According to statistics, there are 120 common notional words in classical Chinese: love, security, quilt, times, this, lightness, soldier, illness, inspection, Korea, Zeng, cheng, sincerity, division, words, obedience, danger, death, morality, degree, negation, repetition and cover. If, good, less, involved, win, know, make, is, appropriate, book, which, genus, number, rate, say, private, vegetarian, soup, tears, acts, death, king, hope, evil, micro, informed, phase, thank you, letter, xing, line, auspicious. In addition, there are common usages of function words in classical Chinese, which also belong to the scope of investigation. Classical Chinese function words are more complex, flexible and diverse than real words, and it is difficult to distinguish and grasp them. There are 18 commonly used function words in classical Chinese, namely: knowledge, qi, two, then, meaning, nai, Yu, zhe, cause, leaf, Hu, Yan, harmony, micro, if, qi and suo. Identifying common classical Chinese sentence patterns The common classical Chinese sentence patterns are judgmental sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, inversion sentence and fixed sentence pattern. Especially inverted sentences, including prepositional object, attributive postposition, prepositional structure postposition, adverbial postposition, verb inversion and so on. The probability of being investigated is very high. Students can classify the sentences in the text according to the characteristics of various sentence patterns, so as to be familiar with the text (so-called dragnet review) and identify and master common classical Chinese sentence patterns. Translating classical Chinese sentences in Chinese is actually to examine the comprehensive ability of candidates to use classical Chinese, including both notional words and function words; Not only are parts of speech used flexibly (nouns are verbs, verbs are nouns, adjectives are verbs, adjectives are nouns, causative usage, intentional usage, etc.). ), including the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese, and the ability of candidates to use modern Chinese to organize language. The translation of classical Chinese sentences generally depends on the setting of scores, judging how many points to give, generally, one point is 1, and then judging which key substantive words must be explained and what special grammatical phenomena the sentence contains, all of which must be reflected through translation and must be well understood, otherwise there will be no great victory in countless minds and puzzles. Can write famous classical Chinese articles in dictation, usually choose four out of five sentences, with 4 points. Both in and out of class. Pay equal attention to prose and poetry. Pay attention to the three versions of cross-reciting articles in class. At present, the titles of the three versions are: Shi Shuo, Drinking, Pipa Xing (the second paragraph), Tianmu Mountain Dream Ascending to Heaven, Jixiang Xuanzhi (the first paragraph) and Six Kingdoms. After class, there are mainly well-known famous sayings. We must pay attention to the phenomenon of multiple words, missing words and changing words, and there must be no typos. You know, if one word is wrong, the whole score of 1 will be gone, and all previous efforts will be in vain. The dictation of famous classical Chinese sentences is mainly to examine the accumulated attitude of our classmates. In this way, it is not aimless to know yourself, understand yourself and review classical Chinese. Ask team sports fans *** 1 person to edit and answer 20 10-06-27 2 1:30. At the same time, it also plays the role of preposition "Yu" and pronoun "Shi". Example: ① Debate about the fear of hiding (having) Cao Gui; ② Discussion about the high beam and the hidden (having) Huang Sheng borrowing books. 1, table title. Used before verbs to indicate "where" and "how". Example: ① How to Place Earthwork (Where) 《 Gong Yu Mountain 》 2. Substitute. The usage of "zhi" is the same. Example: ② Fu Cha folkways (referring to this article), On Snake Catcher, ③ Sometimes offering (referring to snakes), On Snake Catcher, and thirdly, mood auxiliary words. Often used at the end of a sentence to express the tone of statement, question and exclamation. It can be translated into "you", "le" and "la" or not. For example: ① I think the number (untranslated) Biography of Mr. Wu Liu (20,000 minutes), Fish I Want (3), Three Sideways, You Must Learn from My Teacher (untranslated) and Ten Analects of Confucius (4), which are used after adjectives, are equivalent to "ran" and can be translated as "……". Exodus: but you play with it stubbornly (for example, his family is smart, but his neighbor's father is suspicious. (2) don't know and don't care, isn't it a gentleman? (3) there is public welfare in the world, but it is not prosperous. 