Answer "Childhood" Gorky (Russia) is the first part of Gorky's famous autobiographical trilogy. The trilogy is "Childhood" (1913), "In the World" (1916), and "My University" (1923). The trilogy describes the growth process of "my". From this we can understand Gorky's growth process. "Childhood" tells the story of the growth of a lonely child "I". The novel examines the entire society and life from a child's unique perspective. The grandfather's house where "I" stayed was a family full of hatred and shrouded in strong philistine habits. It was a suffocating family. In addition, the novel also shows the corruption, decline and destruction of the entire society at that time. Through the narration of "my" painful life in childhood, the novel actually reflects the writer's difficult life in childhood and his unremitting pursuit of light and truth. It also shows the broad social picture of Russian society at the end of the 19th century.

"Gulliver's Travels" Author: (UK) Swift Written time: 1726 Features: A fantasy travel satirical novel designed to criticize the British parliamentary politics and reactionary religious forces at that time.

"Robinson Crusoe" was published on April 25, 1719. It is the representative work of the British writer Daniel Defoe. This novel has become popular all over the world and has been popular for a long time. It has readers from generation to generation all over the world. Since its first publication, the novel has been published in hundreds of editions and has been translated into almost all languages ??in the world. It is said that, after the Bible, "Robinson Crusoe" is the most reprinted book. The book is known as the first novel in the history of British literature and has become an immortal masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature. The story of the book is fascinating and the narrative language is easy to understand. It is a good work that is both refined and popular. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), British novelist and journalist. He occupies a special position in the history of Western literature and is known as the "Father of Modern Novel". His works are mainly about individuals overcoming difficulties through hard work and relying on their own wisdom and bravery. In the 18th century, the novel emerged. Defoe, as the spokesperson of the emerging bourgeoisie in the West, opened up the road to the development of modern novels with a realistic style and the pursuit of realistic effects. His novels have twists and turns, adopt a self-narrative style, and are highly readable. It also reflects the social atmosphere of pursuing adventure and advocating personal struggle at that time. Since the opening of new sea routes in the 14th and 15th centuries, sailing has become an ideal held by every young person. His representative work "Robinson Crusoe" is world-famous. Robinson has also become a typical example of fighting against difficulties, so he Considered one of the pioneers of British fiction.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia

. Celebrity Biography Author: (France) Romain Rolland

Content Introduction

Before the 1930s , Romain Rolland's works mainly include the heroic biography "Three Lives of Giants", the masterpiece "Johan Christophe", the novella "Gola Brenon" and a series of works that oppose war, oppose violence and advocate personal "spiritual independence". ” works and so on. His later works include four novels "Mother and Son" and a series of essays, memoirs, papers, etc. Especially in 1931, he published the article "Farewell to the Past", criticizing the path he had taken in the past. From then on, he actively participated in activities against imperialist war and defense of peace, and became a progressive anti-imperialist and anti-fascist literary and artistic warrior.

Book Review

Romain Rolland was a famous French critical realist writer, music historian and social activist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born in a family of lawyers. When he was in college, he corresponded with the great Russian writer Tolstoy. Tolstoy's thoughts had a profound impact on him; the most outstanding advantage of Romain Rolland's world view and creation is his democracy, and his critique of the capitalist world and its culture.

Table of Contents

Original Preface

Beethoven's Biography

Beethoven's Will

To my brother Carl and John

Beethoven’s letter to Pastor Amanda

Beethoven’s letter to Weigele (1)

Beethoven’s letter to Weigele Letter (2)

Weigele and the Ellaio couple

Letter to Beethoven

Beethoven’s letter to Weigele (1) < /p>

Beethoven’s letter to Weigele (2)

