1644 is a very special year in the history of China. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the first year of Yongchang and the first year of Shunzhi, Beijing, a thousand-year-old ancient capital, has a changing flag of the King. Within one year, three emperors sat on the dragon chair of the Forbidden City. In 361 years, the history that happened in Beijing that year and its influence on China have been discussed for a long time. When I was young, I came into contact with this period of history, which is to read Guo Moruo's "Jiashen 3-year Festival". In that era when resources were scarce, I read that pamphlet over and over again. This famous article, which was written at the end of the Anti-Japanese War, formed the view that Dashun army was corrupted after it entered the city, so that a few years later, before the army entered Beijing, Mao Zedong also warned that he would seize the world's * * * producers and must learn from Li Zicheng. Is history really like this? What caused the dramatic changes in Beijing in the spring of 1644? The Ming dynasty began to decline from Wanli, and its demise was inevitable, but it didn't survive the seventeenth year of Chongzhen. Although Chongzhen is suspicious and changeable, he is still a diligent and good emperor among the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. In the north, the Qing Dynasty witnessed the new funeral of Huang Taiji, and Dourgen came to power, which was unstable internally and would not invade in a big way for the time being. Rebellion swarmed everywhere, but the rich Jiangnan was intact. The only urgent need is Li Zicheng. Why can't you hide from it?

although Li Chuang defeated the generals all the way, he only occupied Shanxi. In the Ming dynasty, capital city was valued over other provinces, and heavy troops were always assembled in Beijing. The three battalions claim to be 47,. Although there are many imaginary amounts, half of them should be there. Although the fighting capacity is not strong, Enemy at the Gates and Beijing Camp in the Qing Dynasty have been in battle for many times. Beijing's Yugoslav capital is very strong, and since Anda, Enemy at the Gates, a foreign enemy, has been unable to break it many times. During the Chongzhen period, the Manchu Dynasty also hit Beijing many times. The Beijing camp field battle may not be good, and the guarding city can last for at least a few months, in addition to the help of the red cannon. The ability to attack the army is very poor, and a Ning Wuguan will lose tens of thousands of elites. Why attack Beijing as if to take something out of its pocket? It's hard to explain why Chongzhen didn't move south and ordered the prince to go south. It's heroic for the king to die, but no one wants to be the king of national subjugation. Different from other dynasties, the Ming dynasty took Nanjing as its capital, and the former dynasty when the prince was stationed in Nanjing also had it. Chongzhen was not so fatuous that Nanming was later destroyed because of the imperial system. It can be said that Chongzhen did not believe that the city was trapped when the army was approaching, and Wenwu also had this confidence, otherwise he would have fled in various directions. There is a saying that Chongzhen malicious officials tried to flee for their lives, deliberately preventing the prince from going south, and everyone hanged themselves on a tree. This speculation is too outrageous. It should be said that Chongzhen didn't believe that the city was trapped when the invading army approached, and Wu Sangui would arrive in a few days. Once the invading army was under the fortified city, the diligent military forces from all over the country would come one after another. Chongzhen does not need to defend the city for a long time, as long as it can persist for a month, it will turn the corner. The most incredible thing is that, on the occasion of Enemy at the Gates, Li Zicheng, Du Xun, the eunuch, was sent to make peace with Chongzhen. The conditions he offered were: "Negotiate to cut off the northwest area and become the king, and reward the army with millions of dollars, and retreat to Henan", "I am willing to curb the bandits in the imperial court, especially to help control the Liao vassals by recruiting soldiers, but I will not serve the imperial edict and worship". Seeing that you are about to enter the city, you should offer such preferential terms? And Chongzhen refused to accept it at the moment when the country was subverted. Li Zicheng has occupied Shaanxi and Henan, whether it is cut or not. Moreover, he has established himself as the king, and now it is a matter of taking out one million pieces of silver. He can also be used to destroy Zhang Xianzhong and other bandits and even resist the Manchu Dynasty. Even if the end is too big to fail in the future, it will be ten thousand times stronger than the destruction of the country. Assuming that Chongzhen accepts this alliance at the gates, Li Zicheng will clear the way and lose its victory.

