Thousand years of merits and demerits

Strong martial arts?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in China to expand its territory.

Qin Shihuang unified the six countries of the past dynasties and established the Qin Dynasty. However, the territory of the Qin empire was only half that of the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought against Xiongnu for 44 years, and his martial arts was unprecedented among emperors in China.

In the first year of Jianyuan (BC 140), Emperor Wu ascended the throne. At that time, the Huns were arrogant and the western regions were mysterious.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty must not tolerate "pro-diplomacy" for his father, and submit to humiliation in exchange for short-term peace. He has sufficient financial and human resources, persistent ambition and ambition to conquer and explore.

In the second year of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne (before Jianyuan 139), Zhang Qian was sent to Dayue's family, hoping to form a strategic alliance with the Xiongnu, compress the living space of the Xiongnu and realize the strategic encirclement of the Xiongnu. The emperor who was only 18 years old had such a vision. Who can match it? Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions opened up the eternal Silk Road and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. The influence of the Han Dynasty regime in the Central Plains extended to today's western Xinjiang.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne for eight years (the second year of Yuanguang 133), and plotted to defect to Xiongnu for the first time, and lost the battle of Mayi. However, the short-term defeat did not affect the heroic campaign of the 24-year-old son of heaven at all, but prompted Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to make up his mind and resolutely abandon the pro-DPRK policy of the Han Dynasty for nearly 70 years and attack the Huns with all his strength! Change the peace system into a war system, abandon the ancestral system and start a realistic system. The courage and courage inside are amazing!

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once said in an imperial edict of seeking the virtuous: Extraordinary merits and virtues must govern extraordinary people. This ambitious and sincere imperial edict of seeking the virtuous was included in Xiao Tong's anthology. For thousands of years, heroes have been sung, and people with lofty ideals have been recited. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used it to "recruit talents from all over the world". Today, it is even more so. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made extraordinary contributions because he was an extraordinary person!

Historical Records Biography of General Wei records that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty intends to personally teach Huo Qubing the art of war (Sun Wu's art of war, the son of heaven wants to teach). Although Huo Qubing has never studied it, it can be seen that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is well versed in the art of war, which is the basis for him to become an outstanding strategic strategist.

When it comes to the military campaigns of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people often call them Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and Li Guang. No one noticed that behind the brilliant generals and commanders was the supreme commander-Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who was far above the temple and could compete with Alexander, Caesar and Napoleon in the west.

At that time, Emperor Wudi decided to change the patriarchal clan system and go to war with Hungary. Ji An and other former ministers, Gong, Zhufuyan and other cutting-edge officials in the DPRK played the devil's advocate. Few ministers responded and lost the first battle, but the young commander-in-chief remained unmoved. Since then, three major battles against Xiongnu have been fought by Han.

At the same time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pointed his sword to the east, south, southeast and northeast, making the influence of the Han Dynasty reach Central Asia in the west, Yunguichuan in the southwest, Heijiliao in the northeast and Hainan and Fujian in the south, which outlined the basic framework of modern Chinese territory.

But after 44 years of protracted war and war, people and money were wasted. Sima Qian's military diplomacy strategy towards Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is also very contradictory. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu is the first history of ethnic minorities in China. Sima Qian made a biography of Xiongnu, regarded Xiongnu as one of the descendants of China, and expressed his position on the nature of the war: it was a tragedy within the Chinese nation, and the war cost both sides a high price.

Although the Han empire at that time could not form a unified multi-ethnic background, the best way for the two peoples should also be to live in peace. Unfortunately, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the pro-Qin policy had reached a dead end, and Sima Qian had to fight Hungary. As the battle line grew longer and longer, Emperor Wu occasionally made mistakes, and Sima Qian was also saddened.

In order to favor Li Furen, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Li Guangli as the general of the Second Division and led tens of thousands of people to crusade against Dawan. However, he envied his bloody BMW. After two years of fighting, the army lost eight tenths. This thoughtlessness can be said to be disregard for human life!

