1. Thinking during the day and dreaming at night

It shows that consciousness is a reflection of matter. Another example is that some of the myths, religious rumors, and scientific fantasies we often hear are also reflections of objective things. However, some are distorted reflections, and some are illusory or exaggerated reflections.

2. Heaven and earth are in harmony, and all things are self-generated.

All things in the universe exist naturally and are not dominated by human will. This shows that nature exists objectively.

3. Covering one's ears and stealing the bell

It goes against the principle that matter determines consciousness. Trying to replace objective reality with subjective desires. Another example is "painting cakes to satisfy hunger", "looking at plum blossoms to quench thirst", "Zheng people buying shoes", "cutting feet to fit shoes", etc. also belong to this meaning.

4. It is difficult for a clever woman to make a meal without rice

It shows that matter comes first and consciousness comes later. Without matter, there will be no consciousness that reflects matter. It fully embodies the principle that matter determines consciousness.

5. Viewed horizontally, a ridge forms a peak, and the height is different from near to far.

It shows that whether the consciousness is correct or not is directly related to a person's stance, viewpoint, and method of looking at the problem. . Another example is, "The public is right when he says it, and the mother-in-law is right when she says it." This is also true.

6. Where there is a will, there is a way.

It shows that consciousness has a counterproductive effect on matter. Correct consciousness will promote the development of things; on the contrary, it will hinder the development of things. Another example is "fullness brings harm, modesty benefits", "man can conquer nature", "it depends on man", "mind's hand?", etc. are also the same.

7. The benevolent sees benevolence, the wise see wisdom

Explaining the same thing, due to different personal knowledge structures, the views are different. For example, the painter looks at the painting "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" from the perspective of aesthetics, the economist looks at it from the perspective of economic development, and the historian looks at it from the perspective of economic development. From a social and historical perspective.

8. There is nothing outside the mind

It means that matter exists in human consciousness, and there is nothing outside of consciousness. This is the same as "existence is perceived". "Objects are a collection of ideas", "When the eyes are open, the flowers will be bright, and when the eyes are closed, the flowers will be silent", etc., all belong to idealism.

9. When the form exists, the spirit exists, and when the form fades, the spirit disappears.

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It shows that the human body and spirit are unified and inseparable. The form exists and the spirit exists, and the form and the spirit disappear. This is another example of the materialist view, "The heaven and earth are combined to create all things, and yin and yang are connected to change." ", which means that all things in the universe were not created by God, but are the result of their own contradictory movements, which is also materialism.

10. Running water does not rot, and door hinges do not become beetroot

Explanation Matter and movement are inseparable. Movement is the fundamental attribute of matter, and matter cannot be separated from movement; matter is the carrier of movement, and movement cannot be separated from matter.

11. It is not only about books, but also about matter. Practicality

This is Comrade Chen Yun’s consistent guiding ideology, which requires us to proceed from reality in all practical work, seek truth from facts, and oppose dogmatism, bookism, empiricism and superstitious slavery. We must adhere to materialism and oppose idealism.

12. People cannot step into the same river twice.

It shows that objective things are constantly changing. Some people say that "people cannot even step into the same river once", which goes to the extreme and denies relative stillness. It is a kind of agnosticism.

13. To seek a sword by carving a boat

is to use stillness. Looking at the problem from the perspective of matter is contrary to the perspective of movement and change. Another example is "waiting for the rabbit".

14. It shows that the process of biological growth is to follow. There are certain laws, and any attempt to replace objective regularity with subjective will will inevitably be punished. Another example is "how bold a person is, how productive the land is" and "human reason legislates nature", etc.

15. The nature of nature is constant, and it does not exist because of Rao, nor does it exist because of Jie.

It means that there are certain laws in the changes in nature, and it does not exist because Rao is a holy king. It will not perish because Jie is a tyrant. Another example is, "The wild geese leave the north of the Great Wall and move for more than ten thousand miles." It eats rice from the south in winter and returns to the north in spring. "It shows that the movements of living things follow the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest. "The changes in the heaven and earth, cold and heat, wind and rain, floods, droughts, locusts, all have their own laws" (Shen Kuo)

16. Difficulties and hardships , Yu Ru Yucheng

Explains that respecting the rules and acting according to the rules must give full play to people's subjective initiative, so that they can overcome difficulties and win under the guidance of the rules.

