To move people with emotion, you must also convince them with reason. The reasoning is clear and orderly. The main purpose of the text is to introduce words to the Lord, so the "Kai Zhang Sheng Ting" is first revealed to open the way for further words. On the premise of opening up the path of loyalty and remonstrance, let's talk about fairness in law enforcement and keeping friends with the virtuous and far away from the nefarious. When talking about the fairness of law enforcement, we first mention that "the palace and the palace are all integrated into one body, and there should be no similarities or differences in whether or not to punish Zang", and then discuss it separately in terms of the palace and the palace. When describing the details, he also closely followed the spirit of "Kai Zhang Sheng Ting" and asked Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and other loyal and pure people for advice on matters in the palace. Of". Finally, the question of "being close to a virtuous minister and being distant from a villain" is raised. The three recommendations can be independent or interrelated. Opening up the road for speech opens the way for loyalty and admonishment, rather than opening the door for slander and evil. Only by being close to virtuous ministers and far away from villains can they widely accept the good advice of Guo Youzhi, Xiang Chong and others, and be able to "show plain principles" and prevent evil and evil from gaining power, causing internal and external irregularities, and unclear rewards and punishments. The main reason for the stupidity of a monarch is that he is blind to hearing and hearing, and is ignorant of the truth. Therefore, he cannot distinguish between loyal and traitor, wise and foolish, is unclear about right and wrong, and has inappropriate rewards and punishments. Among the three items listed by Zhuge Liang, openness of speech is the prerequisite, fairness in law enforcement is the key, and keeping close friends and distant friends is the core.
2. From narration to oath, reaching a climax:
The text continues the narration of twenty-one years of experiences, and continues to narrate the mood and work of the White Emperor Tuogu, and then expresses the story of Bei Determination of the Central Plains. The previous discussion of world affairs, advanced words, and lyrical feelings come to an end here, and the characteristics of the essay are fully revealed. The story about Tuogu explains the historical origin of this mission, "Since I was appointed, I have been lamenting all night long, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and harm the late emperor's wisdom." This explains the ideological basis of this mission. "Crossing Lu in May, we penetrate deep into the barren land. Now the south has been decided," pointing out the material preparations for this expedition. On the basis of fully describing the conditions, it was proposed that "the three armies should be rewarded, and the Central Plains should be conquered in the north, and the common people should be wiped out, the traitors should be eliminated, the Han Dynasty should be restored, and the old capital should be restored." Generate light. It is only at this point in "Chu Shi Biao" that Jing Chu Shi comes to the subject. The previous words are to ensure that there are conditions for becoming a teacher, and the middle narrative is to explain that one has the ability to become a teacher. At this point, the two lines are unified, and it is suggested that it is appropriate to become a teacher.
3. Beginning with the situation and starting from the beginning:
The first section of the article proposes to the emperor the suggestion of "opening up the Holy Listening", but it starts from the situation. It can serve as a source of enlightenment and inspire feelings of inheriting the legacy. The epilogue begins with the words "The late emperor's career was only halfway through but the middle road collapsed." It deeply hurts that Liu Bei died before his ambition was fulfilled. He sincerely believes that future generations should not abandon his father's legacy. He starts with the sentence of commemorating the late emperor's achievements and is extremely loyal to him. Love dominates the entire text. Then he pointed out the general trend of the world with "three points today". In the competition in the Central Plains, it is still unknown who will win. He then bluntly said that "Yizhou is exhausted" and its own conditions are very poor. The land is few and the generals are few. The people are poor and the land is desolate. Then he loudly shouts: "This is a critical situation." It is the autumn of life and death. "There is a great danger. If we do not save the nation, there will be a tragic situation of national destruction and death. The writing style is steep and majestic. Under the circumstances that highlight the situation, there is still hope that "the ministers of the bodyguard will work tirelessly at home, and the loyal people will forget themselves outside." They will not forget the kindness of the former emperor, and will not change their loyalty to the later master. They can turn danger into safety and turn danger into safety. On this basis, he put forward the suggestions of "opening the door to Shengting", "to honor the legacy of the late emperor, and to magnify the spirit of lofty ideals", and to advise not to "belittle oneself unreasonably, use metaphors that are unjust, and block the road to loyalty and admonishment." From the perspective of whether it is related to the survival of the country, and from the perspective of loyalty to the late emperor, it is thrilling to hear whether or not to open up a wide range of opinions.