I want Hou Chong Ji Li, and I worship Li Guangli as the general of the Second Division. I was born in the country, with 6 thousand riders and tens of thousands of evil teenagers in the county. Once beheaded ten thousand, he went to the second division city to get a good horse, so he was named the general of the second division.

Time is a good medicine for healing wounds. In peacetime, man can conquer nature, and we have long been unable to observe the pain caused by war. So today's evaluation is more rational than feeling. More than 2,000 years ago, Sima Qian, together with people all over the world, witnessed the ruins of his home and endured watching his peers become new ghosts. The conscience of a generation of historians made it impossible for Sima Qian to be indifferent to the dangers of war, and it was bound to criticize Liang Wudi for his years of war, which led to the decline of people's livelihood.

Eternal civilization

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to unify China's ideology and culture with Confucianism.

It is easy to unify the country, but difficult to unite people. Qin Huang and Han Wu are deep in understanding samadhi. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism" and Wu Di "respected Confucianism alone".

Before Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu kept his position secret and set up a doctor of the Five Classics to lay the foundation for respecting Confucianism. At the beginning of Emperor Wu's accession to the throne, he couldn't wait, and the whole country recommended virtuous and upright people to speak out. Dong Zhongshu, a lonely scholar, stands out with his three strategies of heaven and man. Since then, Confucianism, which was originally handed down by folk families, has been designated as the official thought, which is closely related to politics and imperial power.

On this basis, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established imperial academy and after having obtained the provincial examination, established the system of recommending talents, and formed a unique civil service system in China. In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was gradually changed to a check-in system, which fundamentally solved the shortage of talents of Han people.

Wen Jing worships Huang Lao, is generous, and condescends to rule; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty rebelled against the laws of his ancestors, respected Confucianism and suppressed officials, followed the example of aristocratic families and severely punished corrupt officials. The king is overbearing and staggered. Among them, Confucianism was advocated to promote education, which was the first in imperial academy and had a far-reaching influence on later generations. If not, how can Confucianism become a "teaching"? If not, why did Chinese civilization survive? If this is not the case, how can learning well and being an official be reflected?

But there are also many people who hate the three strategies of heaven and man, and their criticism is not unreasonable.

Confucianism regards China politics as people-oriented, people-oriented, monarch-oriented and country-oriented. The knife cuts bread and fingers. "Respecting Confucianism alone" lets people know what a courtier should do, such as educating people with courtesy and serving the country with loyalty. Confucianism regards the quality of talents as "poverty is the only way to be immune to it, and economy is the best way to help the world". However, the Qin dynasty was short-lived and failed to design a set of ruling policies. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the separatist forces of governors were completely eliminated and the central political power was consolidated.

In this regard, Sima Qian praised the festival! In Huainan Hengshan Biography, Tai Shigong said:

Huainan Hengshan, a close relative of the same flesh and blood, has a territory of thousands of miles and is listed as a vassal. Instead of following the position of a fan minister to support the emperor, he only relied on crooked ways to resist, but the father and son died again, each laughing at the world.

Counties in Qin Dynasty were feudal system in the true sense of social politics. Liu Bangjian Han, the first king with a different surname, was later named Wang with the same surname. Judging from the development of the political system, it is undoubtedly a social retrogression. Then, Lv Hou blocked all roads, which eventually led to disaster. Therefore, it was not until the Jingdi Dynasty that there was the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms with Wu Chu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty received Qin Shihuang and went to various counties to implement state decrees.

Moreover, Liang Wudi explored many ways to strengthen centralization, and one of his great efforts was to crack down on powerful people with cruel officials.

It is imperative to crack down on lawless strongmen and corrupt officials. However, the extreme politics of cruel officials will inevitably bring various sequelae.

Sima Qian is blunt about this: he likes fighting and threats, but he doesn't love others. When the emperor heard about it, he thought it was ok, so he was promoted to lieutenant.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly praised such a murderer, promoted him to the rank of lieutenant, and gave him more power of life and death. Can Sima Qian, who suffered from prison and cruel officials, have no criticism?