17. If you chop firewood without following the patterns, you will be exhausted.

It shows that the laws are objective, and the subjective initiative must be based on respecting the objective laws. Otherwise, success will not be possible.

18. Use your ability. And doing

means that in actual work, we must proceed from reality, seek truth from facts, and do not do things that are beyond our ability and make the subjective violate the objective.

19. Opposites and mutual complementation.

It means that things themselves contain two aspects that are both opposite and unified, that is, contradiction. The same is true for "complementing each other".

20. Emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts

Emancipating the mind means that objective things are constantly changing and developing. To adapt to the changed situation, we must break old ideas and superstition; seek truth from facts; That is to say, we must proceed from objective reality, derive regularity from it, and act in accordance with the regularity. The two are unified. Without the spirit of seeking truth from facts, it is impossible to emancipate the mind. On the contrary, if the mind cannot adapt to the changed situation, there is no such thing as seeking truth from facts.

21. Attacking one point is not as good as the rest

It violates the principle of the universality of contradictions. It is to look at the problem from a one-sided point of view, to argue on one point, and to deny the dichotomy. Another example is, "Seeing only the trees but not the forest" falls into this category.

22. Know yourself and the enemy and fight a hundred battles with no danger

It embodies the universal principle of contradiction. We are required to think about problems and adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy when doing things. Another example is, "If you listen to both, you will be enlightened, but if you listen to one side, you will be dark."

23. A blessing in disguise, a blessing in disguise

It embodies the principle of identity of contradiction. That is to say, the two contradictory parties are not only interdependent, but also transform into each other under certain conditions. Another example is "humility makes people progress, pride makes people fall behind", "fullness brings harm, modesty benefits", "being prepared for danger in times of peace", etc. all contain the principle of identity of contradictions.

24. Playing the piano against a cow

The metaphor does not distinguish between objects and treats different things in the same way, which violates the principle of the particularity of contradiction. For another example, "one's crown and one's hat is worn", "copy as instructed", "one size fits all" and "one wind blows" all fall into this category.

25. Prescribe the right medicine to the case

Conforming to the principle of the particularity of contradictions, we are required to adhere to specific analysis of specific problems when observing and handling problems. Another example is "adapt to local conditions", "teach students in accordance with their aptitude", "tailor-made", "one key opens a lock", "no fingerprints are the same, no two leaves are the same", "nothing is the same", etc. All contain this principle.

26. Although the lotus is good, it must be supported by green leaves

It is a metaphor that in daily work, people should be good at grasping the main contradictions, but they cannot ignore the secondary contradictions, because the secondary contradictions The quality of handling directly affects the resolution of the main contradiction. Another example is "a hero has three gangs", "a fence has three stakes", etc. The same applies.

27. Putting the finishing touch

It means that we should be good at grasping the key points and key points in our work. In line with the principle of the main contradiction. Another example is, "To capture the thief first, capture the king", "To lead the bull, you must lead the bull's nose", and "To use it well, you must use it on the edge of the sword" are all equivalent to this principle.

28. One finger and nine fingers

Comrade Mao Zedong often used this to compare achievements and mistakes, which are important and which are secondary. We are required to be good at grasping the main aspects of contradictions. Because the nature of things is mainly determined by the dominant aspect of the contradiction, when observing and dealing with problems, we must distinguish between the mainstream and the tributaries, nine fingers and one finger.

29. Picking up sesame seeds and losing watermelons

It violates the principle of the contradictory relationship between primary and secondary. There is no distinction between priority and importance. The less important ones are caught and the important ones are lost. Another example is "grabbing eyebrows and beard", which also falls into this category.

30. Grasp the typical while taking into account the general

Conforming to the principle of unifying the two-point theory and the key theory, we are required to be both comprehensive and good at grasping the key points and key points in our actual work. Another example is "make overall plans and make appropriate arrangements", "learn to play the piano", etc. are all the same.

