Argumentation is the process of using arguments to prove an argument. The argument of the argumentative essay is to solve the problem of "what to prove", the argument is to solve the problem of "what to prove", and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to make the argument". The purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments and arguments. (1) Argumentative argumentation is generally divided into two types: argumentation and refutation. ① Argument is an argumentative method that positively explains the author's opinions and opinions on a certain event or issue. When expressing your attitude, you should pay attention to the following three points: 1) These opinions and opinions must be the result of careful thinking or certain practice, and they must be your unique and correct understanding and insights, or they must be able to solve practical problems. claim. It is necessary to make readers feel new ideas, increase their knowledge, and improve their understanding of things. 2) The argument must be based on the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is asked at the beginning, and the ending should be attributed to this question. In the process of argumentation, you cannot go too far off topic, use it arbitrarily, or change the topic arbitrarily. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument must be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments must revolve around the central thesis. This way the reader can clearly understand the sub-points and the central argument. The argumentative essay is very logical, and the argument must stick to the center and be consistent from beginning to end. 3) "Establishment" is often based on "breakdown". In the process of making an argument, you need to mention some wrong opinions and claims, deny and refute them to enhance your persuasiveness and prevent readers from misunderstanding your views. ② Refutation is an argument method that uses strong arguments to refute other people's wrong arguments. There are three methods: counterargument, counterargument, and counterargument. Since an argumentative essay is organically composed of three parts: argument, argument, and demonstration, refuting the argument or argument also denies the argument, which has the same effect as directly refuting the argument. A refutation paper can be combined with several refutation methods to enhance the power and persuasiveness of the refutation. 1) Refuting arguments, that is, directly refuting the one-sidedness, falsehood or fallacy of the opponent's argument itself. This is the most commonly used method in refutation. 2) Refuting arguments, that is, revealing the errors in the other party's arguments in order to overthrow the other party's arguments; because wrong arguments must lead to wrong arguments. 3) Refutation of argument, that is, exposing the opponent's logical errors in the argumentation process, such as the contradiction between the major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the opponent's arguments, the contradiction between the argument and the evidence, etc. Both argumentation and refutation are a kind of proof. One is to prove that it is correct from the positive side, and the other is to prove that it is wrong from the negative side. They can use essentially the same argumentation methods. (2) The basic structural level of argumentation: syllogism structure. Ask a question (introduction) → analyze the problem (thesis) → solve the problem (conclusion) Common argument structures: a. Total fraction structure b. Comparative structure c. Hierarchical structure d. Parallel structure (3) Argument There are several methods: 1) Demonstration with examples (factual argument): Listing conclusive, sufficient, representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrating the point of view (main argument or sub-argument) concretely and forcefully to enhance the persuasiveness of the article )2) Logical argumentation: Use incisive insights from Marxist-Leninist classics, famous sayings of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign celebrities, and recognized theorems and formulas to prove arguments; (Function: effectively demonstrate the point of view (main argument or sub-argument), strengthen The authoritativeness and persuasiveness of the article) 3) Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the argument in the comparison; (Function: highlight and comprehensively demonstrate the point of view (main argument or sub-argument) to make people impressed Profound) 4) Metaphorical argument: Use familiar things as metaphors to prove arguments. (Function: vividly demonstrate the point of view (main argument or sub-argument), making the article easy to understand, easy to understand and accept) In addition, in the refutation, the method of "using the spear of the son and attacking the shield of the son" is often used Methods of criticism and "reductio ad absurdum". It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers. 5) Citation argument: Citation argument is more complicated, which is related to the specific citation materials. There are various situations such as quoting famous quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. (Function: "dp" should specifically analyze "/dp". For example, quoting famous quotes, aphorisms, and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; quoting celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract people. Readers read on.

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