, he put forward the important suggestion that "China should follow the path of self-reliance in developing artificial satellites, from small to large, from low-level to high-level." During the three-year difficult period in the 1960s, Zhao Jiuzhang adjusted his development plan in a timely manner, focusing his main efforts on meteorological rockets with less investment in funds and manpower, gradually carrying out other high-altitude physical detections, and exploring the development direction of satellites. In the early 1960s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully launched a weather rocket. Various instruments in the Arrow instrument cabin, radio telemetry system, power supply and radar tracking and positioning system were all developed by the Institute of Geophysics under the leadership of Zhao Jiuzhang. They also developed the Doppler speed measurement and positioning system and beacon used by the "Dongfanghong 1" artificial satellite.

In the autumn of 1964, Zhao Jiuzhang lost no time in submitting a formal proposal for satellite development to the State Council, which attracted the attention of the central government. In March 1965, the central government approved the plan proposed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since October 1965, further demonstrations of the overall satellite construction plan have been held under the auspices of the leadership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zhao Jiuzhang put forward important opinions at the meeting.

Immediately afterwards, the 651 Design Institute, which was responsible for implementing the artificial satellite development plan, was established, and Zhao Jiuzhang took charge of the science, engineering and technology work. He played an important role in the development planning of China's satellite series and the formulation of specific detection plans, and in the determination of China's first artificial earth satellite, returnable satellite and other overall plans and the development of key technologies. Won the National Science and Technology Progress Special Award in 1985. Zhao Jiuzhang has made outstanding contributions in scientific research.

Zhao Jiuzhang is the founder of Chinese dynamic meteorology. In 1938, Zhao Jiuzhang introduced mathematics and physics into meteorology, studied the thermodynamics between the mainstreams of the trade wind belt, and completed my country's first dynamic meteorology paper - "Thermodynamics of the Mainstream of the Trade Wind Belt".

The concept of planetary wave baroclinic instability was first proposed by Zhao Jiuzhang. In 1945, Zhao Jiuzhang pointed out that the actual atmosphere can be unstable in a baroclinic state, that is, the amplitude will increase over time to form the distribution and development of troughs and ridges in the pressure field observed on weather maps. This is the theory of modern weather forecasting. One of the basics. When Zhao Jiuzhang gave this academic report at the University of Chicago in 1946, it attracted great attention from international meteorologists. In the history of the development of meteorology, it is recognized that "in 1946 AD, Zhao Jiuzhang of China proposed the concept of planetary wave instability."

In the early 1960s, Zhao Jiuzhang guided his students to study the changes in the Stormer trapping zone during geomagnetic disturbances and the mechanism of charged particles penetrating the geomagnetic field. He also wrote "High-altitude Atmospheric Physics" "monograph.

Under his leadership, research topics such as seismic observations and shock wave propagation rules of nuclear explosion tests, as well as the physical phenomena of warheads re-entering the atmosphere, were completed.

Zhao Jiuzhang is an excellent scientist and an enthusiastic educator, and has trained many scientific talents. He was diligent in his studies and enthusiastic about educating people. Some of my country's famous meteorologists such as Ye Duzheng, Gu Zhenchao, Tao Shiyan, Gu Junxi, and Guo Xiaolan were all mentored by him. Zhao Jiuzhang attached great importance to basic education. When he was the director of the Institute of Geophysics, he founded the Department of Geophysics of the University of Science and Technology of China in 1958. He proposed a "combination of departments" approach to running the department, and personally gave lectures on high-altitude physics and guided graduate students.

Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to talents and cultivates and promotes talents. Zhou Xiuji, Zeng Qingcun, and Chao Jiping are all outstanding scientific talents who grew up through Zhao Jiuzhang's continuous care, love and encouragement.

Zhao Jiuzhang encouraged students to have their own original ideas and pay attention to cultivating a democratic academic atmosphere. The research groups he organized, such as the Wave Group and the Magnetic Storm Group, held academic seminars every week. After the center's speech, there was a lively discussion argue. In this research group, various solar-terrestrial related phenomena are studied, and a number of international-level results have been achieved, laying a good foundation for my country's space physics research.

