Zhuge Liang attaches great importance to talents!

"The husband of governing the country is still alive; The way to cure the body lies in nourishing the mind, governing the country and recommending talents. It is to recharge your batteries and raise your talents for peace. " (See Zhuge Liang Collection. 16 policy is cheaper. This is Zhuge Liang's talk about the importance of "recommending talents" to governing the country.

"National assistance, such as the pillar of the house. The column should not be thin, the auxiliary should not be weak, the column gauge is harmful, and the auxiliary is weak and oblique. " . (See Zhuge Liang Collection. 16 policy is cheaper. This is Zhuge Liang talking about the importance of "talents" to the country.

"The column is dominated by straight wood, supplemented by straight scholars; Straight wood comes from the valley, and straight people come from the crowd. " . (See Zhuge Liang Collection. 16 policy is cheaper. This is Zhuge Liang's talk about promoting talents in an eclectic way.

Here, I try to sum up Zhuge Liang's characteristics and principles of employing people.

Zhuge Liang's first characteristic and principle of employing people is to measure talents with the vision of "having both ability and political integrity".

In feudal society, "loyalty" and "filial piety" have always been regarded as the best of "virtues". For a country and political power, loyalty is the first "virtue". Zhuge Liang praised Jiang Wan: "Honest and elegant, praise Wang Zhe with me" (see Biography of Jiang Wan); He praised Dong He's "loyalty to the country". (see Dong Hechuan); He praised Kyle's "loyalty and purity, benefiting from old age". (See Biography of Kyle); Praise Yang Hong for being "loyal and honest, taking the people as their home" (see Yang Hongchuan). Praise Wang Ping for being brave and strict (see Biography of Wang Ping); Praise Jiang Wei for being "loyal to current affairs and meticulous in thinking" and "talented for learning" (see Jiang Weichuan). Guo Youzhi, Fei, Dong Yun and others were also praised for their "loyalty" in The Former Teacher. On the contrary, Zhuge Liang impeached Li Yan for "being kind to the mountain and not thinking about loyalty" and "being content with fame and fortune and worrying about the country and the people". (See Biography of Li Yan); Impeach Liao Li for "serving the first emperor without loyalty and filial piety" and "sitting in his own high seat, ignoring the group of scholars." (see Liao Lichuan). From Zhuge Liang's praise and criticism, we can see Zhuge Liang's principle of employing people. Anyone who is loyal and willing to contribute to the Han Shu regime can be promoted. Therefore, loyalty is the core content of Zhuge Liang's measurement of talent.

Zhuge Liang's second characteristic and principle of employing people is that he is good at employing people and is not responsible for all talents.

No one is perfect, and gold is not enough. Zhuge Liang certainly understands this truth Xu Jing turned out to be an official under Liu Zhang. After Liu Bei entered Shu, he was successively named Zuo Changshi, Taifu and General Situ. But in fact, Xu Jing's real talent and practical knowledge are not enough for this important task. Fa Zheng once said that Xu Jing was "a man in name only but not in reality" (see The History of the Three Kingdoms). Shushu. The true story of law). Liu Bei didn't want to use it at first, but Fazheng advised Liu Bei: However, nowadays, "your master started a great cause, and the world can't say that Jing is famous all over the world." If you are impolite, everyone in the world will call him a modest man. " It should be respected and dazzled, chasing Guo Kun, the former prince of Yan State. ""(see the reflection. Shushu. The true story of law). Zhuge Liang had a similar meaning. He advised Liu Bei: "Don't lose hope, use its name to move the room." (See Zhuge Liang Collection. Selected works. ") said that this person's reputation is very big, and Wei celebrities Chen Ji, Yuan Huan, Hua Xin, Wang Lang goodwill. Zhuge Liang himself "worships all this." (See Biography of Xu Jing).

