Perhaps you have been to Jiangnan, and the blue tile walls and small bridges in the misty rain exude a gentle and charming atmosphere; Perhaps you have visited the ancient capital of a thousand years, and the carved beams and painted buildings and yellow tile cornices under the clear sky are full of majesty and majesty. Harbin shows you another style and charm.
Harbin has long been famous at home and abroad for a song "On the Sun Island". The Songhua River as clear as practice and the Sun Island as bright as pearls have become symbols of Harbin's beautiful natural scenery. But have friends ever known that Harbin's unique architectural art is equally charming? When it comes to architectural art, we can't help but mention the history of urban construction. Although far away from the Central Plains and lacking the necessary cultural exchanges with it, Sushen people also live in Harbin.
/kloc-In the 1930s of 0/0, Nuzhen once established Alejin Village here; /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Jin people, descendants of Su Shen, established the capital of Jingning House in Baichengzi, Acheng County. After that, Harbin gradually developed, but by the end of 19, Harbin was still an unknown small fishing village, and it was not until the construction of the Middle East Railway that it became an opportunity for urban development. Imagine that on the Songhua River 100 years ago, hardworking people lived a leisurely life here, and everything was so quiet and comfortable. Suddenly one day, a research ship from Russia went upstream and found this paradise, so everything changed. The rumbling whistle pushed this little-known town to a new development path. Of course, the development is also mixed with humiliation and helplessness. Perhaps Harbin is destined to be such a legendary city, and its architectural art has a strong exotic cultural atmosphere from the beginning. I'm afraid, because I'm far away from the strong cultural atmosphere in the Central Plains, and I'm less bound by ideas, so I'm easy to accept new things. It can be said that Harbin absorbed the architectural culture of Western Europe, Russia and Japan in a passive and open state, and gradually formed today's colorful architectural style. It is precisely because of this history that Harbin's architecture is so exotic. Harbin's architecture has generally experienced two stages of development: modern and modern, and the development of its modern architecture includes the initial stage, the development stage and the later stage. The "exotic customs" we are familiar with refer to its diverse buildings.
From 1898 to 19 17, it is the early stage of the development of modern architecture in Harbin, and it is also the period when its architectural style was laid. During this period, with the construction of railways in the Middle East and the expansion of Russian forces, Orthodox churches, railway workers' residences and senior officials' residences were built, as well as official buildings with the "Art Nouveau" style prevailing in the West at that time, such as railway bureau building, railway station, railway hotel, shopping mall, railway technical school and railway business school. These buildings constitute the basic features of early Harbin architecture. The period from 19 17 to 193 1 is the development period of modern architecture in Harbin. As we all know, the October Revolution broke out in China in 19 17. 1920, the government recovered the sovereignty of the Middle East railway. Since then, Harbin has gradually developed into a big city with more than 10 consulates and more than 400 foreign-invested enterprises. During this period, the cultures of various countries blended obviously, and the church was still the main building. Only the Orthodox Church was rebuilt and expanded 18. Different from Russian style and "Art Nouveau" style, which were dominant in the early stage of architectural development, although the above styles were still followed in this period, more eclectic styles were integrated into the architecture and gradually became the mainstream. From 193 1 to 1949, it can be considered as the late stage of modern architecture development. After the well-known "September 18th Incident", the architectural style of Harbin has undergone new changes-on the one hand, modern Japanese architecture in the 1930s was built in Harbin; On the other hand, buildings with eclecticism, romanticism and classical revival tendency are still favored. 1946 Harbin was liberated, but the city is still in the adjustment period. It was not until 1949 that the new China was founded that Harbin began to enter a brand-new period of modern architecture, which also put an end to modern architecture.
