After World War I, Antwerp's Cosmic Literature magazine (1920- 192 1) united a group of young writers. The poet Paul Van Oster (1896-1928) is the pioneer of modernism in Flemish literature. He constantly changed his creative methods and adopted futurism, Dadaism, Expressionism and Integralism. His poetry collections include Signal (19 18) and Busy City (192 1). Wes Mons is also an influential poet. His collection of poems preaches religious morality and belief in human love. René de Clark (1877— 1932) is good at writing folk songs and battle songs. His early works have social content, such as the collection of poems Facts (1909), and his later works are based on the Bible. Maurice Rolenc (1895- 1966) has published four novels, including Life of Our Dreams (193 1). He is good at describing the inner world of the petty bourgeoisie. Gé rard Val Sharp is a prolific writer. His novels, such as Hotkit (1939), are concise and focused on describing morbid and abnormal characters. William Elsholt's social novels (1882— 1960) are ingenious in conception and are good at exposing swindlers and adventurers with satirical style. Marnix Heather is a critic, a Dutch literary historian, and also writes poems and travel notes. Lord Chillens (1901-1944) described the miserable life of the poor, and also showed pessimism. The masterpiece Mom, Why Are We Living (1934) caused great repercussions.

Louis Paul Bonn (19 12-) wrote many novels showing the conflict between individuals and society. Some novels by Peter Van Acker (1920-) describe the lives of workers and peasants. Huber Rambo (1920-) is similar to Deissner's novels, and fantasy and reality are intertwined. Xu Ge Klaus (1929-), an existentialist writer, poet and dramatist, has written novels such as Hunting Wild Ducks (195 1) and Empty Hands (1957). Others are Xu Ge Lars (1929-) and Wald Ruisch Link (1929-).