Mixed reputation?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to criticize himself with "remorse".

In the fourth year of the conscription system (89 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty declared to the world that he had caused suffering to the people, and he would never resort to war, waste people's money or even express his inner remorse. This is the imperial edict of the wheel platform needle to oneself, and it is the first imperial edict of the needle to oneself in China history.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was undoubtedly the first person who dared to abandon himself and put himself at the center of world public opinion! At this point, the later emperor made a big mistake and publicly admitted his mistake, which showed his wise attitude.

Ji An, an outspoken critic, once criticized Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: The emperor killed too many people, even those he trusted on weekdays, and he would not forgive them. At this rate, all the talents in the world will be killed sooner or later. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was unmoved and smiled indifferently: There are no talents in the world, but the master has no eye for talents. If he can identify talents, why should he worry about the lack of talents in the world? (There is often a shortage of scholar-officials. However, this is serious. Although ministers have always loved them, they have no excuse to punish them for breaking the law or bullying them. Ji An remonstrated, "Your Majesty has always been diligent in seeking talents, but he didn't make the best use of them, killing all the talents.". Punish him arbitrarily with a limited number of people, I'm afraid all the talents in the world will be used up. Who is your majesty? The dark word is very angry. He laughed at them and said, why are there no talents? Patients can't recognize ears. If you can know, why not suffer from no one? A man's so-called talent is still a useful tool, but he refuses to use it all. Like a man without talent, why not kill him? )

It is such a Emperor Wu who treats talents like dirt. On the one hand, he cherishes talents extremely.

Under the feudal autocratic system, there are two bad habits in the use of talents: one is cronyism, and only those who are familiar with their cronies are used; Second, when discussing seniority, we must follow the "thirty-nine steps" and climb up one level at a time, and we must not "mess up" the rules. And Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty will not be abolished because of his words: as long as he is talented and his father is a dissident, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is still thirsty for talent; 2. Dare to be promoted by exception: Because of his ability, Wei Qing was born a slave, and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was promoted by exception.

Not only that, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty even abandoned orthodoxy, tolerated all kinds of people, and discovered Dong Fangshuo with one eye, turning the solemn court into a lounge full of warmth and happiness, and the monarch and his subjects were like playmates; At the same time, he did not lose his principles because of blasphemy, but praised Dong Fangshuo's slanderers and obeyed his orders.

When he first read the myth, he was very admired. See the author Sima Xiangru, if you get the most treasure, let him enjoy the same writing treatment as himself. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, like others in the past dynasties. Both Qin Shihuang and Emperor Gaozu regarded literati as corrupt scholars, while Qing Taizong and Emperor Gaozong may know people, but after all, they lacked elegance.

One mistake in his life was to castrate Sima Qian, the greatest historian in China history. Therefore, Emperor Wu was misunderstood and disputed.

Sima Qian praised him in Historical Records, and Ban Gu's Han Wu Di Ji also praised his literary treatment:

Ban Gu praised: "Xiao Wu was first established, and a hundred schools of thought contended and successfully deposed. He showed the Six Classics, so he consulted the interior of the country and contributed to it. He ascended to imperial academy, offered sacrifices to the suburbs, changed the new moon, fixed the calendar, adjusted the tune, composed poems, established Zen rites and worshipped the gods. After a few weeks of worship, the article is fresh, and future generations have to follow Hongye. "

Ban Gu never mentioned the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, indicating that he had reservations about the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

In Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian, there are both praise and criticism:

Chen guang said: filial piety is extravagant, heavy punishment, extravagant palace and extravagant foreign affairs. People are confused and over-cruising. So few people are different from Qin Shihuang. But those who died in Qin Dynasty and prospered in Han Dynasty can respect Wang Zhidao first, know what he did, and be honest and straightforward. The wicked bully, never tire of virtue, and reward them.