4 green is taken from blue, and green is blue. (2) It indicates a positive relationship, connecting the adverbial and the head word, which is equivalent to "zhe" and "di", or not translated. : Exodus: I'm exhausted. (2) the uproar and terror, although chickens and dogs can't be peaceful. (3) If the deceased was guilty at the age of one, everyone else would be happy. (4) Return at dusk. ⑤ Cover your mouth and smile. (3) It represents the hypothetical relationship and connects the subject and the predicate, which is equivalent to "if" and "if". Exodus: ① People without faith don't know what they can do. (2) If you are interested, you can also expect horses. (4) indicating juxtaposition is equivalent to "moreover", "you", "harmony" or no translation. Example: ① Sensitive and studious, not ashamed to ask questions. ② There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white. (3) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but no one sends it. (4) frivolous in Qin dynasty. (5) indicating inheritance, which is equivalent to "harmony", "harmony", "rigidity" or no translation. Example: ① Choose the good and follow it, and change the bad. The more you smell it, the more sad it is. (3) Place it, draw your sword and break it. (4) Stop sliding and return. [6] Pass "Ru": It seems, it seems. Exodus: The army gave up when it was shocked and bad. Once through "uh", you, yours. Example: ① Weng Gui. If you want to die, your father. (3) and mother is here. Just ... Example: ① A ventriloquist sits in a barrier with only a table, a chair, a fan and a ruler. 2 that's all. (3) When a seal comes out, it is easy to dive. (4) This heart thinks that the knowledge of the world is only me. (5) Compared with other big rivers, it is only a small tributary. "and then" just, just. Example: ① Look at the help of skin and horn, and then look at it as body. (2) I try my best to die. (3) Then March. Storytelling is a small skill, but it must have temperament and customs. For example, Youmeng can succeed by shaking his head and singing. (5) hypocrisy, see you later. "What's more" means "what's more", which is to go further with rhetorical questions. Example: (1) Zhong Qing was put into the water today, although the wind and waves were silent. And the situation is stone! (2) The skills are not bad, but the situation is good! Almost (1) means interrogative tone, which is equivalent to "mom" and "you". Is it difficult to do things in the world? (2) Isn't this far small, but near big? (3) Will you use real beans to sacrifice for the guests? However, isn't Hu himself? Does the husband also love his little son? What if it is poisonous? ⑦ Will you be born with sadness? Does your majesty smell the anger of Buyi? Pet-name ruby QiGu theft? Attending but after the new defeat in Yuzhou, can Ann resist this? (1 1) Brave, can you drink any more? (12) So far? Have you ever heard of Qi Huan and Jin Wen? (14) How can I protect the people if I am alone? (2) It means rhetorical tone, which is equivalent to "mom" and "you". Example: ① Who is Zhihu? (2) study from time to time, not to mention? (3) people take it, and they never say enough? (4) What kind of prince would you rather have? If you want a sword, isn't it confusing? 6 The friendship between Heyi and Yi has not been deceived. What is the situation in the whole country? I am a teacher, and my husband knows that his years were born in me. Isn't it from Confucianism that Mencius is abolished today? Pet-name ruby unkind person? Attending skills and experience, but how bad? ③ Adjective suffix, sometimes equivalent to "land". Exodus: ① Nowadays, those who wear tiger symbols and sit in high places are almost as good as Gancheng. (2) so today's tomb is full of five people. (3) Those who enter the room without thickness will have room for recovery. Suddenly, I did it. (4) means measurement and adjustment, which is equivalent to "Ba". For example: (1) Did you drink well during the eclipse? (2) The reason why saints are holy and fools are stupid is because? (3) The King of Qi is very happy, so the state of Qi is almost average. (4) The teacher is tired and the teacher is far away. Nothing is impossible. 5] with "in". Example: (1) clamoring for things, running north and south. (2) Although this is death, it is later than my neighbor's death. I doubt it. (Almost: Right. The meaning of drunkenness is not wine, but also between mountains and rivers. (5) during this period. 