31. Putting the cart before the horse

This is contrary to the principle of the relationship between the primary and secondary aspects of contradictions. It does not distinguish between the mainstream and the tributaries, and the priorities are reversed. Another example is "taking advantage of the guest", "not worth the loss", "accommodating everything", "not distinguishing between good and bad", etc., also fall into this category.

32. Fishing by exhausting the lake

It goes against the view that things are universally connected. Can't see the mutual influence and mutual restriction between things. We only care about immediate interests and ignore the long-term interests of the successive development of things. Another example is "killing chickens to get eggs", "destroying forests for farming", etc., which fall into this category.

33. The lips are dead and the teeth are cold

It embodies the view that things are universally connected. Things influence and restrict each other within and between things, just like lips and teeth interdependent. Another example is "a fire at the city gate affects the fish in the pond", "the big river has water and the small river is full, and the small river has no water and the big river is dry", "the mantis stalks the cicada, the oriole is there?", etc., the same applies.

34. 1 If you are not careful, you will lose everything

This means that the overall situation and the local parts are inseparable. We must take into account the overall situation, and we must not ignore the impact of local connections on the whole. Otherwise, it is often caused by local failures. The failure of the overall situation. Another example is the meaning of "a mouse ruins a pot of porridge".

35. Those who do not plan for the overall situation are not able to plan for one area.

This is about the overall situation and the local situation. It is an interdependent and indivisible relationship. The part cannot be separated from the whole, otherwise it will lose its meaning of existence. Therefore, when thinking about problems and doing things, we must focus on the overall situation and take the overall situation into consideration. "Then the family will perish", etc., all belong to this principle.

36. After seeing each other for three days, treat each other with admiration

This means that things change and develop. They cannot be viewed from an unchanging perspective. People and things around you.

For example, "young people are to be feared", "latecomers come first", and Han Fei's "When the world changes, things will change, and when things change, prepare for changes", etc., all include the perspective of development.

37. Telling fate by looking at each other

Violates the objectivity of the relationship, forcibly pulling two unrelated things together to create a "connection". Another example is "The magpie announces good news, the crow announces mourning", "The comet is an ominous light", etc., which fall into this category.

38. You will reap melons if you sow melons, and you will reap beans if you sow beans.

This illustrates an inevitable connection in the inheritance of things, that is, regularity. It reflects that internal factors are the basis for changes in things. Another example is the proverb "A dragon begets a dragon, a phoenix begets a phoenix, and a mouse gives birth to a son who can dig holes" also illustrates this truth.

39. Complacency violates the perspective of development

Cannot see the changes and development of things, but treats things from a static perspective. Another example is "conservative", "adhering to the rules", "dare not take a step beyond the bounds" and Dong Zhongshu's "the great origin of Tao comes from heaven, and heaven does not change, so does Tao", etc., all belong to static viewpoints.

40. The master introduces the door, and learning skills lies in the individual. Explain that external factors work through internal factors. No matter how powerful the external factors are, they still work through internal factors. Otherwise, no matter how skilled the craftsman is, he will be unable to carve something out of rotten wood.

41. Those who are close to vermillion are red, and those who are close to ink are black

It shows that the external environment has an important influence on the development of things, that is, external factors are the conditions for things to change. Another example is, "The power of role models is infinite", "Famous teachers make great disciples", "Brothers' loyalty kills people", etc. all illustrate the role of external factors.

42. Do not do evil because it is small, and do not do good because it is small.

Explains that in the relationship between quantitative changes and qualitative changes, we must distinguish right from wrong, distinguish good from evil, and weigh the benefits and harms. . What is beneficial should be persevered to promote its qualitative change; what is harmful should be guarded against and prevent its transformation.

43. A drop of water penetrates a stone

It embodies the principle of the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change, that is, the accumulation of quantity to a certain extent will cause qualitative changes. Another example is, "If you don't accumulate steps, you won't be able to reach a thousand miles", "If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be able to build a river or a sea", "If you don't let go of a contract, you can carve it out in metal and stone", etc., all belong to the same principle.