Beethoven’s letter to Moses

Beethoven’s famous quotes

The Biography of Michelangelo

Part 1

1. The Rise of the Giant

2. The Medici Family Visits the Temple

3. The Age of War

Part 2

1. Friendship or Love

2. The Architect of Saint-Pierre

3. Family With Friends

IV. The Last Days

V. The Coming of Death

Postscript

The Biography of Tolstoy

1. Remembering Tolstoy

2. My childhood

3. Days in the Caucasus

4. Fighting in Sebaste Fort

5. Civilian Consciousness

6. Happiness between Couples

7. War and Peace

8. Anna Callie Nina

9. Insanity

10. What should we do for society

11. Art criticism

12. A masterpiece of genius

13. Resurrection

14. Social Thought

15. Escape

16. The battle is over

2. Aesop's Fables: The original book was called "Collection of Aesopus Stories". Its stories were spread among the people and were written in the third century BC. According to legend, the story was written by a black Ethiopian slave, and "Aesop" is the homophone of "Ethiopia".

Aesop, born in the 6th century BC, was an ancient Greek fabler. Legend has it that he was a slave and later became free, but was eventually killed for "blasphemy".

Aesop's Fables are allegorical stories circulated among ancient Greek folk. After being processed by later generations, they became the current "Aesop's Fables". Judging from the works, the time span is large, and the tendencies of each article are not exactly the same. It is speculated that it is not a one-time work by one person, but can be regarded as a collective creation of the ancient Greeks over a long historical period. Aesop, may be one of the important authors.

Aesop's fables come from the folk, so the lives, thoughts and feelings of people from different social strata are more prominently reflected. Such as the exposure of the greed and selfishness of the rich; the lashing of the cruel nature of the wicked; the affirmation of wealth created by labor; the attack on social inequality; the satire of cowardice and laziness; the praise of brave struggle. There are also many fables that teach people how to deal with the world, how to behave, how to distinguish right from wrong, and how to become smart and wise. Aesop's fables are an overview, refinement and summary of the lives and struggles of the ancient Greeks. They are a spiritual legacy left by the ancient Greeks to future generations.

Aesop's fables have concise words, vivid stories, rich imagination, full of philosophy, and integrate ideological and artistic qualities. Among them, "The Farmer and the Snake", "The Fox and the Grapes", "The Wolf and the Lamb", "The Tortoise and the Hare", "The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf", "The Farmer and His Children", etc. have become household stories all over the world.

This is the book with the most readers in the world, and it has the greatest influence on Western ethics, morality, and political thought. The essence of Eastern and Western folk literature, the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people. One of the 100 books that have influenced human culture. The oldest collection of fables in the world.

"Aesop's Fables", the oldest collection of fables in the world, is short in length and informal in form. The simple stories often shine with the light of wisdom, burst out with sparks of wit, and contain profound meanings. Meaning. It is not only an enlightenment textbook to instill the concepts of good and evil, beauty and ugliness in children, but also a textbook of life, which has had a great influence on future generations. In the history of European literature, it laid the foundation for fable creation. "Aesop's Fables" are often quoted in literary works and even political works from around the world, either as metaphors in reasoning or as weapons of criticism and satire. The best parts of this book still have positive practical significance today. In the history of the development of European fables, ancient Greek fables occupy an important position. It pioneered the development of European allegory and influenced the entire process of the subsequent development of European allegory. Allegory is a folk oral creation that mainly reflects people's life wisdom, including social activities, productive labor and daily life. . The current "Aesop's Fables" is compiled based on various handed down manuscripts, including more than 300 fables, some of which are very popular. The animals in "Aesop's Fables" generally do not have fixed character traits except for some animals, such as foxes, wolves, etc. Sometimes they are given negative characters, and sometimes they are positive. This is different from the basic stereotyped character traits formed by the fables of later generations.

This is a book worth reading.

3. Introduction to the author of "How Steel Was Tempered"

Nicholas Ostrovsky (1904-1936), a famous Soviet writer, was born in an ordinary Ukrainian From a working class family, he began his working life at the age of 12. He joined the Communist Youth League at the age of 15 and participated in the civil war to defend the Soviet power. In 1920, he was seriously injured and changed his job, and devoted himself to the trend of economic construction. He was successively responsible for the lower and middle-level leadership of the Youth League and the party. He was the Soviet: "an excellent communist fighter." After a recurrence of the injury resulted in paralysis and blindness, he embarked on the path of literary creation. In 1935, he received the country's highest honor, the Order of Lenin; he died in 1936. He wrote few works in his life, the most famous of which is "How Steel Was Tempered".