6. The law of the first king came from the world. ⑦ The period of a good sword is almost broken, but it won't break unexpectedly. (almost: the object of introducing action. ) 8 was born before me, and its smell was solid before me? Pet-name ruby it is no wonder that its private. It is learned to join a gentleman, but you can save yourself by taking part in one day. (Almost: Right. ) (1 1) words have not been exported, and sorrow and joy are ahead. (12) Covering gold is almost a skill. (13) Wang changed color. (14) I like Tao best: I am better at it. (15) According to Heaven, approve and guide. I grow taller every day. (er: than. (17) was taken in this big country. (18) was written by an extraordinary person. (19) bath and release. (20) You are alone in the mountains. (6) Expressing sigh tone, which is equivalent to "ah" and "ya". Example: ① Alas! Who knows that Fu Lian's poison is very snake! (2) Hehe, the swallow knows the ambition of the swan! 3 days, people, already! (7) The tone of discussion is equivalent to "horse" and "handle". Exodus: (1) If you die today, you will die if you plan a great event. If you wait to die, how can you die? (2) come, then the king? Used in sentences to indicate a pause. Therefore, Shu Qi (1) is used as the third person, indicating the affiliation, which is equivalent to "he, she, it (them)." Example: ① His son said, "It's good not to build." (its: his. ) 2 Fear of being attacked by enemies before and after. (its: theirs. Her husband is talking nonsense. (it's: hers. ) 4 I have a clear name, but I have no reality. (it: it) The disciples of the jar are not as virtuous as Confucius. (its: theirs. ) 6 its hairpin skirt coat, all three are the same makeup. (He: theirs. Among them, among them. There are two monks in Shu, one is poor and the other is rich. (2) Choose one or two buttons between rocks. (3) there are often one or two things that they don't teach. ⑶ Live in the first person. Equivalent to "I (mine)" and "myself (mine)." Example: ① Take its name. (2) Give up his Selected Works. (3) both its out. (It: we) I'm also sorry that I couldn't enjoy the trip with him. (5) His fame is still no less than that of Cao. (it: mine) 6 will be at a loss, and the ants will attach it. ⑦ Don't be arrogant because of its wealth. ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ ⑧ 931 Attending also speak your mind! (4) Used as the third person, it is equivalent to "he, she and it (them)." Example: ① The wife knelt down and asked her why. ? (2) think about worry. It can guide you when you show it first. (it: they) 4 hope to ask their advice. (They: They) 5 Success is small and self-abased. (it: it) 6 I didn't know it was tens of millions. (They: They) (5) Expressing rhetorical mood in sentences is equivalent to "don't" and "how". Exodus: ① With the strength of more than a year, the mountain cannot be destroyed. What are things like dirt and stones? Like dirt and stones. What can you do with these mud stones? (2) What can it be? (3) and Wan Li road, who doesn't know? 4 is it the dead king? [6] means people, things and things, and refers to distance, which is equivalent to words like "that". Example: ① those who don't set colors: ink painting. (it: that. ) 2 pregnant with it. (it: that piece) if it gets out, it will be accused. (the original meaning refers to the latter "qi": that is. (4) his capital punishment, saying: "Follow me, that is, stab him in the heart first; Everything is exhausted, and the heart still exists. " (it: say if. (5) Who wants He Yun if you don't marry Yi Lang? (its future: later, in the future) 6 is not necessarily true. (it: like that. (7) The relationship of choice is equivalent to "yes or no". Example: Is it really innocent? I really don't know anything about horses? It is used to express people, things and things, and sometimes it means near, which is equivalent to the word "this". Example: (1) The third generation patent belongs to the Jiang family. (It: This kind of) 2 Waste is very difficult now. (it: this) 3 I won't see this disease today, but I will see it another day. (this: this kind. This is used with its synonyms. (9) imperative mood in the sentence is equivalent to "can" or "or". Example: ① I want to settle down in Anling, which has a land of 500 miles, but I can't settle down in Anling! (It: It' s necessary) I believe that at the age of five, I will come of age in a blink of an eye. You are good at caressing it. (it: yes. When you said it, you expressed your expectations. (3) If you can't attack, if you don't follow, you will retreat. With your three arrows, you will never forget your father's ambition! (it: yes, it must be. There is a sense of command here. The speculative mood expressed in the sentence is equivalent to "I'm afraid", "maybe", "impossible" and "possible". Exodus: ① He was given by my son under Uncle Huan. (2) The reason why saints are holy and fools are stupid is because? (3) Qi is almost average? (1 1) indicates a hypothetical relationship, which is equivalent to "if". Exodus: ① People who are unskilled in work and fail in morality, and those who are not inferior in nature, will be indifferent to others. (2) If so, which one can be defended? Yu "Yu" is a preposition, which is always combined with nouns, pronouns or phrases to form an object-object phrase, modifying verbs and adjectives to express various combinations. 