(Oriental Moscow) Harbin has many nicknames, and "Oriental Moscow" is one of them. Walking on the streets of Harbin, you will be attracted by the exquisite architecture that jumps into your eyes from time to time. Buildings with Russian charm are mainly churches, houses and small restaurants built of wood and brick. Even those who haven't been to Harbin must have heard of "Lama Terrace", which was built in 1899 and located in St. Nicholas Church in museum square today. This church with a wooden well and a dry tent roof is a symbol of "Oriental Moscow". Unfortunately, it was demolished in the "ten years of turmoil" and became an irreparable regret. Today, friends can only lead the way from pictures and models (existing Harbin Architectural Art Museum). The building plane is octagonal, with an altar in the east wing and entrances in the other three wings. The walls are littered with neat logs, revealing a rough and unrestrained temperament. On the upper floor of the main entrance is a towering bell tower, with a big clock hanging on it and several Jason Chung hanging on each side. Whenever the majestic night bell rings in the sunset, the three onion-like roofs above the ridge in the afterglow will look so light and elegant. In the center of the building stands an octahedral drum base that shrinks inward. Above the drum base is a tall tent roof with a small onion shape at the end, which makes the roof fuller. At that time, this elegant and exquisite building brought spiritual comfort to many devout believers. Another building with a strong Russian style is Hagia Sophia. The plane of the church is cross-shaped and the walls are all red bricks. The most striking thing in the whole building is the huge and full onion dome standing in the center, which sits on the drum base of 16 polyhedron and becomes the conductor of the spire of the four-wing church. This church's exquisite bricklaying skills and rigorous and perfect Byzantine style have become another symbol of "Oriental Moscow". In addition to these two elegant churches, there are Notre Dame Cathedral in Dongdazhi Street, Notre Dame Ascension Church in Harbin Amusement Park and St. Aleksev Church in Shike Street, all of which are representative works of Russian Orthodox Church. Wandering in the charming Stalin Park, you will see a small building hidden among green trees, which is the riverside park hotel with rich Russian folk customs built in the 1930s. This small restaurant is more like an elegant artistic sketch. The most distinctive feature is the stigma decoration of its wooden veranda, just like the bird's tail decoration in triumphant, which is hollowed out into a feather shape and decorated with bright colors such as gold and blue, as if it would drift away with the wind at any time. In the quiet natural scenery, its patchwork roofs, exquisite decorations and elegant colors are quite dreamy, just like a fairyland. Speaking of this, maybe friends will suddenly realize: "No wonder Harbin will be called' Oriental Moscow'." Indeed, Gu Zhuo's elegant and magnificent Orthodox churches, exquisite houses and small restaurants, some dotted in city squares, some distributed in residential areas, have become wonderful notes to compose the main theme of magnificent Russian architectural style.
(Little Paris in the East) Maybe you have heard of another nickname of Harbin-"Little Paris in the East". Maybe you will guess: "Is there any French architecture in Harbin? Indeed, there are not only various French classical revivals and eclectic buildings in Harbin, but also the "Art Nouveau" style that swept the world in the early 20th century, which is more mature in Harbin's architecture. Its superb architectural art is no less than that of French architecture in the same period, which is why Harbin has such a good reputation. On Xidazhi Street in nangang district, there is an elegant and charming large building-Harbin Railway Bureau Building, which is also a "big stone house". Its length is 182. A 24-meter facade, imagine such a long facade. If the building faces the street, the viewer can't have a clear vision, so the building retreats 64 meters, forming a Little Square between the building and the street. There are pines and cypresses and flowers everywhere in the square, and the thick green color is in harmony with the dark green tone of the building itself. In addition, the building attracts people's attention, such as the face with the window, the rounded curve, and the cast iron railings on the balcony, such as flower leaves and vines, which are very dynamic. These are typical features of "Art Nouveau" architecture. The whole building is decorated with mottled dark green bluestone, which is gorgeous and exquisite. It is said that during the construction, the stone slabs were laid on the ground first, numbered in turn, and then embedded in the wall one by one. It is precisely because of such precise construction that building materials have an elegant appearance and become a model of Harbin's "Art Nouveau" style.
Old Harbin people may never forget the old railway station, which is an exciting building. It was built in 1899, and then a new railway station was built on the original site. The curved appearance, oval doors and windows, and dynamic curved cast iron line decoration make the whole building look extremely generous, like waves jumping and jumping, like a sea of various free curves. It is really appropriate to take such a fashionable building as the gateway to the city.
The Heilongjiang Provincial Museum in museum square is also a beautiful "Art Nouveau" building. It used to be a shopping center in Moscow, containing some elements of French architectural style. The stretched building is like a red and yellow ribbon, carefully dotted with the skirt of the square. Whenever the sun shines on the back of the building, the square casts vivid shadows: sharp dark red square domes and scattered outlines, like reflections in dreams, add romantic colors to the square. Harbin's "Art Nouveau" style is also reflected in the private houses of small and medium-sized Trudeau officials. These garden houses have their common characteristics-all kinds of decorations that imitate the form of natural animals and plants; Round semicircles, flat and far windows, and even exquisite narrow and long trapezoidal windows are extremely lively, just like fairyland. Friends will envy the people who lived here in those days! At that time, in order to catch up with fashion, Russian designers applied the "Art Nouveau" style prevailing in France at the beginning of this century to Harbin. On the other hand, traditional French classical Renaissance architecture is also very popular. The leader's memorial hall in Yiyuan Street 1 is an example. This building, formerly known as Ge Varischi Mansion, was built in 1909.