Introduction

Describes the severe life of Paul Korchagin during the First World War, the October Revolution, the Civil War and the recovery of the national economy.

Paul lost his father in his early years. His mother did laundry and cooking for others, and his brother was a worker. When Paul was 12 years old, his mother sent him to the station cafeteria to work as a handyman, and he was humiliated.

The October Revolution broke out, and the old Bolshevik Zhukhlai did underground work in the town. Zhukhlai told Paul many truths about revolution, the working class and class struggle.

Zhuhelai was captured by the gangsters. Paul and Jukhlai escaped together. Because of Victor's informant, Paul was thrown into prison. After coming out of prison, Paul jumped into Tonya's garden. Tonya and Paul fell in love.

In the fierce battle, Paul was seriously injured on the head. After being discharged from the hospital, he participated in the work of restoring and building the country. The ideological gap between Tonya and Paul became wider and wider, so they parted ways.

When the road construction project was coming to an end, Paul contracted typhoid fever and his health became worse and worse. In 1927, he became almost completely paralyzed and subsequently blinded. On the one hand, he was determined to help his wife Daya progress; on the other hand, he decided to start literary creation. In this way, "Paul picked up a new weapon and started a new life."

The love entanglement with Tonya, the upright friendship with Lida, and the sincere expression of feelings for Daya The purity of Paul's spiritual world.

Theme

"How the Steel Was Tempered" is an excellent novel that describes the growth process of new people and reveals their excellent qualities. The book creates a glorious image of Paul Korchagin and praises his spirit of self-improvement, strong will, enduring hardships, and bravely fighting illness during the revolutionary war. The book is filled with revolutionary passion and idealistic spirit, which deeply shocked people and influenced several generations...

When a British reporter asked the author why he wrote "How Steel Was Tempered" "" was the title of the book, Ostrovsky replied: "Steel is cast in fire and sudden cooling. Only in this way can it become hard and not afraid of anything. This is also the case for our generation. He was trained in the struggle and arduous tests, and learned not to give up in the face of life."

The title of the book vividly summarizes the ideological content he wants to express; the spirit of his own generation. Growth path and ideological character.

Through the growth path of Paul Korchagin, the novel tells people that a person can only defeat the enemy and himself in the hardships of the revolution, and only by connecting his pursuit with the interests of the motherland and the people. Only when we are together can we create miracles and grow into steel warriors. Revolutionaries are forged into steel in struggle, which is an important theme in the novel.

By revealing Paul’s resolute character who dared to overcome any hardships for the cause of the party and the people, the novel vividly tells the young generation what the ideal of communism is and how to work for it. Understand to work hard. What kind of life a revolutionary warrior should have is another theme of the novel. What Paul said when he paid homage to the grave of his female comrade Valian is a confession of his communist outlook on life and an elucidation of the theme of the novel:

“The most important thing is that people The precious thing is life, and life belongs to people only once. This is how a person's life should be spent; when he looks back on the past, he will not regret for wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed for doing nothing; in this way, in When he was dying, he could say: 'My whole life and all my energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world - the struggle for the liberation of mankind.'"

It can be said this way. To summarize the theme of the novel: one's life should be spent like Paul Korchagin.

4. "Education of Love"

Author: Amicis

This is a diary-style novel that records the nine-year journey of primary school student Enrico. months of fourth grade life. Love is the main theme of the whole novel. In the most plain words, all the greatest loves in the world are integrated: the love of teachers, the love of students, the love of parents, the love of children, the love of classmates... every kind of love None of them are earth-shattering, but they are touching and thought-provoking. The whole novel examines the beauty and ugliness, good and evil around him with the most uncontaminated eyes of a primary school student.

Here are the chivalrous actions of his friend Caron, who is deeply proud of Amway, and the helpfulness of Dailosi, the squad leader with both good morals and academics. There is also the vanity and narrow-mindedness of Wattini, and the arrogance and rudeness of Nobis. The simple and lovely "little mason", the strong and ever-strong Closi... are all using love to feel every bit of life.