I like Wei Yan and Yang Yi again. Although Wei Yan was "ambitious, he avoided it at that time." But it is "good at raising foot soldiers" and good at fighting. When Zhuge Liang was stationed in Hanzhong, he "took Yan as the commander-in-chief and led the Prime Minister Sima and Liangzhou to make a secretariat." "; " In eight years, Yan Xi entered the Qiang nationality, ... moved to be a former military adviser, levied a general in the west, and took a holiday to seal the southern marquis. " ; " Twelve years, showing off Beigukou and being a striker "(see" The History of the Three Kingdoms "). Shushu. Biography of Wei Yan). Although Yang Yi is also "narrow-minded", he also has real talent and practical learning. When Liu Bei talked with him about military tactics and political gains and losses, he was always very happy with Yang Yi's high opinion. Its advantage is "counting other departments, raising grains, not thinking about it is useless, taking care of him." So, "lite for three years, the prime minister thought he would join the army, in charge of government affairs, will go south. "Five years, with bright hanzhong. In eight years, he moved to Changshi and became the general of Jiasui Army. ..... Jun Rong Festival, take the best in the instrument "(see" reflection ". Shushu. Yang Yichuan "). Zhuge Liang himself has always been "deeply pregnant with Yi's talents, with Wei Zhiyong, and often hates the injustice of the two, and can't bear to neglect things" (see Yang Yi's Biography). "At the end of the world, everyone will delay and use the instrument. "(see the reflection. Shushu. Fei Chuan).

In addition, it also includes that Fa Zheng is not broad-minded, "the virtue of a meal, the enmity of a grudge, all reported" (see "Fa Zhenren Zhenshi"); Why laugh at "Good debauchery, no frugality" (see "Three Kingdoms". Shushu. Yang Hongchuan's "Zhu Pei quoted from Yi Buqi's Old Biography and Miscellaneous Notes"); Li Yan's belly is scaly (see reflection. Shushu. Kyle biography); Zhuge Liang can correctly treat Zhang's "sexual injustice" (see) and let them perform their duties where they can play their roles. Isn't this very similar to Cao Cao's principle of "meritocracy"?

The third characteristic and principle of Zhuge Liang's employment is that he can fully identify and explore talents.

Jiang Wan was born in Xiangxiang, Lingling. With Liu Bei in Shu, he was appointed as the county magistrate of Guangdu. On a trip, Liu Bei suddenly came to Guangdu and found that Jiang Wan was in charge of nothing and drunk. Liu Bei was very angry and wanted to put the blame on Jiang Wan. Zhuge Liang is well aware of Jiang Wan's talent. He advised Liu Bei: "Jiang Wan, the instrument of the country, is not a talent of a hundred miles. His management is based on people's safety, not decoration. I hope your master will take care of you. " (see reflection. Shushu. Biography of Jiang Wan) This is exactly the same as Pang Tong's. Sure enough, as Zhuge Liang expected, Jiang Wan was indeed a great talent in governing the country. Later, he was appointed as a Shang, the Eastern Palace of Prime Minister Cao Yu, joined the army, and was also a general and government army with a long history. Zhuge Liang once secretly said to his late master, "If I am unlucky, I will pay for the rest." (See Biography of Jiang Wan). After Zhuge Liang's death, together with Fei and others, he undertook the heavy responsibility of governing Shu.

Why to laugh is similar to that of Jiang Wan. He looked down upon Su Jun. He was cold and poor since he was a child, but he was generous in helping others. At first, he was a supervisor. He is also similar to Pang Tong and Jiang Wan, who is addicted to games and doesn't work hard all day. After Zhuge Liang heard about it, he decided to suddenly "attack" and personally inspect it. Why is everyone else sweating? He Xiao heard that Zhuge Liang was coming down to inspect the work in person, so he quickly turned on the lights all night, interrogated the prisoners and explained the relevant complaints. Before Zhuge Liang arrived the next morning, He Xiao memorized all the cases in one night and said, "Correct answer and explanation, no stagnation." Zhuge Liang himself was surprised by this. To this end, he not only became the official of Hexiao, but also promoted Hexiao to the county magistrate of Chengdu. Later, the post of Pixian county magistrate was vacant, and Zhuge Liang asked He Xiao to hold two posts. Why laugh at yourself? I didn't waste the opportunity given by Zhuge Liang to work hard and solve the case correctly. Later, the ethnic minorities in Wenshan were unstable, and Zhuge Liang promoted He Xiao to Wenshan Prefecture. Under the governance of He Xiao, Wenshan was soon "convinced by the people". He Xiao was successively appointed as Guanghan Taishou and Qianwei Taishou. (see reflection. Shushu. Yang Hongchuan's Zhu Pei quoted from Yi Buqi's Old Biography and Miscellaneous Notes). It can be seen that Zhuge Liang is also very unique in knowing people.

Zhuge Liang's fourth characteristic and principle of employing people is that he can treat talents differently, regardless of seniority, official position and health, as long as they are talented.