Entering the building, you will be shocked by its noble temperament, and you will feel as if you are in a French feudal manor. The main building is two stories high with an attic above it. The huge Corinthian pilaster with two floors is gorgeous and solemn. The typical French Mensah double-fold roof is dark gray, which adds a dignified atmosphere. Several tall and straight Populus davidiana trees are planted in the yard, which are integrated with the whole building. There are many Renaissance classical buildings in Harbin, such as Northeast Martyrs Memorial Hall, Heilongjiang Art Museum and Harbin Branch of Bank of China. In addition, eclecticism and baroque style are also very popular. Songpu Foreign Firm (now Education Bookstore) is a very distinctive Baroque-style building-the exquisite statue on the facade, the curve of flying mountain flowers, the beautiful window decorations and the crimson dome all reflect the pure and harmonious European style. It is these beautiful buildings full of western flavor that constitute the style of "Little Paris in the East".
As the name implies, the influence of modern Japanese architecture also exists in Harbin. After the "September 18th Incident", "gentle breeze" is increasingly reflected in architecture, not referring to traditional Japanese architecture, but to modern architecture with modern colors. International Hotel, formerly known as New Harbin Hotel, is deeply influenced by Japanese architecture. This is a strange accordion-shaped building. You see, its strong vertical lines and zigzag volume are much like an accordion. This "accordion" plays a modern Japanese movement-a small gray-yellow tile is stuck on the wall, the window sill is simple, and the upper and lower window sills are decorated with exquisite bas-reliefs, which has a strong shadow effect. Other buildings include Heilongjiang Daily, Telegraph and Telephone Building and Daoli Department Store. Although they are not enough to become the main theme of urban architecture, they are indispensable gentle movements.
1926, Harbin Special City was established, but in fact it was controlled by Fengxi warlords, Jilin warlords and Heilongjiang warlords respectively. These warlords still advocate Confucianism and Mencius, and the national capital is getting stronger and stronger, so the traditional architecture has also been revived. During this period, Chinese-style buildings such as Puyu Middle School (now Harbin No.3 Middle School), Gokurakuji and Confucian Temple were built one after another. The Confucian Temple in Harbin was established under this background 1926. At that time, General Zhang Xueliang wrote an inscription, hoping to carry forward national culture and national spirit. The Confucian Temple covers an area of 6 hectares, and its scale is second to none in Northeast China. The whole building is divided into three courtyards. If you have a bird's eye view of the Confucius Temple complex, you will definitely feel the solemn and peaceful atmosphere created by pine trees, cypresses and cornices. The distant artistic conception is completely different from the warm European style, and you will feel the profoundness of China traditional architecture. Harbin is inhabited by expatriates from various countries, so its religious development is diversified, and its religious buildings are also rich and colorful. Harbin is dominated by the Orthodox Church, but mosques, Christian churches and Tatar temples also add a beautiful stroke to urban architecture. As a representative of Buddhist temples, Gokurakuji is a masterpiece of temple architecture. As one of the four Buddhist jungles in Northeast China, which are equally famous as prajna temple in Changchun, Ji 'an Temple in Shenyang and Lengyan Temple in Yingkou, Gokurakuji is famous for its rigorous overall layout, rich scriptures, solemn white jade Buddha statues and exquisite seven-level pagodas. The layout of Gokurakuji follows the modeling of traditional temple architecture, facing south, with bell tower and drum tower in the east and west. The theme building is arranged along the longitudinal axis, with halls and wings on both sides. The solemnity of the Confucius Temple, the detachment and tranquility of Gokurakuji, and the Zhu Zhu wall bricks of other Chinese-style buildings add another luster to the city.
(Modern flavor) After the founding of New China, Harbin urban architecture has also turned a new page. In 1950s, the urban construction of Harbin was dominated by industrial buildings, and other types of buildings such as workers' cultural palace and youth palace were also built. The architectural style is mainly eclecticism, but it is no longer a pure western architectural style. After 1980s, the new buildings in Harbin changed with each passing day, represented by the Military Museum of Heilongjiang Province and the Harbin Municipal Committee Building. These two buildings have interpreted the characteristics of the times with brand-new architectural concepts, exquisite design techniques and brand-new architectural vocabulary. What is more valuable is that they realize the contrast and harmony between old and new buildings and open up new ideas for the creation of new buildings. Since the 1990s, star-rated hotels and office buildings have stood in the Songhua River and downtown areas, adding rich rhythm to the urban skyline. At this time, Harbin is permeated with the modern atmosphere of an international metropolis, and it is also a continuation of the rich western architectural style in modern times.