"The Education of Love" is a great novel written by Italian writer Amicis who took nearly ten years to complete. The author was born on October 31, 1846, in a small village called Oneidia in the Guglia region of Italy. He loved learning and writing since he was a child. In 1868, he published his debut novel "Life in the Military Camp", which made him famous. In 1886, "The Education of Love" was published, which brought his creative career to its peak.

5. Andersen's Fairy Tales

Andersen is a famous Danish fairy tale writer in the 19th century and the founder of world literary fairy tales. He was born in a poor shoemaker family in Odense. He studied at a charity school and worked as an apprentice in his early years. Influenced by his father and folk oral literature, he loved literature since childhood. When he was 11 years old, his father died of illness and his mother remarried. In order to pursue art, he came to Copenhagen alone at the age of 14. After eight years of hard work, he finally showed his talent in the poetic drama "Alfsol". Therefore, he was sent to Slagelsee Grammar School and Helsingo School for free by the Royal Theater of Arts. It lasted 5 years. In 1828, he entered the University of Golhagen. After graduation, he has never had a job and mainly relies on royalties to make a living. In 1838, he received a writer's bonus - the state allocated him a non-public service allowance of 200 yuan every year.

Andersen never married and died of illness on August 4, 1875 at the home of his friend, the businessman Melchor.

Andersen's literary career began in 1822. In the early days, he mainly wrote poems and plays. After entering university, his creations became increasingly mature. He has published travel notes and musical comedies, as well as poetry collections and poetry plays. In 1833, he published the novel "The Improvisational Poet", which won him international reputation and is his representative work of adult literature.

"In order to fight for the future generation", Andersen decided to write fairy tales for children and published "Stories for Children". In the following years, a collection of such fairy tales was published every Christmas. After that, he continued to publish new works until he gradually stopped writing due to cancer in 1872. In the past 40 years, he has written a total of 168 fairy tales.

Andersen's fairy tales have a unique artistic style: poetic beauty and comic humor. The former is the dominant style and is mostly reflected in eulogizing fairy tales, while the latter is mostly reflected in satirical fairy tales.

Andersen's creation can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. Early fairy tales are mostly full of beautiful fantasy and optimistic spirit, reflecting the characteristics of a combination of realism and romanticism. His representative works include "The Tinderbox", "The Flowers of Little Ida", "Thumbelina", "The Daughter of the Sea", "The Wild Swan", "The Ugly Duckling", etc. In the middle period of fairy tales, the fantasy component is weakened and the realistic component is relatively enhanced. In lashing out the ugliness and praising the good, it expresses the persistent pursuit of a better life and also reveals the melancholy of lack of confidence. Representative works include "The Little Match Girl", "Snow Queen", "Shadow", "A Drop of Water", "Mother's Story", "The Puppet Show", etc. Fairy tales in the late period are more face to reality than those in the middle period, focusing on describing the tragic fate of the people at the bottom and exposing the coldness, darkness and injustice of social life. The tone of the work is sombre. His representative works include "Dream Under the Willows", "She's a Waste", "Bachelor's Nightcap", "Lucky Belle", etc.

Introduction to "Goddess"

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Collection of poems. By Guo Moruo. Includes major poems written between 1919 and 1921. Together with 57 preface poems. Most of them were written by poets while studying in Japan. Among the representative poems are "Phoenix Nirvana", "Rebirth of the Goddess", "Coal in the Furnace", "Sunrise", "Looking from the Top of the Mountain", "Earth, My Mother!" ", "Tengu", "Good Morning", "Standing on the Edge of the Earth and Broadcasting Numbers", etc. In terms of poetry form, it broke through the shackles of old styles and created a vigorous and unrestrained free verse style, which opened up a new world for the development of free verse after the "May Fourth Movement" and became the foundation of my country's new poetry. There is now a 1957 edition published by People's Literature Publishing House, which has been reprinted many times since.