44. A single spark can start a prairie fire

It shows that although new things are relatively weak at first, they conform to the development laws of objective things and have strong vitality and broad development prospects, so they will eventually be inevitable. Victory over the old. Another example is, "Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of spring trees grow in front of the diseased tree", etc., which also metaphors that new things are invincible.

45. Enough is enough

Reflects the principle of moderation. Since things can only maintain their original properties within a certain range and limit, so when we need to maintain the stability of the properties of things, we must control quantitative changes within certain limits. This is to grasp the size and adhere to moderation. . Another example is that "too much is not enough" and "the extreme of things must be reversed" all refer to the need to adhere to the principle of moderation.

46. There is no way out despite the mountains and rivers, but there is another village with hidden flowers and bright flowers

It embodies the principle of the unity of progress and twists and turns in the development of things. The general trend of the development of things is forward, and the road of development is tortuous, with twists and turns in progress, and progress amidst twists and turns. This requires us to think of possible difficulties when things go well; to see the light and build the confidence to overcome difficulties when things are going badly. Another example is, "There are dangers in science, but you can overcome them through hard work." This principle is also included.

47. Nothing can change without its origin

It means that phenomenon and essence are closely related and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is still an expression of its essence.

48. The blind man feels the elephant

This metaphor only understands the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not understand the essence of things. Phenomenon and essence are different. Phenomenon is the surface characteristics and external connections of things, which is one-sided, changeable, and can be directly perceived by human sense organs; while essence is the relatively stable internal connections of things, the fundamental nature of things, which can only be determined by human rationality. Thinking to grasp.

49. Presence in the east and attack in the west

There is a difference between true and false in the phenomenon of things. "Present in the east" is an illusion, and "attack in the west" is the truth. Its essence is to confuse the enemy and preserve oneself. Another example is "fighting to capture", "surrounding Wei and rescuing Zhao", "dance of swords in Xiangzhuang", "building a plank road in the open and crossing Chencang secretly", etc., all belong to this principle.

50. To know people and faces is to know the heart

It is a metaphor that perceptual knowledge needs to be elevated to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things. Only by rising to rational knowledge can we understand the inner nature of things.

51. A blind man riding a blind horse

It is a metaphor for practice without correct theoretical guidance, which is a kind of blind practice. Because a correct theory reflects the nature and laws of objective things, it has a guiding role in practice. Another example is, "Without revolutionary theory, there will be no revolutionary movement." This is the truth.

52. Buy a casket and return a pearl

It is said that in ancient times, a man saw a beautiful box containing pearls, so he bought the box at a high price, but returned the precious pearls. To the seller. The metaphor only looks at the phenomenon, not the essence. Another example is, "I don't know the true face of Mount Lu, just because I am in this mountain" is the same reason.

53. Practice makes perfect

It means that only by accumulating a large amount of perceptual material can it be possible to rise to rational understanding. To possess a large amount of reliable perceptual data, we must go deep into reality and practice repeatedly, and avoid "looking at the flowers from a quick glance" or "taking a quick glance at the water".

54. Handan learning to walk

It is a metaphor for not using your brain and blindly imitating others. The result is self-defeating and making a joke. This story tells us that to understand things, we must not only "know it well", but also be good at using our brains and thinking actively, otherwise it will be impossible to form a correct understanding. Another example is "Dongshi Xiaoqian" and "Hunting to swallow jujube" belong to this category.

55. Wrinkle your brows and take it into consideration

It is a metaphor that perceptual materials can only rise to rational understanding after being processed by the human brain. Since the perceptual materials that people obtain are often a mixture of fine and rough, with true and false coexisting, separated from each other, and the outside and inside cannot be distinguished, it needs to go through an analysis and synthesis process of "removing the rough and extracting the essence, removing the false and retaining the true, moving from here to there, and from the outside to the inside" before it can be formed. Rational understanding. Another example is, "How much do you want to be wise?", "Learning without thinking will lead to indifference, thinking without learning will lead to peril", etc., all belong to this meaning.

56. If you live to old age, you will not be able to survive.

The objective world is constantly changing, and people's practice and understanding also change and develop accordingly. The viewpoint of stopping and doing nothing is inconsistent with objective reality.