On March 17th, 1644, the day before the siege, both inside and outside the city decided that Beijing was impregnable. Where did this misjudgment come from? In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng led Dashun Army eastward, and its purpose was not to seize the world, but to plunder. Later generations thought that Li Zicheng thought the time was ripe, so he came to take Beijing. In fact, he tried to retreat or turn several times on the way to the East Expedition, especially after Ning Wuguan lost his troops. If the defenders of Datong had not come to surrender, they might have returned or diverted to Jianghuai. Even at the gates of Beijing, Dashun's ministers still didn't think it was possible to break into the city easily. It took forty days to enter the city and leave the city. After the First World War in Shanhaiguan, Dashun Army, which had been invincible before, was defeated and never fought a decent battle. If it is corruption, it is hard to believe that it is completely different within 4 days. Since ancient times, there have been many rebels who have entered Beijing, and they are more greedy than the rushing department. They have never lost their fighting capacity in such a short time. Huang Chao, for example, was able to fight against the North after withdrawing from Chang 'an. In contrast, the Rush Department has the shortest time to enter the capital, but the fighting has fallen the most. If Li Zicheng's troops were like this, it's hard to explain their previous achievements. Some people think that there are not so many people he brought into Beijing, and Shanhaiguan lost its elite in World War I. But what about the troops staying in Shaanxi? There is also a saying that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can last longer because of bandits. However, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is also a rogue, but it will not leave after arriving in Nanjing. Li Zicheng has built a foundation in Xi 'an at this time, and he is not a rogue. When moving eastward, there must be many troops left behind in the rear and along the route. How can these troops who have not suffered losses have no fighting capacity? Chongzhen couldn't keep Beijing because it was deserted by others. Why did Li Zicheng withdraw immediately after he proclaimed himself emperor? Shanhaiguan World War I, Wu Jun and the Qing army won miserably, and they didn't even have the ability to pursue them. Although Li Zicheng suffered heavy casualties, it was not completely annihilated. Why not rely on Beijing's complete Yugoslav capital to defend it? Li Zicheng led a crusade against Wu Sangui with more than 2, people, and he brought more than that into Beijing. At that time, Beijing decided that it would definitely leave heavy troops in Beijing. There are three battalions of soldiers, which should add up to hundreds of thousands. Why don't you keep it, but leave in a hurry and let Wu Sangui chase it like a lost dog? There is also a saying that what was lost in Shanhaiguan was Li Zicheng's elite. Even so, other second-rate troops should have some fighting capacity. Li Zicheng won't take all the elites to Shanhaiguan, because there are so many casualties in the three battalions in Beijing, and it is necessary to leave cronies and elite soldiers to guard them. Li Zicheng has been fighting for decades, and his troops have the strongest fighting capacity among all the bandits. Even if they suffer losses, they will not be unable to fight back. And his subordinates' generals, why haven't these battlefield-experienced generals performed well since they withdrew from Beijing? Why is this situation that the whole army is completely different? Zhang Xianzhong, by contrast, was also defeated by World War I, and later Li Dingguo even won the title of king. Why are Li Zicheng's men so stupid? Before Beijing, I also went to the city, Luoyang and Xi 'an. These are big cities. Why did it happen that when I entered Beijing, it was completely corrupt? After withdrawing from Beijing, even Xi 'an couldn't keep it, and Li Zicheng was killed or became a monk. In the end, it was not a betrayal, but an army with a large crowd that just couldn't fight. What Li Zicheng brought to Beijing was not a mob, and what he left behind was not a decoration. He did well in the confrontation between Shanhaiguan and Ning Guan fighters, which also showed that the theory of corruption was incorrect. At least before Shanhaiguan, the Rushing Department could fight. Why only had the power of World War I?