Chinese new poetry developed with the "May 4th" cultural movement and the "Poetry Revolution". The cause of poetic liberation began with Hu Shi and was completed by the poets of the Literary Research Association who practiced the idea of ??"literature is life". The establishment of the Creation Society with Guo Moruo as its banner in 1921 can be described as a "sudden rise", focusing on "life full of defects". If we say that Hu Shi and his "Anthology", who pioneered the "Great Liberation of Poetry", can only be regarded as the boundary between old and new poetry; then it is Guo Moruo and his works that can be called the pioneers and monumental works of the new poetry revolution. "Goddess".

"Goddess" uses mythological themes, poetic drama genres, and symbolic techniques to reflect reality. Among them, "Rebirth of the Goddess" symbolizes the Civil War in China at that time. The poet once said: "The workers symbolize the south, Zhuan Xu symbolizes the north, and I want to build a third China outside the two - a beautiful China." However, the poet's early social ideals were vague. He once said: "In the beginning, nature was not differentiated. It was just vaguely opposed to the old society and wanted to build a new society. What the new society will look like and how to build it are all very vague.

"Therefore, the goddess wants to create a fresh sun, but it is still a vague creation. It is just an ideal vision and a bright pursuit. But during the May Fourth Movement, it gave the majority of young people a powerful inspiration.

< p>The artistic network of "The Goddess" is the unity of diversity. Passion is like lightning and thunder, volcanic eruptions; tenderness is like the clear breeze and bright moon, and the artistic style of "Tengu" is definitely the former. The poem was written during the period when Guo Moruo's new poetry creation was at its most intense. The style of this poem is powerful, violent, and tense.

At the beginning, the poet called himself "Tiangu". It can swallow the moon, the sun, and all the planets, and "I am who I am" is the pride brought by the full expression of individuality, so it is the poet's hymn to the liberation of individuality under the perspective of the May Fourth spirit. It is precisely because of having the courage to break through all constraints on individual development that individuality can be fully developed. The new talents of the May Fourth Movement have unlimited energy: "I am the total energy of the temple in the whole universe!" "Such May Fourth newcomers will change mountains, rivers, the earth, and the universe. "I fly, I scream, I burn..." "The emotional power released by the poem was like a violent hurricane or a rushing torrent, which produced a strong shock wave in that era. "I fly" is an exciting cry, fully demonstrating the painful process of personality liberation during the May Fourth period. In short, "Tengu" is a thrilling spiritual hymn played during the May Fourth Movement. It is the first time that people heard the brave and roaring voice of the era in poetry during the May Fourth Movement. "The heroic spirit is exactly the reappearance of the spirit of the May Fourth period that demanded the destruction of all traditions and the destruction of the old world.

And "Tengu" is just the collision, fusion, and splash of the poet's emotions and art in the creation of "The Goddess" It can be seen that the creative imagination of "The Goddess" is rich and unique, and the bold and passionate lyricism is a masterpiece in the poetry world. Its unparalleled romantic artistic color will illuminate the poetry art gallery. A beam of dazzling light; its scorching verses are like a noisy heat wave, roaring the strongest sound of the violent May Fourth era.

Theme:

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"Goddess" is a typical embodiment of the "May Fourth Movement" Sturm und Drang spirit. Its ideological content focuses on the following three aspects:

1. The strong demand for individual liberation .

In literature, it requires self-expression, respect for individuality, and self-inner expression as the basis. The call for individual liberation is expressed through the discovery of "self" and the affirmation of self-worth.

< p>For example: The powerful image of "Tengu" in "Tengu" that breaks through all snares and destroys all old things is an extreme exaggeration of the poems that required the liberation of personality in that era.

"Bathing in the Sea". The self-image is also the catharsis of poetry to realize the liberation of self-personality. This requirement of personal liberation not only focuses on the individual itself, but the poet regards the liberation of the individual as the prerequisite for the liberation of society, nation, and country, integrating them into one. /p>

In "Earth, My Mother", it can be seen that his demand for individual liberation shows the consistency of the interests of the working people.