Why do people have such different views on Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?

First of all, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a very multifaceted person. He is a politician with a very political mind. But he is also an ordinary person, full of joys and sorrows. He is a wise gentleman and well aware of his historical responsibility. But he is also a tyrant, fighting willfully; He not only made great contributions to the world, but also brought great disasters to the world. He dotes on the woman he likes, but he not only moved his heart, but also killed the woman he likes for the country. He is extremely clever and extremely confused. Thousands of lives have been sacrificed for the legendary BMW. When we approach him, we will find that in these opposing roles, he is not simply either one or the other. In a dilemma, he will hesitate and even be extremely painful. There are also ordinary people's emotions, miserly calculations, insomnia and anxiety. In the eyes of ordinary people, he is decisive, confident and talented. However, when we decide on his coffin, we often go to extremes and say that he will always be human. It's hard to say when it's broken. In this way, differences are inevitable.

We can't judge anyone by a single standard. Human nature is complicated, let alone a feudal emperor! Perhaps his kindness is from the heart, or it may be a means to win people's hearts; Maybe his bad behavior is caused by imperial power and he has to do it, or maybe he is so fickle and ungrateful by nature. Therefore, since we can't get rid of his imperial shackles, our evaluation can only wander between his two identities of emperor and mortal. How did the innocent "Bi Er" become a lovely and terrible emperor? How can you say it all in one sentence?

As the saying goes:

The wind is mighty, the seas are dry and the rocks are rotten, and the golden horse and iron horse are gone;

The Great Wall stands tall, the Silk Road is long, the wealth is magnificent, and the beautiful scenery is desolate and gone.

Clashes of words and swords, vertical and horizontal alliances, the monarch and the minister lean on each other, and the country of the Millennium is gone;

Jia Wei went to the four seas, which was a great disaster. That was a thousand years ago, and the spirit was flying.

Only the lone star Leng Yue, the morning bell and the evening drum, the blue light and the yellow axis, the village drama is reviewed every year and sighed every year.

Twenty-five Historical Actions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

1, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to use the year number. 1 13 BC, the year number was created, first for six years (140- 104) and then for four years (104-87).

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to formulate and promulgate the taichu calendar Law in a unified way throughout the country, and it was used from the first month of each year.

3. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, he wrote the first biographical history book "Historical Records", which had a great influence on later historiography.

4. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Yu Map appeared in the historical records of China after the unification of Qin Dynasty. In April of the fourth year of Yuanshou, Shen Bing said, "My servant, Gong Sunhe, is in charge of the imperial history ... Play it on the map, please name your country." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wrote "Send General Gongsun He out of Jiuyuan" in the autumn of Ding Yuan's sixth year, and quoted Wang Zan as saying, "Floating life is good." Wang Zan was a minister in the early Jin Dynasty. This shows that Wang Zan, the minister in the early Jin Dynasty, has seen the map of the Han Dynasty. It also shows that the regional concept of the country has clearly appeared in the Han Dynasty, which has had an important impact on the study of physical geography in later generations.

5. The so-called "prosecution system" is to give advice to virtuous and upright people, and the Emperor Wu will personally ask questions.

6. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism alone and took Confucianism as the ideology of governing the country.

7. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo, he made 50 disciples for Dr. Jason Wu and healed himself; Local counties and countries can send some people according to certain conditions and train them into disciples. After passing the exam, you can pass a skill and become an official. This is where the selection of officials from students across the country began.

8. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, while respecting Confucianism alone, also "learned from others", forming a pattern in which Confucianism was the dominant ideology and hundreds of theories were used at the same time, which also had a great influence on later generations.

9. In the second year of Yuanfeng (BC 109), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty personally inspected the breach of the Yellow River. Since the unification of the Qin Dynasty, this is the first time that the emperor personally managed the Yellow River.

10 years, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, sowing with "soil seeder" was popularized. Since then, this method has been used in China for more than two thousand years.