Zhao Jiuzhang could not wait until April 24, 1970. When China's first man-made satellite was launched into space, this outstanding scientist who was well-known at home and abroad had passed away unjustly a year and a half ago. People will never forget this scientist who devoted all his efforts to science. In 1997, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the birth of Mr. Zhao Jiuzhang, 44 famous scientists including Wang Ganchang initiated the erection of a bronze statue of Mr. Zhao Jiuzhang with the approval of the central government to commemorate his contribution to my country's scientific cause. In 1999, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission solemnly commended 23 scientific and technological experts who made outstanding contributions to the development of "two bombs and one satellite" and awarded them the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Service Medal". Academician Zhao Jiuzhang is one of them.

Wang Daheng

(Wang Daheng, 1915.2—) Male. Vice Chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and expert in applied optics.

A native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University in 1936. In 1938, he went to study at Imperial College London, England, specializing in applied photonics, and received a master's degree in 1940. In 1942, he was hired as an assistant researcher by Chance Company in Birmingham, England. After returning to China in 1948, he served as the director of the Department of Applied Physics of Dalian University for two years, and later served as the director of the Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics for more than 30 years. He also served as president of Harbin University of Science and Technology, director of the Instrument Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, vice president of the 15th Academy of Science and Technology for National Defense, president of the Changchun Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, director of the Institute of Electrical Engineering, vice chairman of the Fourth CPPCC Jilin Province, China Optical Society, China Chairman of the Society of Measurement and Testing, Vice Chairman of the Chinese Instrument and Control Society. In 1955, he was elected as a member of the Department of Technology and Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Joined the Communist Party of China in 1978. After 1983, he served as deputy director and director of the Department of Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1986, he was elected as the third vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. In May 1993, he was elected as the honorary president of the China Advanced Technology and Industrial Management Research Association and the vice president of the second China Federation of Retired Science and Technology Workers Groups.

In June 1994, he was elected as an academician and member of the presidium of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In December 1994, he was appointed as the president of the China Veteran Science and Technology Workers Foundation. In addition, he also served as the honorary chairman of the China Photonics Society, the honorary chairman of the China Instrument and Control Society, the honorary chairman of the China Metrology and Testing Society, and the chairman of the Beijing Association for Science and Technology. He is a representative of the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a representative of the 3rd to 6th National People's Congress, and a member of the 3rd and 7th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

In-depth research on Chinese technical optics, lasers, optical metrology, optical glass and optical engineering. Guided the successful development of a variety of optical observation equipment. Make outstanding contributions to the creation and development of applied optics, optical engineering, optical precision machinery, space optics, laser science and metrology science in China. Since the 1960s, China's first laser, the first large-scale optical measurement equipment and many national defense optical instruments have been produced. In the 1970s, he presided over the formulation of the country's first remote sensing scientific plan and led comprehensive aerial remote sensing experiments. In March 1986, together with four scientists including Chen Fangyun, Yang Jiaqi, and Wang Ganchang, they proposed to the central government a proposal to "develop China's strategic high technologies" and were approved by Comrade Deng Xiaoping. As a result, the State Council issued a notice on the "Outline of the High Technology Development Plan". One "outline" was called the "863 Plan."

Won the title of National Model Worker in 1979. Won the National Science and Technology Progress Special Award in 1985. In January 1995, he won the 1994 Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Excellence Award. In 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Service Medal."

Guo Yonghuai

Rongcheng City, Shandong Province, born in 1909, male, member of the Communist Party of China, aerodynamicist, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Graduated from the Department of Physics of Peking University in 1935. In 1940, he went to Canada to study in the Department of Applied Mathematics at the University of Toronto and received a master's degree. In 1941, he went to the California Institute of Technology in the United States to study compressible fluid mechanics. After receiving his doctorate in 1945, he stayed at the school as a researcher. From 1946, he served as an associate professor and professor at Cornell University in the United States. After returning to China in 1957, he successively served as deputy director of the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, vice chairman of the Chinese Mechanics Society, deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute of the Second Ministry of Machinery, and deputy director of the Ninth Research Institute. Died in 1968.

In the development of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs in my country, he led and organized research work on detonation mechanics, high-pressure equations of state, aerodynamics, flight mechanics, structural mechanics and weapon environment experimental science, and solved a series of problems. Major issues. In 1985, he won the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award.