Wang Jun is a musician in Brazil. He used to be just a small official in Wei Jun. After surrendering to Liu Bei in Hanzhong War, he worked as a goalkeeper and general. Wang Ping himself has no education. "Hands can't read, but his knowledge is just a cross." In our words today, he is simply "illiterate". However, he is also very clever. When writing a letter, he asked someone else to write it, dictated it himself, and what he wrote was "all reasonable." And although he can't read, he knows the general meaning of Historical Records and Hanshu after listening to it. Often when talking to people, "do not lose its meaning." And because he "grew into a brigade", he is also very experienced in combat. In the battle of Jieting, because Ma Su joined the army, he tried several times to discourage Ma Su from "violating the Ming Dynasty"; When the street pavilion was defeated, Wang Ping ordered his men to "beat the drums and guard themselves". Zhang He, the general of Wei Jun, suspected that there was an ambush and was afraid to pursue it. So Wang Ping was able to retreat and withdraw his troops calmly. Zhuge Liang saw that he had real talent and practical learning, and specially praised Wang Ping: "Joining the army and taking charge of five departments as camp workers won the support of General Kou and sealed the pavilion." (see reflection. Shushu. Wang Pingchuan). The "five divisions" here refers to an army with strong fighting capacity composed of ethnic minorities in central Sichuan, and the "sudden generals, no predecessors, young Qiang, cong and old men" in the "Hou Shi Biao" refers to this kind of army.

Another typical example is Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei was born in Ji Cheng, Tianshui. Jiang Wei was originally a corps commander of Wei State, and was a general of Kanda Water Army. Six years after lite, Zhuge Liang took him out of Qishan. Zhuge Liang did not discriminate against Jiang Wei because he was a general. Jiang Wei is also very competitive. Because the Shu army lost a trip to Qishan, Jiang Wei left his mother alone and withdrew to Hanzhong with the Shu army. Later, Jiang Wei received a letter from his mother, "It was requested at that time." Jiang Wei said, "There are hundreds of hectares of fertile land, not an acre, but aspiring, not angelica." (see reflection. Shushu. Jiang Weichuan's Notes on Pei and Miscellaneous Notes). Zhuge Liang attached great importance to Jiang Wei, made Jiang General Cao and appointed Dangyang General. At that time, Jiang Wei was only 27 years old. Later, Zhuge Liang commented on Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan's Jiang Wei, saying that Jiang Wei was "loyal to current events, thoughtful and meticulous, and tested everything." Yongnan (that is, Shao Li) and Jichang (that is, Ma Liang) are inferior to others. His men are from Staff Sergeant Liangzhou. "He also said:" We should teach five or six thousand Chinese tiger infantry first. Jiang Boyue is very sensitive to the military, with both courage and understanding. This man's heart is in the Han Dynasty, but he is also a man. When he finishes teaching the army, he should send an official to see the Lord. " (See Biography of Jiang Weichuan). After Jiang Wei's training of non-commissioned officers was completed, he was transferred to the Chinese army supervision army and the western general. Since then, Jiang Wei's position has been continuously improved, and he finally became the mainstay of Shu in the later period.

Zhuge Liang's fifth characteristic and employment principle is to actively cultivate and train talents.

I have to mention Jiang Wan here. In order to make Jiang Wan grow up as soon as possible, Zhuge Liang consciously "pressured" Jiang Wan to get proper exercise. As soon as Zhuge Liang opened his office, he promoted Jiang Wan to Dongcao Mao and Cai Mao. Jiang Wan refused and wanted to give this seat to Liu Yong, Yin Hua, Pang Yan and Liao Chun. Zhuge Liang said to Jiang Wan: "Thought is behind pro-Germany, and people's hearts are inspiring. Everyone is not hiding, but really don't understand what they mean. Therefore, you should show your merits and make it clear that this choice is clear and important. " (See Biography of Jiang Wan) It means: "I am afraid that I am close to you and that you will be criticized by others. But in this way, other recommended people will feel uneasy, and other people near and far will feel puzzled. So you should accept this election and use your actual results to show that this election is very fair. " Later, Zhuge Liang asked Jiang Wan and Zhang Yi to stay in the Prime Minister's office. In the eighth year of Jianxing, after Zhang's death, Jiang Wan made Zhang a long history and added Fu Jun as a general. Let Jiang Wan get exercise and improvement in long-term practice.

And Fei and Dong Yun.