1 1. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the Silk Road and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. This is the first time in the history of China.

12 years, in the sixth year of Yuan Feng, Emperor of the Han Dynasty (before 105), the ancestral daughter Xi Jun was married to Wu Sun as a princess and kissed her. This is the first time in China's history that she kissed a western country.

13. The messenger and a team leader are placed side by side on the wheel platform and Quli. This is the first time in China's history that he cultivated land in Xinjiang, China.

14 Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the well canal method to make the leading canal, which was later introduced to China, Xinjiang and Persia.

15. Grapes and alfalfa were planted from the western regions, and a thoroughbred horse, Tianma, was introduced from Dawan. Music and magic from the Western Regions were introduced to China, and China's cast iron technology, silk, drainage and lacquerware were introduced to Dawan and other places.

16, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty applied benevolence and righteousness and ruled the country by virtue; At the same time, it is the first time in history to attach importance to the rule of law and rule the country with heavy punishment.

17 Yuanfeng five years ago (106 years ago), in order to strengthen the supervision of governors and local senior officials, thirteen state departments were established, so that 600-stone-level secretariat inspectors guarded counties and States.

18, in order to strengthen the imperial power, reform the prime minister system and establish China-Korea (inner Korea), which had a great influence on the evolution of the prime minister system.

19 years, two years ago in Ding Yuan (1 15 years ago), it was forbidden for counties and states to cast money, and only the three official states in Shanglin were allowed to cast money. All the money previously cast by counties and states was abolished, which had a great influence on future generations.

20. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reclaimed land in the northwest frontier county through a large number of immigrants, which played an important role in the victory of the anti-Xiongnu war and the governance of the western regions. It also has a great influence on future generations. Cao Cao once said in "Preface to Farming" that "filial piety to farm the western regions is a good example of the first generation", which illustrates this point.

2 1, the appointment of officials by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was diversified. Officials with more than 2,000 stones can make future generations an official through the appointment system; Rich people can become officials through "election"; Sages and descendants can take care of them. For example, Jia Yi's two sons were taken care of as county chiefs. But what is particularly prominent is that Emperor Wudi chose people on their merits and did not stick to one pattern. For example, Wei Ruyun's son-in-law was chosen from the handmaiden. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were selected from slaves and serfs respectively. Prime ministers and imperial envoys are all selected from poor civilians. Tang Tang envoys Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Zhao Yu were selected from small officials. It is particularly noteworthy that some generals appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were Yue and Huns, while Jin Midi, a Xiongnu slave who kept horses in the palace, was elected as a confidant with Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie. These conditions show that the selection of talents by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is not limited by class background and ethnic differences. However, this does not mean that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not have standards for employing people, but did. The standard is to "broaden the road of artistic ability and learn from others", and "those who have different talents in counties and counties can be allies and make the country absolutely". In other words, as long as they are willing to fight for the cause of the Han Dynasty, people with artistic talent and talent can be appointed as generals and sent to distant countries. In short, the standard of employing people is only. The appearance of this phenomenon deserves serious study.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China to send troops to the hinterland of Xiongnu for a decisive battle.

23. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China who proposed that the northern nomadic Xiongnu should submit to the Central Plains Dynasty, and therefore built a surrender city in today's Inner Mongolia. Although Emperor Wu did not achieve this goal before his death, during the first year of Xuanyuan, Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty as a vassal.

24. After Li Guangli conquered Dayuan, many countries in the southern part of the Western Regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Xuandi (the first 60 years), the Huns surrendered to the Han Dynasty day by day, but they were afraid to fight for the Western Regions. Xuan Di appointed Ji Zheng as the commander-in-chief of the Western Regions, managing the northern and southern countries in the Western Regions, and all the countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. At this point, the west directly reached the Caspian Sea and became the territory of the Han Dynasty.

25. After the pacification of South Vietnam, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Boer County and Zhu Ya County for the first time in today's Hainan Island to rule today's Hainan Island and the South China Sea Islands.