Let's take a look at Wu Sangui, which is very important at this time. On March 7th, it took orders, on March 1th, it gave up Ningyuan, and on March 16th, it arrived at Shanhaiguan. For a 2, people mixed with military and civilian, this speed should not be deliberately delayed. Wu Sangui can leave the people and fly to Beijing, but Li Zicheng didn't arrive in Beijing at that time, so there is no need to be in a hurry. On March 18th, Wu Sangui, who had not settled the families of officers and soldiers and Liaodong people, sent troops to rescue both capital city. However, on this day, the capital city has fallen. This time, it shows that Wu Sangui rescued the car wholeheartedly. On March 23rd, after the news of Chongzhen's death, Wu Sangui surrendered to Dashun. On March 27th, Wu Sangui arrived in Yutian, which is about 26 miles away from Beijing. He learned that Dashun army raped and plundered in Beijing, tortured civil and military dignitaries to ask for gold and silver, and the Wu family was also implicated. At night, "I was scared to cry that all the six armies were in mourning, and I was angry when I rushed to the crown." I turned around and attacked Shanhaiguan. What happened in these four days? After Wu Sangui's rebellion, Li Zicheng made a personal expedition, which showed that Wu Sangui was a formidable enemy in his eyes, otherwise Liu Zongmin and others would have been fine. Such an important person, why can't wait for a few days, and must go to the Wu family to ask for gold, silver and Chen Yuanyuan? Many Ming Dynasty officials surrendered. Li Zicheng always gave preferential treatment to the military commanders who supported troops. Why was he so strict with Wu Sangui? It shows that torturing Wu Xiang and even demanding Chen Yuanyuan are all false. Even if it is true, Wu Sangui's anger is a beauty, and his sergeant may not be willing. At that time, all localities surrendered one after another. Why was Wu Jun alone? If he wanted to surrender, he would surrender, and if he wanted to rebel, he would be sentenced? Revenge for the Ming dynasty can't be justified, because Wu surrendered first and then rebelled. Why should I have known today? Wu Sangui is the representative of Liaodong Military Group, not a reckless Beowulf. What he has done should be in the interests of Liaodong Military Group, otherwise his subordinates will not absolutely obey. The decisive battle between Beiguan and Li Zicheng is extremely risky. Even with the help of Manchu, it is hard to predict the outcome with the forces of Li Zicheng galloping in the Central Plains before. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, when people were unstable, why were Wu Sangui troops so Qi Xin? During the First World War of Shanhaiguan, Wu suffered heavy casualties, and he was able to pursue Li Zicheng and win Lien Chan's winning streak, which was very different from the situation that he was evenly matched before Shanhaiguan. But why suddenly stopped chasing, just because Li Zicheng returned to Chen Yuanyuan? How can anyone work hard for Wu Sangui if he values family feud over national hatred? Manchu will not let him be the king of the southwest. Finally, the Manchu dynasty, Shanhaiguan World War I only used two flags, it can be said that compared with other northern nomadic peoples, the Manchu dynasty was the easiest to seize North China. The main force is intact, and it is just the time to fight in spring and summer. But why didn't you go to the south of the Yangtze River this year except chasing Li Zicheng in the west, and let the small court of Nanming be established? Dourgen and Fan Wencheng Hong Chengchou, both of them should know that the most dangerous thing is not the rogue, but it's a bright future. Then there was Li Dingguo, and Zheng Chenggong held high the banner of regaining sight, but it fell short. And those who are rich in the Qing Dynasty for the purpose of robbery should know that the northwest is broken and the south of the Yangtze River is rich. Why did Manchu delay this year in vain? If there is no Zuo Liangyu Qingjun side, it may be difficult for the Qing soldiers to cross the river, and the story of Song and Jin will repeat itself.

in Beijing from March to April in p>1644, what influenced history?