4. From person to person, the writing momentum fluctuates:
The text changes from the admonishment in the first part to the second part, suddenly starting with "Chen Ben Buyi" and entering another part. Path. He narrates his situation in the past twenty-one years and recounts the special experiences of the late emperor. First, he paid three visits to the thatched cottage to make him come out to serve. Second, he entrusted military and political affairs with him at the time of overthrow, and a hermit who worked hard at farming became the commander-in-chief of the three armies in one fell swoop. All these narrations seem to be scattered branches and branches, and are not closely connected with the context. In fact, it fits perfectly with the context. This is because: First, tracing back twenty-one years of special encounters and revealing feelings of gratitude, it shows that the above words of advice are purely loyal and admonishing, which makes the future owner feel comfortable listening to them. Secondly, by living up to the late emperor's special circumstances and risking his life, he served as an example for the later masters to not forget the deeds of their ancestors, further inspiring the latter masters to work hard. Third, the extraordinary journey of twenty-one years illustrates the difficulty of starting a business and encourages them not to give up halfway, let alone to waste all their efforts. Fourth, write down the example of the late emperor, and ask future masters to follow the example of the late emperor and know people well and do their jobs well. Fifth, to show that I have been loyal and wise for twenty-one years, and will continue to do so in the future. I will not change my loyalty and spare no effort. I hope that my future master will entrust me with the task of bringing back the thieves, and I will be exempted from leading the Northern Expedition. The villain slanders others without trusting them, which ruins the overall situation. Zhuge Liang's narration is to further impress the emperor and make him willing to accept the previous advice. This parting confession is indeed deeply meaningful. The article changed from a preface to a self-narration of life, and the ink was blurred, making the writing more ups and downs and more impressive.
From near to far, the mind is broad
5. From near to far, the mind is broad
In order to explain the advantages and disadvantages of being close to the virtuous and distant from the sycophant, the following is the first The historical facts of the "prosperity" of the Han Dynasty and the "decline" of the later Han Dynasty served as a lesson for the past, and used the former emperor's sighs and hatred of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling for their stupidity and ruin of the country as a warning, prompting the later emperor to trust the virtuous ministers and to think that "the prosperity of the Han Dynasty can be "Count the days and wait" is an encouragement, drawing lessons from the past and the present, showing that the roads are connected and the longitude and latitude are written down.
Zhuge Liang believed that his successor was a mediocre person who "belittled himself and quoted unreasonable metaphors". The principles must be explained clearly, but the words should not be emphasized. He must guide in a persuasive and persuasive way without losing the sense of respect for his subordinates and his superiors. Therefore, he said " "Situation" shocks the other party, and "emotions" move the other party; and "measures" teach them, telling them the specific methods of governing the country; they use "career" to encourage them, and after admonishing them, the main thing is to have lofty ambitions, cheer up, and complete the unfinished work of the late emperor. His career unified the world and made the Han Dynasty prosperous. The text is written in all aspects, and the words are sincere and sincere. Therefore, although it is a memorial text, it is deeply touching.
6. Summarize the previous meaning and summarize the whole article:
Before the end of the text, combine the two meanings of "discipline" and "admonishment". On the one hand, it was proposed that "Your Majesty would like to ask his ministers to bring the thieves back to life, and if they fail to do so, they will be punished." On the other hand, he also proposed that "Your Majesty should also seek advice on what is good, and listen to what is good." Zhuge Liang took the initiative. Accept the task and say that if you neglect your duty, you will be willing to accept the reward to show "plain principles." At this point, he was still uneasy, and he also warned his successor earnestly to "pursue the late emperor's edict deeply." (The late emperor admonished his later masters when he was dying: "Do not do evil because it is small, and do not do good because it is small. Only the virtuous and virtuous can obey others.") Finally, he returned to the question of "Kai Zhang Sheng Ting", This also communicates the internal connection between the previous two parts and explains the relationship between amending internal affairs and the victory of the Northern Expedition.
7. Mainly discuss, but also use lyrical narrative:
The first part of the article is about discussion, the second part is about things, and the last part talks about the responsibilities of various aspects, and also Expressed the determination to fulfill the late emperor's last wish. Specifically speaking, it has three characteristics.
⑴ Liu Bei’s last words, “legacy” and “legendary edict” are repeatedly mentioned, and “the late emperor” is mentioned at important points in the article. He always starts from the late emperor and always mentions the late emperor’s legacy. Its function is to encourage Liu Chan to "carry forward the legacy of the late emperor" and "deeply pursue the legacy of the late emperor" in order to complete the great unfinished business of the late emperor.
⑵ Often talk about one’s own experiences, experiences and feelings, and use one’s own loyalty to care for one’s country as an inspiration to the successor.
⑶ Always consider "Your Majesty's" imperial career, prestige, and reputation.
Due to the above three characteristics, this article achieves the artistic effect of "loyal words are not offensive to the ears, and the words are clear and affectionate", making Liu Chan willing to listen and adopt them no matter how stupid he is.