Fei is from Jiangxia. After Zhuge Liang's successful return from the south expedition, his ministers greeted him dozens of miles away. Most of them were older than Fei and had high status. Zhuge Liang only called Fei Wenwei and asked him to bring a car. Everyone was "ugly". Since then, Zhuge Liang appointed Fei as a captain and sent him to Soochow many times. Let him play and exercise his talents in the diplomatic work of Soochow. Later, he was transferred to China as an assistant and joined the army. In the eighth year of Jianxing, he was transferred to Youwei Army and later served as Sima. Join Zhuge Liang in Hanzhong and take part in the Northern Expedition. (see reflection. Shushu. Fei Chuan).

Dong Yun is the son of Dong He, commander of the unified army. Zhuge Liang came out of Qishan and wrote "one mold". It reads: "Guo Youzhi, Fei, Assistant Minister Dong Yun, etc. They were all appointed by the first emperor. When it comes to considering gains and losses and giving advice, they will be appointed. " Fools think that it will be beneficial to consult palace affairs, big or small. If you don't preach virtue, kill it and allow others to show their dullness. "(See introspection. Shushu. Dong Yunchuan "). After Fei joined the army, Zhuge Liang immediately transferred Dong Yun as his assistant, led the samurai corps commander, and unified the guards and soldiers.

Under the careful cultivation of Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei and Dong Yun all grew up rapidly and shouldered the heavy responsibility of governing Shu. Later, Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei and Dong Yun were four Shu people, and the first one was "Siying" (see Dong Yunchuan). Zhu Pei quoted "Huayang Guozhi")

Zhuge Liang's sixth characteristic and principle of employing people is that he can give necessary criticism and help to the shortcomings of talents.

Zhang is a very talented person, which I have mentioned above. But Zhang also has a very bad problem, that is, he is not open-minded and hates people. He had a good relationship with Yang Honghe, but later he fell out over some trivial matters, and the responsibility was still on him. Moreover, his relationship with Censhu is also very bad, to the point of mutual resentment. In this regard, Zhuge Liang once seriously criticized Zhang. Zhuge Liang said, "Cao Jun used to be in a strange place, and his camp was not good. My heart is full of food and I don't know the taste. " After flowing into the South China Sea, I felt sad and uneasy; And return, entrusted with a heavy responsibility, and the royal family, thinking that it is also the stone of the ancient monarch. The way of friendship between stones is to retaliate against each other for profit and hurt each other's flesh and blood to make it clear, but I still don't thank each other. What's more, I want to be frugal, but you can't tolerate evil? "(see Yang Hongchuan) The main idea is:" You were defeated by our army in the past. I was worried about your safety and couldn't eat well. Later, when you wandered in the south, I lamented your situation and couldn't sleep well. On his return, he was entrusted with the important task of participating in politics together. I thought your friendship was rock solid. Since friendship is rock-solid, you don't need to recommend your enemies for help and your close relatives for selflessness to explain to each other and gain their understanding. What's more, I only pay attention to Censhu now. Why can't you stand it? "

Another example is Liu Ba. Liu Ba was born in Lingling. He is very arrogant. Liu Biao asked him to be an official several times in a row, but he refused. After Cao Cao Ding's Jingzhou, Liu Ba "went north to Tso Gong, and appointed officials to recruit Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang" (see the reflection. Shushu. Biography of Liu Ba "). Later, after Liu Bei took three counties and occupied Yizhou, Liu Ba didn't want to be Liu Bei at first. Liu Bei said, "If you harm Ba, you will kill the three clans." The conductor (see Biography of Liu Ba and Biography of the Sage of Lingling quoted by Pei), as well as several highly recommended by Zhuge Liang, finally moved Liu Ba, who was turned into a left general by Liu Bei. Liu Bei called the king of Hanzhong, taking Liu Ba as the history. After the death of Fazheng, he succeeded Fazheng as the minister of history. Liu Bayi is conceited, and some people look down on him. His relationship with Zhang Fei was once tense. Liu Ba thinks that "a gentleman is a hero in the world, how can he talk to soldiers?"? Zhuge Liang helped Liu Ba up and said, "Although Zhang Fei is a warrior, he admires his steps. Master, today, we will accept military and political affairs; Although the first step is bright, it should be reduced. " (See Biography of Liu Ba and Biography of the Sages in Lingling cited by Zhu Pei)

It can be seen from the above six points that Zhuge Liang's employment policy is quite clever. Among these people mentioned above, many people became the pillar and mainstay of Shu in the later period. It is precisely because of Zhuge Liang's eclectic employment that Shu, a weak country with only one state, will not be short of talents because of lack of land in the contest with Wei and Wei, a powerful country. For this, Zhuge Liang himself has contributed!

I only found six. I'm sorry/sorry/I feel bad/I can't wake myself up. ...