in the eyes of future generations, history is inevitable, but in the eyes of people at that time, it is disorderly and accidental. Large and small accidents cause history, at least local history is unpredictable. These accidents are often ignored by historians because they are faits accomplis. History can't be assumed, but the contingency in history or something neglected by people at that time or even modern people is often the real driving force of history. On this planet, human beings are the masters, but besides human beings, there are animals, plants and the natural environment. These non-human things can also make history, because history not only belongs to human beings, but also is the diary of this planet. In Beijing in 1644, history was determined not by any person or group of people, but by the ubiquitous bacteria invisible to the naked eye. In 1644, people didn't know what bacteria were, although they were much longer than human history. In the historical records of China, pandemics often represent the epidemic of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. In the late period of the stormy Ming dynasty, the great plague was prevalent many times in the north. Plague began to appear in Shanxi during the Wanli period. In the sixth year of Chongzhen, there was an epidemic in Shanxi, and there was a great epidemic throughout Shanxi in ten years, with the peak in the sixteenth and seventeenth years. During the thirteenth to seventeenth years of Chongzhen in Henan and Jiangsu, there were also many major epidemics. Near Beijing, in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, there was a great epidemic in Shunde and Hejian. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, there were great epidemics in Tongzhou, Changping and Baoding, and they were introduced to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty said, "The great plague in the capital was from February to September." Like the situation in Shanxi, in the second year of the first epidemic, that is, in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the great plague in Beijing reached its peak, which was in March and April. What is this great epidemic that runs through North China? "Dead rats in the east, dead rats in the west, people see dead rats like tigers", which is the most important infectious disease in human history: plague. At that time, people didn't know the route of transmission, because every epidemic saw dead mice and knew that it was related to the death of mice, so it was named plague. 25 years later, Kitasato Shibasaburo, a Japanese, and Yersin, a Frenchman, isolated a bacterium from plague patients in Hong Kong, which proved that this bacterium was the source of plague, and people began to know about plague and found the means to prevent it. But in 1644, faced with the plague, people could only do nothing. The most famous plague epidemic in history was the Black Death, which wiped out nearly half of the population in Europe in the 14th century. The Black Death was spread from mouse to mouse and from mouse to human through flea bites. Its onset is rapid and its mortality rate is extremely high. However, the initial place of this disease is hot and humid, like Italy on the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, the sanitary conditions are very poor, and fleas and rats are everywhere. Although the sanitary environment in North China in the Ming Dynasty was not so good, the climate was dry and there was winter, which was not suitable for large-scale reproduction of fleas. Why did plague prevail? Unlike the Black Death, the plague prevalent in North China has a long incubation period, a low mortality rate, no black spots on its body, and often bleeding, so that some people still think it is not plague. Lien Teh Wu, a famous doctor, found the answer to this question at the beginning of the 2th century when there was a plague epidemic in Northeast China, which proved that there were two kinds of plague. What caused the Black Death was bubonic plague, which was spread by fleas. Pneumonic plague is prevalent in northern China. It spreads through the respiratory tract, and the effective way to prevent it is to wear a mask. Masks masks, where did people know what masks were in 1644? It was not until 359 spring that Beijing became a city-wide mask. This time, it was SARS, a severe infectious disease spread through the respiratory tract, and the high incidence period was also spring. This also proves that the dry climate in Beijing in spring is suitable for the survival of respiratory pathogens, so that they can survive for a period of time after leaving the human body. So is the flu, so is SARS, and so is the plague. When Li Zicheng was in Enemy at the Gates, the plague in Beijing was just the critical moment of sudden outbreak. Think of the panic situation when Sass was in Beijing. If there were enemies, how could he keep it? Three battlements and one soldier, how many battlements does Beijing have? No matter how much the three battalions are empty, one-tenth will have it. "Whip one person, one person will lie back as usual", is this a distraction? Just kill one policeman, and the Li Zicheng Department has always been cruel. Do you want to die? Because of the plague epidemic, I was weak and powerless after infection. Beijing is overcrowded, which is just conducive to the plague epidemic. Plague is popular among people and soldiers with poor living environment, and bureaucratic families are affected very little, so Chongzhen in the deep palace doesn't know it, and Li Zicheng outside the city doesn't know it, so this is the story of peace. When Li Zicheng wanted to attack the city punitively, before he started, people guarding the city offered their cities in succession. This is because everyone knows that it can't be kept. If there is no plague, it will be useless again, and how can it last for a few days with artillery and strong Yugoslav defense? In this way, Li Zicheng easily entered Beijing in disbelief. At the same time, he couldn't believe that the prosperous capital in his dream was now like a ghost town.

ghost town or not, no one who has entered Beijing is willing to quit. Li Zicheng has established a country in Xi 'an, so it's easy to enter Beijing, so why not wait for the throne? So Dashun's elite soldiers and generals stayed in Beijing, either in barracks or in houses, and they had to be incorporated into the ranks, giving them countless opportunities for close contact. Plague began to spread among these foreigners. The rapid loss of combat effectiveness on the 41 ST was not the world of flowers in Beijing, but the cough bacteria in the city. Now that you have won the capital, why?