2. Singing of resistance, rebellion and creative spirit<. /p>

Resistance and rebellion are reflected in:

When "The Goddess" was born, the whole of China was a dark prison, which inspired the poet's rebellious and rebellious spirit.

< p>For example: The Phoenix singing before self-immolation in "Phoenix Nirvana" provides a very realistic and painful description of the decaying old world. The Phoenix's self-immolation is an act of resistance and rebellion that completely breaks with the old world. A strong explosion and burning of the spirit.

In "I am an Idol worshipper", the poet expresses his worship of all things that symbolize life in nature and society, to deny all man-made idols and all old traditions that stifle vitality. It shows his extreme contempt for feudal authority.

"Ode to Gangsters" praises Lenin, Russell, Nietzsche and others, expressing his firm will to follow in their footsteps and resist.

The creative spirit is reflected in:

1. In "Standing on the Edge of the Earth and Sending Numbers", it is believed that continuous destruction and continuous creation are the laws for the development of all things.

2. Praise for the scientific civilization of the 20th century, such as "Looking forward to the top of the mountain".

3. In singing about the magical power of nature, the nature described by the poet is fully humanized. Such as "Good Morning" and "Sea of ??Light".

3. Expression of patriotic sentiments

It is not difficult to see from the images of the young girl in "Coal in the Furnace" in "Goddess" and the reborn phoenix in "Phoenix Nirvana". The poet's deep nostalgia and infinite love for the motherland.

Briefly describe the basic tendency and creative characteristics of Guo Moruo's novels

1. The basic tendency of Guo Moruo's novels is the strong patriotism and the rebellious spirit of boldly resisting the old world.

2. The creative characteristic is emotionalism, which belongs to the category of romanticism and is influenced by modernism. For example, "The Last Spring" is the earliest work to use the stream of consciousness technique in the "May Fourth" new literature.

3. Historical novels occupy a special position in Guo Moruo's novel creation. They help readers understand the difference between good and evil, and the principles of prosperity and failure.

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Artistic characteristics:

Analysis of the romantic characteristics of "Goddess"

Guo Moruo's "Goddess" is A collection of romantic poetry, the main features are:

1. Romantic spirit. Romanticism values ??subjectivity and emphasizes self-expression. "The Goddess" is a poem of "self-expression", and the phoenix and so on in the poem are all the poet's "self-expression". The subjective spirit of "self" in the poem is a strong spirit of resistance and rebellion, and an idealistic spirit that pursues light.

2. An expression of explosive catharsis. Romanticism takes the direct expression of one's feelings as the main expression, and the direct expression of one's feelings in poetry is expressed as an eruptive catharsis. Poems such as "Phoenix Nirvana" most typically embody this expression feature.

3. Strange imagination and exaggeration. For example, from the folk tale of Tengu swallowing the moon, one imagines that the Tengu swallowed up the entire universe, "roaring like the sea," etc. This extremely exaggerated and strange imagination can best express the strong demand for personal liberation and the spirit of resistance and rebellion against the old world.

4. The way the image is depicted has a heroic style.

5. In terms of language, it is highly subjective. Some sentences describing nature are stained with the poet's subjective feelings at that time.

Artistic value:

Analyze and evaluate the status and shortcomings of "The Goddess" in the history of the development of modern Chinese poetry

Guo Moruo's "The Goddess" is a new generation of poetry. Poems. This is its position in the history of the development of new poetry.

1. Ideological content. "The Goddess" embodies the spirit of the "May Fourth" era. Its revolutionary spirit of being completely anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, and rebellious against all old forces, as well as its yearning for light, most strongly embody the spirit of the times of the May Fourth Movement.

2. In terms of art, "The Goddess" is the pioneer work of Chinese new romantic poetry, which pioneered and formed the new romantic poetry school. "The Goddess" stands out for its distinct romanticism. Its strong emotions and magnificent artistic images had an important impact on the Romantic poets at that time and later.

3. In terms of poetry form, "The Goddess" is a peak of free-style poetry, setting an example for the innovation and creation of poetry. It completely breaks through the shackles of the old poetry rhythm. The length of the stanzas and lines is irregular, and the rhyme has no fixed pattern.