57. Draw inferences from one example. Hear one and know ten

It means that if people want to acquire new knowledge, they must master the thinking method of reasoning, because only by learning reasoning (including deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning) can they grasp the regularity of things. As a result, people's knowledge can be continuously expanded and deepened.

58. It is said that practice is the driving force for the development of knowledge. Insufficient knowledge, thus motivating oneself to continuously pursue knowledge, expand horizons, and deepen understanding. As Engels said: "Once society has technical needs, this need will push science forward more than ten universities." ?Another example is, "Eat for a while, you will gain wisdom", "Failure is the mother of success", "After learning, you will not know what is lacking", etc., all belong to this principle.

59. If you don’t enter the tiger’s den, how can you catch the tiger’s cubs

Practice is the source of knowledge. Human knowledge is obtained through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiments. Without practice, knowledge becomes water without a source and a tree without roots. Another example is, "Truth is priceless, it can be found through practice", "One sight is worth less than a hundred hearings, and one action is worth less than a hundred views", "No acquaintance is known without fighting", etc., are all based on this truth.

60. Apply what you learn

It means that practice is the purpose of understanding. The fundamental purpose of people's knowledge is not to explain the world, but to change the world. Therefore, the approach of "sitting around and talking on paper" is not advisable.

61. What you learn on paper will always be shallow, but you must practice it yourself

It means that while humbly learning indirect experience and studying seriously, you must actively participate in social practice . Because indirect experience is indeed valuable, but it can only be digested, applied, tested and developed in practice. Another example is "reading thousands of books and traveling thousands of miles", which also emphasizes handling the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience.

62. Facts speak louder than words

It means that practice is the only criterion for testing the correctness of understanding. Only practice can connect knowledge with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether knowledge conforms to objective reality. Another example is, "It doesn't count until it's done", "A horse's power can be seen from a distance, but a person's heart can be seen over time", etc., which all fall into this category.

63. Come from a source

It is a metaphor that the practical activities of the people are the source of human spiritual wealth and the source of various artistic activities. Provided with lively material, any creation becomes a stagnant mess.

64. The people are saints

It means that the people are the main body of practice and the creators of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also spiritual wealth. The idea that "heroes make things happen" is groundless. Another example is, "Three cobblers are worth one Zhuge Liang", which also means the same truth.

65. After all hardships, happiness comes

It means that only in practice, a person is not afraid of hardship, is not afraid of tiredness, and dares to fight against difficulties, can he achieve brilliant achievements. As Marx said, "There is no smooth road in science. Only those who are not afraid of hard work on the rugged path can hope to reach the glorious summit." Another example is Pu Songling's self-encouragement couplet when he landed: "Those who are determined will do it. If the cauldron sinks the boat, a hundred and two Qin passes will eventually belong to Chu; if you work hard, God will not let you down; if you lie on the salary and taste the courage, three thousand Yuejia can swallow Wu." The same principle applies.

66. A lonely goose will never make it again

It is a metaphor that individual practice must be combined with the practice of the masses. If a person wants to make a difference and achieve something, he must take the path of integrating with the people, otherwise, nothing will be accomplished.

67. "The heart is the organ of thinking" (Mencius), "The heart is the king of form and the master of gods" (Xunzi), "All human memories are in the brain"

The most common point among the three is that people's thinking activities must have a certain foundation of material organs.

68. The two qi of yin and yang are full of worry, and there is nothing outside and no gap.

The image of the sky and the shape of the earth are all within their scope. (Wang Fuzhi)

The universe is a material entity composed of vitality. There is no other spiritual world outside the material world. Laws are inherent in objective things themselves, which affirms the material unity of the world. Another example: "Qi is the basis of reason." "Qi" is a material entity that changes day by day. "Li" (spirit) cannot exist without "Qi".

69. Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, it is knowing

What you know is what you say, and what you don’t understand is what you don’t understand. Only with this attitude can you be wise. This famous saying tells us that we should grasp ourselves as objective things, proceed from our own reality, and understand ourselves correctly.

70. Planting flowers intentionally does not bloom, but planting willows unintentionally creates shade

It shows that all objective things exist independently without relying on human consciousness, and things and their laws of motion are objective.