1. Time, place, scope, object, aspect, reason, etc. The introduction of action can be translated as "in", "in", "to", "from", "to" and "to" as appropriate. See the general here again. The state of Jing is a country with a large land and a small population ("public loss" is in ... Please be ordered to ask General Sun for help. ("Battle of Red Cliffs" Volume II) The Emperor changed clothes and Sue chased him. ("Battle of Red Cliffs" to) that prison language is close to Shi Gongyun. (Zuo Yi Shi quotes from, quotes from) So the prince wants to marry you. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru is the same as Tong), it is shameful to be a teacher ... (Teacher's Commentary is right, right) Yesterday, the first emperor awarded the goods that the monks protected the western pearls to the courtiers ... (Remember Zhong Wang's public journey) 2. After adjectives, it means comparison, which can generally be translated as "than" and sometimes as "better". For example, Liang said, "I am longer than a minister." Ice is made of water, but it is cooler than water. Sometimes it just expresses the nature and state of the object, so it cannot be translated. For example, an unusual plan is hard to break ... (Five-person Tomb Monument) 3. After the verb, the person who introduces the behavior can be translated as "Bei", and sometimes there are words such as "seeing" and "accepting" before the verb. For example, I can't stand the distance. If I leave ... (Five Tomb Monuments), I'm afraid I'll be bullied by the King and lose Zhao ... (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ... (Battle of Red Cliffs) 4. The disyllabic function word "so" is not exactly the same as "so" in modern Chinese. (a) placed at the beginning of a sentence, indicating the sequential or causal relationship between the preceding and following sentences, which is the same as the current sequential or causal conjunction. Modern Chinese is also used in this way. So the king of Qin is not worried, but a blow. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) Wu Zhimin was heartbroken, so he quarreled and chased each other because of his harsh voice. (5 tombstones) (2) placed before or after the predicate, "then" is an adverbial or complement. According to the different usage of "Yu", it is equivalent to "here" and "from here" respectively. My father is dead, so is my father. (In this profession and Snake Catcher) 1. Used as a pronoun, it can be divided into several situations: (1) can indicate people, things and things. Dai is the third person. Translated into "he" (they) and "it" (they). Be an object or part-time language, not a subject. For example, write "Shi Shuo" to make it last. ("Shi Shuo" acts as an object. ) Let it happen. ("Encouraging learning" is a substitute for things and a part-time term. ) people are not born to know. ("Shi Shuo", on behalf of things, for things. (2) demonstrative pronouns, indicating near fingers. It can be translated into "this" and is usually used as a plural attribute. Such as: the second policy. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. Used as an auxiliary word, there are also several situations: (1) structural auxiliary word, the sign of attribute. Used between the attributive and the head word (noun), it can be translated into "de", and some cannot be translated. For example, if we can compete with China with the masses in wuyue. (Battle of Red Cliffs) The existence of Tao is also the existence of teacher (Shi Shuo) (2) The sign of structural auxiliary words and complements. Used between the head (verb, adjective) and the complement, it can be translated as "de". For example, the ancients' views on heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, vegetation and birds and beasts often gained something and sought the depth of thinking without exception. (You Baochan) 3 Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional objects. Used after the advanced object and before the verb predicate or preposition, it should be omitted in translation. What crime did Song commit? ("Public Loss", that is, "What Crime of Song Dynasty") (4) Structural auxiliary words. When the subject-predicate phrase is used as the subject, object or clause in a sentence, the "zhi" is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence, and translation is not necessary. Translation can also be omitted. Such as: the teacher's way has not been passed down for a long time! It's hard to be confused! ("Shi Shuo") Fierce officials came to my hometown to make trouble. (The Snake Catcher said) There is Kong Ming in the lonely and water in the fish. (Longzhong Dui) (5) Syllable auxiliary words. When used at the end of adjectives, adverbs or some verbs, or between three words, it becomes four words, which only plays the role of adjusting syllables and is meaningless, and should be omitted in translation. For example, in an instant, smoke burns for a long time. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Teacher Mao's eloquent tongue is better than a million teachers. 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